Hydrothermal Dolomite （HTD） is present in the Upper Sinian （Upper Proterozoic） Dengying Formation, east Sichuan Basin, China. The strata are comprised by primary dolomite. The HTD has various textures, including z...Hydrothermal Dolomite （HTD） is present in the Upper Sinian （Upper Proterozoic） Dengying Formation, east Sichuan Basin, China. The strata are comprised by primary dolomite. The HTD has various textures, including zebra dolomite, subhorizontal sheet-like cavities filled by saddle dolomite and breccias cemented by saddle dolomites as well occur as a fill of veins and fractures. Also co-occur MVT type lead-zinc ores in the study area. The δ13C and δ18O isotopes of HTD in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation are lighter than those of the host rocks, while STSr/86Sr is higher. The apparent difference in carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes, especially the large difference in S7Sr/S6Sr isotopes ratio indicate crystallization from hot basinal and/or hydrothermal fluids. Saddle dolomite was precipitated at temperatures of 270-320℃. The diagenetic parasequences of mineral assemblage deposited in the Dengying Formation are： （1） dolomite host rock →sphalerite-galena-barite-fluorite; （2） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →quartz; （3） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite→bitumen; （4） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →barite. The mean chemical composition of the host dolomite matrix and HTD didn＇t change much during hydrothermal process. The fluids forming the HTDs in the Dengying Formation were mixtures of freshwater from the unconformity at the top of Sinian, fluids from diagenetic compaction and hydrocarbon generation ＆ expulsion from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation mudstones or the Doushantuo Formation silty mudstones, and hydrothermal fluids from the basement. The hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with the HTD were mostly controlled by the basement faults and fractures and karsting processes at the unconformity separating Sinian and Cambrian strata. The hydrocarbon storage spaces of HTD included dissolved cavities and intercrystalline pores. Dissolution cavities are extensive at the top of Dengying Formation, up to about 46m below the unconformity between Sinian and Cambrian and were generated mainly during karstification. Hydrothermal alteration enhanced the reservoir property of the Dengying Formation dolomites with 3%-5% increase in porosity. No agreement has been reached why zebra dolomite occurs only in the Upper Sinian strata, which would indicate that HTD mineralization occurred during two different periods, each of them related to major extensional tectonic event. The early one related to the Xingkai taphrogenesis （Z2-C1） and the later one to the Emei taphrogenesis （D2-T2）. But, all the data from saddle dolomite suggest that the predominant crystallization occurred during the latter event.展开更多
1 Introduction and geological setting Several Pb-Zn ore deposits(i.e.,Mayuan Pb-Zn deposit)occurring inthe upper Sinian Dengying dolomitesin northern Yangtze platform have been discovered in recent years,interesting r...1 Introduction and geological setting Several Pb-Zn ore deposits(i.e.,Mayuan Pb-Zn deposit)occurring inthe upper Sinian Dengying dolomitesin northern Yangtze platform have been discovered in recent years,interesting research of展开更多
The Upper Sinian bedded cherts are widely distributed on the southeast continental margin of the Yangtze plate, with a total thickness ranging from 20 to 150 m. The cherts are very simple in chemical composition, with...The Upper Sinian bedded cherts are widely distributed on the southeast continental margin of the Yangtze plate, with a total thickness ranging from 20 to 150 m. The cherts are very simple in chemical composition, with the contents of siliceous minerals exceeding 90% and those of other mineral species being very low. The total content of trace elements is considerably variable. The contents of most trace elements are low as compared with their crust clarke values. But these cherts are very rich in the trace elements Ba, As, Ab, Ag and U, coupled with relatively high contents of Fe, Mn and low contents of Al, Ti, and Mg. It can be identified as the cherts of hydrothermal origin in terms of the values of Fe/Ti, (Fe+Mn)/Ti, Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) and U/Th. In the Al\|Fe\|Mn, and Fe\|Mn\|(Cu+Ni+Co)×10 diagrams and lg \\|lg\, Cr\|Zr diagrams, all the samples from the area studied fall within the hydrothermal sediment field. All these characteristics show that the cherts are mainly the product of hydrothermal processes. The fact that the \{δ\{\}\+\{30\}Si\} values of the chert range from 0.0‰ to \{0.7‰\} with \{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} from 20.1‰ to 23.6‰ clearly manifests that the submarine hydrothermal water is the main source of silica.\;\;展开更多
A global\|scale glaciation occurred at about 600 Ma ago. As a result, the Earth became the "Snowball Earth". The glaciation came to the end abruptly when atmospheric carbon dioxide increased to such an exten...A global\|scale glaciation occurred at about 600 Ma ago. As a result, the Earth became the "Snowball Earth". The glaciation came to the end abruptly when atmospheric carbon dioxide increased to such an extent as to be about 350 times the modern level because of subaerial volcanic degassing. The rapid termination of glaciation would have led to warming of the Snowball Earth and extreme greenhouse conditions would have been created. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to oceans would give rise to the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface seawaters, thus forming the cap carbonate rocks as observed worldwide today.\; Regionally persisting, thin layers of carbonate rocks directly and ubiquitously overlie Proterozoic glacial deposits almost on every continent, and are commonly referred to as cap carbonates. Their unusual litho\| fabrics, stratigraphically abrupt basal and upper\|level contacts and strongly negative carbonate isotopic signatures (\{δ\{\}\+\{13\}C\-\{carb.\}\} values range from -7.0‰-0‰) suggest a chemical oceanographic origin, the details of which remain unknown. It is proposed that these enigmatic deposits are related to the destabilization of gaseous hydrate in terrestrial permafrost following rapid postglacial warming and flooding of widely exposed continental shelves and internal basins.\; The authors carried out studies on the geochemistry, sedimentology and palaeontology of the Sinian cap carbonates in Guizhou and Hunan provinces, including the occurrence of cap carbonates of unusual fabrics, strongly negative carbon isotopic signatures, and a lot of bitumen nodules. From the results it is suggested that the cap carbonates were formed from solid methane seepage, and it is in agreement with Kennedy’s viewpoint (2001) that the cap carbonates resulted from the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in response to solid methane seepage.展开更多
基金funded by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB214805)
文摘Hydrothermal Dolomite （HTD） is present in the Upper Sinian （Upper Proterozoic） Dengying Formation, east Sichuan Basin, China. The strata are comprised by primary dolomite. The HTD has various textures, including zebra dolomite, subhorizontal sheet-like cavities filled by saddle dolomite and breccias cemented by saddle dolomites as well occur as a fill of veins and fractures. Also co-occur MVT type lead-zinc ores in the study area. The δ13C and δ18O isotopes of HTD in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation are lighter than those of the host rocks, while STSr/86Sr is higher. The apparent difference in carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes, especially the large difference in S7Sr/S6Sr isotopes ratio indicate crystallization from hot basinal and/or hydrothermal fluids. Saddle dolomite was precipitated at temperatures of 270-320℃. The diagenetic parasequences of mineral assemblage deposited in the Dengying Formation are： （1） dolomite host rock →sphalerite-galena-barite-fluorite; （2） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →quartz; （3） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite→bitumen; （4） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →barite. The mean chemical composition of the host dolomite matrix and HTD didn＇t change much during hydrothermal process. The fluids forming the HTDs in the Dengying Formation were mixtures of freshwater from the unconformity at the top of Sinian, fluids from diagenetic compaction and hydrocarbon generation ＆ expulsion from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation mudstones or the Doushantuo Formation silty mudstones, and hydrothermal fluids from the basement. The hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with the HTD were mostly controlled by the basement faults and fractures and karsting processes at the unconformity separating Sinian and Cambrian strata. The hydrocarbon storage spaces of HTD included dissolved cavities and intercrystalline pores. Dissolution cavities are extensive at the top of Dengying Formation, up to about 46m below the unconformity between Sinian and Cambrian and were generated mainly during karstification. Hydrothermal alteration enhanced the reservoir property of the Dengying Formation dolomites with 3%-5% increase in porosity. No agreement has been reached why zebra dolomite occurs only in the Upper Sinian strata, which would indicate that HTD mineralization occurred during two different periods, each of them related to major extensional tectonic event. The early one related to the Xingkai taphrogenesis （Z2-C1） and the later one to the Emei taphrogenesis （D2-T2）. But, all the data from saddle dolomite suggest that the predominant crystallization occurred during the latter event.
文摘1 Introduction and geological setting Several Pb-Zn ore deposits(i.e.,Mayuan Pb-Zn deposit)occurring inthe upper Sinian Dengying dolomitesin northern Yangtze platform have been discovered in recent years,interesting research of
文摘The Upper Sinian bedded cherts are widely distributed on the southeast continental margin of the Yangtze plate, with a total thickness ranging from 20 to 150 m. The cherts are very simple in chemical composition, with the contents of siliceous minerals exceeding 90% and those of other mineral species being very low. The total content of trace elements is considerably variable. The contents of most trace elements are low as compared with their crust clarke values. But these cherts are very rich in the trace elements Ba, As, Ab, Ag and U, coupled with relatively high contents of Fe, Mn and low contents of Al, Ti, and Mg. It can be identified as the cherts of hydrothermal origin in terms of the values of Fe/Ti, (Fe+Mn)/Ti, Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) and U/Th. In the Al\|Fe\|Mn, and Fe\|Mn\|(Cu+Ni+Co)×10 diagrams and lg \\|lg\, Cr\|Zr diagrams, all the samples from the area studied fall within the hydrothermal sediment field. All these characteristics show that the cherts are mainly the product of hydrothermal processes. The fact that the \{δ\{\}\+\{30\}Si\} values of the chert range from 0.0‰ to \{0.7‰\} with \{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} from 20.1‰ to 23.6‰ clearly manifests that the submarine hydrothermal water is the main source of silica.\;\;
文摘A global\|scale glaciation occurred at about 600 Ma ago. As a result, the Earth became the "Snowball Earth". The glaciation came to the end abruptly when atmospheric carbon dioxide increased to such an extent as to be about 350 times the modern level because of subaerial volcanic degassing. The rapid termination of glaciation would have led to warming of the Snowball Earth and extreme greenhouse conditions would have been created. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to oceans would give rise to the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface seawaters, thus forming the cap carbonate rocks as observed worldwide today.\; Regionally persisting, thin layers of carbonate rocks directly and ubiquitously overlie Proterozoic glacial deposits almost on every continent, and are commonly referred to as cap carbonates. Their unusual litho\| fabrics, stratigraphically abrupt basal and upper\|level contacts and strongly negative carbonate isotopic signatures (\{δ\{\}\+\{13\}C\-\{carb.\}\} values range from -7.0‰-0‰) suggest a chemical oceanographic origin, the details of which remain unknown. It is proposed that these enigmatic deposits are related to the destabilization of gaseous hydrate in terrestrial permafrost following rapid postglacial warming and flooding of widely exposed continental shelves and internal basins.\; The authors carried out studies on the geochemistry, sedimentology and palaeontology of the Sinian cap carbonates in Guizhou and Hunan provinces, including the occurrence of cap carbonates of unusual fabrics, strongly negative carbon isotopic signatures, and a lot of bitumen nodules. From the results it is suggested that the cap carbonates were formed from solid methane seepage, and it is in agreement with Kennedy’s viewpoint (2001) that the cap carbonates resulted from the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in response to solid methane seepage.
