The effects of excavation unloading, construction reloading and underground water on basal heave of excavation projects were presented and analyzed based on the measurement results of an underground urban complex whic...The effects of excavation unloading, construction reloading and underground water on basal heave of excavation projects were presented and analyzed based on the measurement results of an underground urban complex which was located in Shanghai. The effects on water pressure and building settlements were analyzed as well. The numerical analyses by finite element method (FEM) were conducted. It showed that the soil under the excavation base continued to heave during the following certain construction stage. It also found that the bearing capacity of uplift piles which supported the buildings affected the structure quality significantly. The conclusions can be applied in future projects.展开更多
As intensive urban organization form, urban complex emerged with the fast urbanization of our country. Based on the Patch-Corridor-Matrix model, the author analyzed urban complex landscape structure from the macro, me...As intensive urban organization form, urban complex emerged with the fast urbanization of our country. Based on the Patch-Corridor-Matrix model, the author analyzed urban complex landscape structure from the macro, meso and micro level, and also analyzed the relationship between urban complex and urban systems, the interact between functional patches, the landscape process and requirement of people from the three levels, proposed the main points of the planning and design of the environment landscape of urban complex, expect the study above can benefit urban complex＇s practice projects.展开更多
Compared with the space on the ground,if there is a fire in the urban complex underground space,the loss will be greatly harmful.In addition,the complex underground space is usually connected with other large space ar...Compared with the space on the ground,if there is a fire in the urban complex underground space,the loss will be greatly harmful.In addition,the complex underground space is usually connected with other large space areas and densely populated.Once a fire occurs in the complex underground space,it will cause huge property losses and casualties.In order to reduce the risk of fire,it is necessary to deeply understand the development rules and characteristics of fire in the complex underground space of the city.This article has mainly carried on the following work:(I)A particularly complex model of the multi‐storey subway station was built.On this basis,three groups of comparative experiments were conducted to study the effects of fire power,fire location and smoke control system on fire development,and the conclusion that fire location is the most important factor for fire development was obtained;(II)In order to explore the entire space fire and the local space fire,CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)is used to build a large‐size fire model and a small‐size fire model respectively;(III)Multiple detector data as temperature slices were built,and it is expected to make full use of the simulation data to deduce the important index of fire location in the early stage of fire.All of the works in this paper will provide reference experimental data for the prevention and firefighting of a sudden fire in the complex underground space.展开更多
This paper introduced basic situation and challenges of Block 9, Dongdajie, Chengdu City, expounded basic definition and design concept of "place making", briefed the design scheme from three aspects, namely...This paper introduced basic situation and challenges of Block 9, Dongdajie, Chengdu City, expounded basic definition and design concept of "place making", briefed the design scheme from three aspects, namely planning layout, space environment and architectural style, and concluded the application of the idea of "place making" in Block 9 design scheme in view of the multi-functional urban complex with high plot ratio.展开更多
With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the urban complex project, as a new economic building model, is developing widely. The construction of urban complex is a complex system engineering, and cost management...With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the urban complex project, as a new economic building model, is developing widely. The construction of urban complex is a complex system engineering, and cost management is very important in the whole construction process. This paper discusses the cost management of urban complex development projects, hoping to bring reference to relevant people.展开更多
Through analyzing the overall spatial conformation of Wanda Plaza in Chengdu City, a typical urban complex, the whole space was classified into external plaza space, internal business space and its connection with ext...Through analyzing the overall spatial conformation of Wanda Plaza in Chengdu City, a typical urban complex, the whole space was classified into external plaza space, internal business space and its connection with external space. Characteristics of such an urban complex and its contained correlation were elaborated from the perspectives of spatial conformation, organization technique and connotation. And it was proposed that the urban complex should be regarded as an organic whole with dynamic changes and mutually-influenced units, attractiveness of external space and cohesion of internal space, so as to define the organization techniques influencing regional spatial conformation and also practical significance of these techniques.展开更多
The city of Addis Ababa,the capital of Ethiopia is experiencing tremendous changes,spatial as well as social and economic.The urban transformation of the city has shifted towards fragmented urban fabrics which fall sh...The city of Addis Ababa,the capital of Ethiopia is experiencing tremendous changes,spatial as well as social and economic.The urban transformation of the city has shifted towards fragmented urban fabrics which fall short of coherent integration and enclosure of urban spaces for social interaction.This research evaluates recent commercial corridors of the city with regard to currently employed design regulations and guidelines.The paper reports findings of a site investigation,describes the emerging urban characteristics of Addis Ababa and the factors leading up to such urban form.The paper emphasizes on the importance of employing architectural limits on local design standards as they offer potential to achieve a coherent urban"whole".展开更多
Exploring the spatial evolution patterns of land use in creative urban tourism complexes provides theoretical and decision-making support to foster creative tourism projects.This study focuses on the Hangzhou Leisure ...Exploring the spatial evolution patterns of land use in creative urban tourism complexes provides theoretical and decision-making support to foster creative tourism projects.This study focuses on the Hangzhou Leisure Expo Garden as a case study,utilizing a land use change index model to analyze the spatial evolution characteristics and dynamic processes of creative urban tourism complexes,as well as to explore their spatial differentiation mechanisms.The analysis indicates that Hangzhou Leisure Expo Garden,initially a derelict industrial area dominated by production and residential land use,has evolved into a creative urban tourism complex with tourism comprehensive service land at its core,going through the pattern evolution processes of“constrained sprawl,”“intensive expansion,”and“random integration.”From the perspective of tourism human-land relationships,the formation of land use evolution patterns in creative urban tourism complexes results from various stakeholders(government,tourism enterprises,residents,tourists,etc.),as humanistic factors,continuously adapting to specific urban spaces,which are considered as geographical elements and have locational advantages and are oriented towards economic and social values.Based on the acquisition of stakeholder interests,the transformation of resource-disadvantaged areas into tourism advantage areas is facilitated,thereby achieving the re-creation of tourism creative space and promoting intensive spatial growth.展开更多
This paper researches the overall construction target of government-led urban complex construction projects based on the perspective of sustainable urban development. In order to achieve benefit maximization, the meta...This paper researches the overall construction target of government-led urban complex construction projects based on the perspective of sustainable urban development. In order to achieve benefit maximization, the meta-synthesis management for the government-led urban complex construction project is studied. In order to combine theory and practice, several typical government-led urban complex construction project cases, such as Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center and Guangzhou International Financial City etc. are examined. These examples point to the feasibility of government-led meta-synthesis management and demonstrate the benefits that can be achieved through this model.展开更多
At present, most of China's railway hubs are developed to be transportation complexes, with some problems like unsmooth traffic circulation, mixed but disordered functions, separated spaces, etc. In high-speed rai...At present, most of China's railway hubs are developed to be transportation complexes, with some problems like unsmooth traffic circulation, mixed but disordered functions, separated spaces, etc. In high-speed rail era, high-speed railway hubs should be regarded as the catalyst to promoted urban development. The mode of urban complex should be developed, to closely connect the railway hub and the surrounding area within walking distance, so as people could get to their destinations in the most convenient way. Furthermore, it would strengthen people's aggregation, thus to bring about larger scale urban development by the successful development of urban complex.展开更多
On the basis of current development of urban rail transit complex in China,this paper proposed that it is necessary to build a complete landscape design system of urban traffic complex.Combined with the concept of sus...On the basis of current development of urban rail transit complex in China,this paper proposed that it is necessary to build a complete landscape design system of urban traffic complex.Combined with the concept of sustainable urban landscape design,this paper explored landscape design of urban rail transit complex from the macroscopic,mesocopic and microscopic perspective,and analyzed many design cases to provide references for the sustainable landscape design of urban rail transit complex in China.展开更多
This paper addresses urban sustainability challenges amid global urbanization, emphasizing the need for innova tive approaches aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. While traditional tools and linear models ...This paper addresses urban sustainability challenges amid global urbanization, emphasizing the need for innova tive approaches aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. While traditional tools and linear models offer insights, they fall short in presenting a holistic view of complex urban challenges. System dynamics (SD) models that are often utilized to provide holistic, systematic understanding of a research subject, like the urban system, emerge as valuable tools, but data scarcity and theoretical inadequacy pose challenges. The research reviews relevant papers on recent SD model applications in urban sustainability since 2018, categorizing them based on nine key indicators. Among the reviewed papers, data limitations and model assumptions were identified as ma jor challenges in applying SD models to urban sustainability. This led to exploring the transformative potential of big data analytics, a rare approach in this field as identified by this study, to enhance SD models’ empirical foundation. Integrating big data could provide data-driven calibration, potentially improving predictive accuracy and reducing reliance on simplified assumptions. The paper concludes by advocating for new approaches that reduce assumptions and promote real-time applicable models, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of urban sustainability through the synergy of big data and SD models.展开更多
We investigate the problem of coordinated chaos control on an urban expressway based on pinning synchronization of complex networks. A node coupling model of an urban expressway based on complex networks has been esta...We investigate the problem of coordinated chaos control on an urban expressway based on pinning synchronization of complex networks. A node coupling model of an urban expressway based on complex networks has been established using the cell transmission model（CTM）. The pinning controller corresponding to multi-ramp coordinated controller was designed by using the delayed feedback control（DFC） method, whose objective is to realize periodical orbits from chaotic states. The concrete pinning control nodes corresponding to the subsystems of regulating the inflows from the on-ramps to the mainline were obtained and the parameters of the controller were optimized by using the stability theory of complex networks to ensure the network synchronization. The validity of the proposed coordinated chaos control method was proven via the simulation experiment. The results of the examples indicated that the order motion on urban expressway can be realized, the wide-moving traffic jam can be suppressed, and the operating efficiency is superior to that of the traditional control methods.展开更多
在高质量发展背景下,以人本主义为考量,以建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术、智能化技术、共同缔造模式、后评估机制为内核,以偏重建设向全生命周期运营过渡的规划实施方式,探索医院规划建设理念的转型路径。并以...在高质量发展背景下,以人本主义为考量,以建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术、智能化技术、共同缔造模式、后评估机制为内核,以偏重建设向全生命周期运营过渡的规划实施方式,探索医院规划建设理念的转型路径。并以多个医院建设、改造项目为例,改善了当前医院规划设计中存在的“人性化”关怀不足和依赖经验设计等传统弊端,助力医院向城市医疗综合体转型。展开更多
In this paper, the invulnerability and cascade failures are discussed for the urban bus network. Firstly, three static models（bus stop network, bus transfer network, and bus line network） are used to analyse the str...In this paper, the invulnerability and cascade failures are discussed for the urban bus network. Firstly, three static models（bus stop network, bus transfer network, and bus line network） are used to analyse the structure and invulnerability of urban bus network in order to understand the features of bus network comprehensively. Secondly, a new way is proposed to study the invulnerability of urban bus network by modelling two layered networks, i.e., the bus stop-line network and the bus line-transfer network and then the interactions between different models are analysed. Finally, by modelling a new layered network which can reflect the dynamic passenger flows, the cascade failures are discussed. Then a new load redistribution method is proposed to study the robustness of dynamic traffic. In this paper, the bus network of Shenyang City which is one of the biggest cities in China, is taken as a simulation example. In addition, some suggestions are given to improve the urban bus network and provide emergency strategies when traffic congestion occurs according to the numerical simulation results.展开更多
In this paper, an evolutionary model of bus transport network in B-space is developed. It includes the effect of the overlapping ratio of new route on network performance and overcomes the disadvantage, i.e. lack of e...In this paper, an evolutionary model of bus transport network in B-space is developed. It includes the effect of the overlapping ratio of new route on network performance and overcomes the disadvantage, i.e. lack of economic consideration, in the evolutionary bus transport network model in P-space proposed by Chen et al （2007）. The degree distribution functions are derived by using the mean-field method and the master equation method, separately. The relationship between the new stop ratio of a route, λ, and the error in exponential of degree distribution function from the mean-field method is developed as ASlope= λ/（1 -λ） ＋ ln（1-λ）. Finally, the bus transport networks of Hangzhou and Nanjing are simulated by using this model, and the results show that some characteristic index values of the simulated networks are closer to the empirical data than those from Chen＇s model.展开更多
Accurate and detailed accounting of energy-induced carbon dioxide （CO_2） emis- sions is crucial to the evaluation of pressures on natural resources and the environment, as well as to the assignment of responsibility...Accurate and detailed accounting of energy-induced carbon dioxide （CO_2） emis- sions is crucial to the evaluation of pressures on natural resources and the environment, as well as to the assignment of responsibility for emission reductions. However, previous emission inventories were usually productionor consumption-based accounting, and few studies have comprehensively documented the linkages among socio-economic activities and external transaction in urban areas. Therefore, we address this gap in proposing an analytical framework and accounting system with three dimensions of boundaries to comprehensively assess urban energy use and related CO_2 emissions. The analytical framework depicted the input, transformation, transfer and discharge process of the carbon-based （fossil） energy flows through the complex urban ecosystems, and defined the accounting scopes and boundaries on the strength of ＇carbon footprint＇ and ＇urban metabolism＇. The accounting system highlighted the assessment for the transfer and discharge of socio-economic subsystems with different spatial boundaries. Three kinds methods applied to Beijing City explic- itly exhibited the accounting characteristics. Our research firstly suggests that urban carbon-based energy metabolism can be used to analyze the process and structure of urban energy consumption and CO_2 emissions. Secondly, three kinds of accounting methods use different benchmarks to estimate urban energy use and CO_2 emissions with their distinct strength and weakness. Thirdly, the empirical analysis in Beijing City demonstrate that the three kinds of methods are complementary and give different insights to discuss urban energy-induced CO_2 emissions reduction. We deduce a conclusion that carbon reductions responsibility can be assigned in the light of production, consumption and shared responsibility based principles. Overall, from perspective of the industrial and energy restructuring and the residential lifestyle changes, our results shed new light on the analysis on the evolutionary mechanism and pattern of urban energy-induced CO_2 emissions with the combination of three kinds of methods. And the spatial structure adjustment and technical progress provides further elements for consideration about the scenarios of change in urban energy use and CO_2 emissions.展开更多
Hainan has witnessed rapid urbanization since the early twenty-fi rst century. To defi ne development stages and dominant factors of urbanization, this paper adopted such quantitative research methods as principal com...Hainan has witnessed rapid urbanization since the early twenty-fi rst century. To defi ne development stages and dominant factors of urbanization, this paper adopted such quantitative research methods as principal component analysis(PCA) and regression analysis, established a composite index system including population, land use, economic and social factors, and investigated urbanization process of Hainan Province using SPSS19.0. The results showed that the comprehensive influence obtained from the composite index system has had increasing impact on the urbanization of Hainan since 2000, and showed obvious stage features. As a whole, the urbanization history falls into 3 stages: slowing down, improving, and rapidly accelerating, and dominant factors in each stage vary greatly.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50679041)
文摘The effects of excavation unloading, construction reloading and underground water on basal heave of excavation projects were presented and analyzed based on the measurement results of an underground urban complex which was located in Shanghai. The effects on water pressure and building settlements were analyzed as well. The numerical analyses by finite element method (FEM) were conducted. It showed that the soil under the excavation base continued to heave during the following certain construction stage. It also found that the bearing capacity of uplift piles which supported the buildings affected the structure quality significantly. The conclusions can be applied in future projects.
文摘As intensive urban organization form, urban complex emerged with the fast urbanization of our country. Based on the Patch-Corridor-Matrix model, the author analyzed urban complex landscape structure from the macro, meso and micro level, and also analyzed the relationship between urban complex and urban systems, the interact between functional patches, the landscape process and requirement of people from the three levels, proposed the main points of the planning and design of the environment landscape of urban complex, expect the study above can benefit urban complex＇s practice projects.
基金supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(NO.KCXFZ20211020163402004).
文摘Compared with the space on the ground,if there is a fire in the urban complex underground space,the loss will be greatly harmful.In addition,the complex underground space is usually connected with other large space areas and densely populated.Once a fire occurs in the complex underground space,it will cause huge property losses and casualties.In order to reduce the risk of fire,it is necessary to deeply understand the development rules and characteristics of fire in the complex underground space of the city.This article has mainly carried on the following work:(I)A particularly complex model of the multi‐storey subway station was built.On this basis,three groups of comparative experiments were conducted to study the effects of fire power,fire location and smoke control system on fire development,and the conclusion that fire location is the most important factor for fire development was obtained;(II)In order to explore the entire space fire and the local space fire,CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)is used to build a large‐size fire model and a small‐size fire model respectively;(III)Multiple detector data as temperature slices were built,and it is expected to make full use of the simulation data to deduce the important index of fire location in the early stage of fire.All of the works in this paper will provide reference experimental data for the prevention and firefighting of a sudden fire in the complex underground space.
文摘This paper introduced basic situation and challenges of Block 9, Dongdajie, Chengdu City, expounded basic definition and design concept of "place making", briefed the design scheme from three aspects, namely planning layout, space environment and architectural style, and concluded the application of the idea of "place making" in Block 9 design scheme in view of the multi-functional urban complex with high plot ratio.
文摘With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the urban complex project, as a new economic building model, is developing widely. The construction of urban complex is a complex system engineering, and cost management is very important in the whole construction process. This paper discusses the cost management of urban complex development projects, hoping to bring reference to relevant people.
文摘Through analyzing the overall spatial conformation of Wanda Plaza in Chengdu City, a typical urban complex, the whole space was classified into external plaza space, internal business space and its connection with external space. Characteristics of such an urban complex and its contained correlation were elaborated from the perspectives of spatial conformation, organization technique and connotation. And it was proposed that the urban complex should be regarded as an organic whole with dynamic changes and mutually-influenced units, attractiveness of external space and cohesion of internal space, so as to define the organization techniques influencing regional spatial conformation and also practical significance of these techniques.
文摘The city of Addis Ababa,the capital of Ethiopia is experiencing tremendous changes,spatial as well as social and economic.The urban transformation of the city has shifted towards fragmented urban fabrics which fall short of coherent integration and enclosure of urban spaces for social interaction.This research evaluates recent commercial corridors of the city with regard to currently employed design regulations and guidelines.The paper reports findings of a site investigation,describes the emerging urban characteristics of Addis Ababa and the factors leading up to such urban form.The paper emphasizes on the importance of employing architectural limits on local design standards as they offer potential to achieve a coherent urban"whole".
文摘Exploring the spatial evolution patterns of land use in creative urban tourism complexes provides theoretical and decision-making support to foster creative tourism projects.This study focuses on the Hangzhou Leisure Expo Garden as a case study,utilizing a land use change index model to analyze the spatial evolution characteristics and dynamic processes of creative urban tourism complexes,as well as to explore their spatial differentiation mechanisms.The analysis indicates that Hangzhou Leisure Expo Garden,initially a derelict industrial area dominated by production and residential land use,has evolved into a creative urban tourism complex with tourism comprehensive service land at its core,going through the pattern evolution processes of“constrained sprawl,”“intensive expansion,”and“random integration.”From the perspective of tourism human-land relationships,the formation of land use evolution patterns in creative urban tourism complexes results from various stakeholders(government,tourism enterprises,residents,tourists,etc.),as humanistic factors,continuously adapting to specific urban spaces,which are considered as geographical elements and have locational advantages and are oriented towards economic and social values.Based on the acquisition of stakeholder interests,the transformation of resource-disadvantaged areas into tourism advantage areas is facilitated,thereby achieving the re-creation of tourism creative space and promoting intensive spatial growth.
文摘This paper researches the overall construction target of government-led urban complex construction projects based on the perspective of sustainable urban development. In order to achieve benefit maximization, the meta-synthesis management for the government-led urban complex construction project is studied. In order to combine theory and practice, several typical government-led urban complex construction project cases, such as Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center and Guangzhou International Financial City etc. are examined. These examples point to the feasibility of government-led meta-synthesis management and demonstrate the benefits that can be achieved through this model.
文摘At present, most of China's railway hubs are developed to be transportation complexes, with some problems like unsmooth traffic circulation, mixed but disordered functions, separated spaces, etc. In high-speed rail era, high-speed railway hubs should be regarded as the catalyst to promoted urban development. The mode of urban complex should be developed, to closely connect the railway hub and the surrounding area within walking distance, so as people could get to their destinations in the most convenient way. Furthermore, it would strengthen people's aggregation, thus to bring about larger scale urban development by the successful development of urban complex.
文摘On the basis of current development of urban rail transit complex in China,this paper proposed that it is necessary to build a complete landscape design system of urban traffic complex.Combined with the concept of sustainable urban landscape design,this paper explored landscape design of urban rail transit complex from the macroscopic,mesocopic and microscopic perspective,and analyzed many design cases to provide references for the sustainable landscape design of urban rail transit complex in China.
基金sponsored by the U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development(Grant No.NJLTS0027-22)The opinions expressed in this study are the authors alone,and do not represent the U.S.Depart-ment of HUD’s opinions.
文摘This paper addresses urban sustainability challenges amid global urbanization, emphasizing the need for innova tive approaches aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. While traditional tools and linear models offer insights, they fall short in presenting a holistic view of complex urban challenges. System dynamics (SD) models that are often utilized to provide holistic, systematic understanding of a research subject, like the urban system, emerge as valuable tools, but data scarcity and theoretical inadequacy pose challenges. The research reviews relevant papers on recent SD model applications in urban sustainability since 2018, categorizing them based on nine key indicators. Among the reviewed papers, data limitations and model assumptions were identified as ma jor challenges in applying SD models to urban sustainability. This led to exploring the transformative potential of big data analytics, a rare approach in this field as identified by this study, to enhance SD models’ empirical foundation. Integrating big data could provide data-driven calibration, potentially improving predictive accuracy and reducing reliance on simplified assumptions. The paper concludes by advocating for new approaches that reduce assumptions and promote real-time applicable models, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of urban sustainability through the synergy of big data and SD models.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50478088)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Grant No.E2015202266)
文摘We investigate the problem of coordinated chaos control on an urban expressway based on pinning synchronization of complex networks. A node coupling model of an urban expressway based on complex networks has been established using the cell transmission model（CTM）. The pinning controller corresponding to multi-ramp coordinated controller was designed by using the delayed feedback control（DFC） method, whose objective is to realize periodical orbits from chaotic states. The concrete pinning control nodes corresponding to the subsystems of regulating the inflows from the on-ramps to the mainline were obtained and the parameters of the controller were optimized by using the stability theory of complex networks to ensure the network synchronization. The validity of the proposed coordinated chaos control method was proven via the simulation experiment. The results of the examples indicated that the order motion on urban expressway can be realized, the wide-moving traffic jam can be suppressed, and the operating efficiency is superior to that of the traditional control methods.
文摘在高质量发展背景下,以人本主义为考量,以建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术、智能化技术、共同缔造模式、后评估机制为内核,以偏重建设向全生命周期运营过渡的规划实施方式,探索医院规划建设理念的转型路径。并以多个医院建设、改造项目为例,改善了当前医院规划设计中存在的“人性化”关怀不足和依赖经验设计等传统弊端,助力医院向城市医疗综合体转型。
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61473073,61374178,61104074,and 61203329)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.N130417006,L1517004)the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University(Grant No.LJQ2014028)
文摘In this paper, the invulnerability and cascade failures are discussed for the urban bus network. Firstly, three static models（bus stop network, bus transfer network, and bus line network） are used to analyse the structure and invulnerability of urban bus network in order to understand the features of bus network comprehensively. Secondly, a new way is proposed to study the invulnerability of urban bus network by modelling two layered networks, i.e., the bus stop-line network and the bus line-transfer network and then the interactions between different models are analysed. Finally, by modelling a new layered network which can reflect the dynamic passenger flows, the cascade failures are discussed. Then a new load redistribution method is proposed to study the robustness of dynamic traffic. In this paper, the bus network of Shenyang City which is one of the biggest cities in China, is taken as a simulation example. In addition, some suggestions are given to improve the urban bus network and provide emergency strategies when traffic congestion occurs according to the numerical simulation results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 70571033)the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No 2006CB705500)
文摘In this paper, an evolutionary model of bus transport network in B-space is developed. It includes the effect of the overlapping ratio of new route on network performance and overcomes the disadvantage, i.e. lack of economic consideration, in the evolutionary bus transport network model in P-space proposed by Chen et al （2007）. The degree distribution functions are derived by using the mean-field method and the master equation method, separately. The relationship between the new stop ratio of a route, λ, and the error in exponential of degree distribution function from the mean-field method is developed as ASlope= λ/（1 -λ） ＋ ln（1-λ）. Finally, the bus transport networks of Hangzhou and Nanjing are simulated by using this model, and the results show that some characteristic index values of the simulated networks are closer to the empirical data than those from Chen＇s model.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41171438 National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program）, No. 2012CB955804 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41201602
文摘Accurate and detailed accounting of energy-induced carbon dioxide （CO_2） emis- sions is crucial to the evaluation of pressures on natural resources and the environment, as well as to the assignment of responsibility for emission reductions. However, previous emission inventories were usually productionor consumption-based accounting, and few studies have comprehensively documented the linkages among socio-economic activities and external transaction in urban areas. Therefore, we address this gap in proposing an analytical framework and accounting system with three dimensions of boundaries to comprehensively assess urban energy use and related CO_2 emissions. The analytical framework depicted the input, transformation, transfer and discharge process of the carbon-based （fossil） energy flows through the complex urban ecosystems, and defined the accounting scopes and boundaries on the strength of ＇carbon footprint＇ and ＇urban metabolism＇. The accounting system highlighted the assessment for the transfer and discharge of socio-economic subsystems with different spatial boundaries. Three kinds methods applied to Beijing City explic- itly exhibited the accounting characteristics. Our research firstly suggests that urban carbon-based energy metabolism can be used to analyze the process and structure of urban energy consumption and CO_2 emissions. Secondly, three kinds of accounting methods use different benchmarks to estimate urban energy use and CO_2 emissions with their distinct strength and weakness. Thirdly, the empirical analysis in Beijing City demonstrate that the three kinds of methods are complementary and give different insights to discuss urban energy-induced CO_2 emissions reduction. We deduce a conclusion that carbon reductions responsibility can be assigned in the light of production, consumption and shared responsibility based principles. Overall, from perspective of the industrial and energy restructuring and the residential lifestyle changes, our results shed new light on the analysis on the evolutionary mechanism and pattern of urban energy-induced CO_2 emissions with the combination of three kinds of methods. And the spatial structure adjustment and technical progress provides further elements for consideration about the scenarios of change in urban energy use and CO_2 emissions.
基金Sponsored by Hainan Natural Science Fund(411095)Hainan Physiological Science Fund(HNSK(JD)11-1)
文摘Hainan has witnessed rapid urbanization since the early twenty-fi rst century. To defi ne development stages and dominant factors of urbanization, this paper adopted such quantitative research methods as principal component analysis(PCA) and regression analysis, established a composite index system including population, land use, economic and social factors, and investigated urbanization process of Hainan Province using SPSS19.0. The results showed that the comprehensive influence obtained from the composite index system has had increasing impact on the urbanization of Hainan since 2000, and showed obvious stage features. As a whole, the urbanization history falls into 3 stages: slowing down, improving, and rapidly accelerating, and dominant factors in each stage vary greatly.
