Local temperature changes in mountain areas are significantly affected by the uplifted mountain terrains. Understanding how temperature increase with mountain terrains is an important component in accurately modeling ...Local temperature changes in mountain areas are significantly affected by the uplifted mountain terrains. Understanding how temperature increase with mountain terrains is an important component in accurately modeling the spatial distribution of temperature. The study, after minimizing the effect of elevation and latitude, quantitatively simulated the temperature increase in the uplifted mountain terrains, described the characteristics in the spatial distribution of warming areas with different magnitudes, and identified the correlated indices of mountain bodies for warming. Selecting Yunnan Province in southwest China as the study area, we simulated the warming field on a baseline surface at the average elevation of 2000 m and average latitude of 24.96°. The results indicated that the warming magnitudes in different local areas varied with the change in the spatial locations, and the warming process concentrated in the mountainous regions. Throughout the entire study area, the warming field presented a general pattern of three terraces from the regions of high mountains to middle mountains and then low mountains. The areasof high warming magnitude mainly surrounded large mountain bodies and were distributed on the upper part. The areas of low warming magnitude clustered in the valleys and basins of the middle mountain region, mostly on the lower part of the large mountain bodies and its branches. The areas with zero warming magnitude occurred in the low mountains and broad valleys, which were distributed largely on the lower parts of the middle mountains and in most of the valleys. Quantified sampling analysis demonstrated good positive correlation between the warming magnitudes in uplifted mountain terrains and the volume index of the mountain body, as well as elevation difference, with the coefficients corresponding to 0.82 and 0.91, respectively.展开更多
Introduction There are big disputes on the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Some scientists believe the plateau uplifted to its highest elevation by 14Ma BP,and it decreased in elevation afterward. The second idea about...Introduction There are big disputes on the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Some scientists believe the plateau uplifted to its highest elevation by 14Ma BP,and it decreased in elevation afterward. The second idea about the uplift of the plateau was similar to the first one in tectonic theory, but they consider the time of C3 plant change to C4 in the South Asia, as the time when the plateau reached its highest elevation. This time is 8Ma BP. The third idea, the most Chinese scientists believed, the nearest uplift of the plateau took place since 3 4Ma BP. The occurrence of fault depression and gravel deposit with large thickness in the inner and the marge of the plateau represented the speed uplift. After the collision of the India plate and the Eurasia plateau by the 36Ma, the Tibetean area uplifted several times, but it had been planed to lower area. The plateau with 4500m elevation formed in the Quaternary. While our recent research in the Kunlun Pass area suggest , the nearest uplift occurred at the border of the Early and Middle Pleistocene, and before that time, the elevation of this area was no more than 1500 m.展开更多
The seismic data of the Laoshan Uplift in the South Yellow Sea Basin reveal a low signal-tonoise ratio and low refl ection signal energy in the deep Mesozoic–Paleozoic strata.The main reason is that the Mesozoic-Pale...The seismic data of the Laoshan Uplift in the South Yellow Sea Basin reveal a low signal-tonoise ratio and low refl ection signal energy in the deep Mesozoic–Paleozoic strata.The main reason is that the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine carbonate rock strata are directly covered by the Cenozoic terrestrial clastic rock strata,which form a strong shielding layer.To obtain the reflection signals of the strata below the strong shielding layer,a one-way wave equation bidirectional illumination analysis of the main observation system parameters was conducted by analyzing the mechanism of the strong shielding layer.Low-frequency seismic sources are assumed to have a high illumination intensity on the reflection layer below the strong shielding layer.Accordingly,optimized acquisition parameter suggestions were proposed,and reacquisition was performed at the existing survey line locations in the Laoshan Uplift area.The imaging of the newly acquired data in the middle and deep layers was drastically improved.It revealed the unconformity between the Sinian and Cambrian under the strong shielding layer.The study yielded new insights into the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Lower Paleozoic in the South Yellow Sea.展开更多
Tectonic activities significantly impact deep reservoir properties via sedimentary and diagenetic processes,and this is particularly true for lacustrine rift basins.The tectonic-sedimentary-diageneticreservoir system ...Tectonic activities significantly impact deep reservoir properties via sedimentary and diagenetic processes,and this is particularly true for lacustrine rift basins.The tectonic-sedimentary-diageneticreservoir system is crucial in deep reservoir exploration.This study examined the first member and upper submember of the second member of the Dongying Formation in the Bodong Low Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin(East China),documenting the petrologic features and physical properties of reservoirs in different tectonic sub-units through integrated analysis of log and rock data,along with core observation.A mechanism for deep reservoir formation in lacustrine rift basins was developed to elucidate the sedimentary and diagenetic processes in complex tectonic settings.The results show that tectonic activities result in the occurrence of provenances in multiple directions and the existence of reservoirs at varying burial depths,as well as the significant diversity in sedimentary and diagenetic processes.The grain sizes of the sandstones,influenced by transport pathways rather than the topography of the sedimentary area,exhibit spatial complexity due to tectonic frameworks,which determine the initial pore content of reservoirs.However,the burial depth,influenced by subsequent tectonic subsidence,significantly impacts pore evolution during diagenesis.Based on the significant differences of reservoirs in slope zone,low uplift and depression zone,we establish different tectonic-diagenetic models in deep complex tectonic units of lacustrine rift basins.展开更多
Tai'an city,located in Shandong Province,China,is rich in geothermal resources,characterized by shallow burial,high water temperature,and abundant water supply,making them high value for exploitation.However,corro...Tai'an city,located in Shandong Province,China,is rich in geothermal resources,characterized by shallow burial,high water temperature,and abundant water supply,making them high value for exploitation.However,corrosion and scaling are main challenges that hinder the widespread application and effective utilization of geothermal energy.This study focuses on the typical geothermal fields in Tai'an,employing qualitative evaluations of the geochemical saturation index with temperature,combined with the corrosion coefficient,Ryznar index,boiler scale,and hard scale assessment,to predict corrosion and scaling trends in the geothermal water of the study area.The results show that the hydrochemical types of geothermal water in the study area are predominantly Na-Ca-SO^(4)and Ca-Na-SO_(4)-HCO_(3),with the water being weakly alkaline.Simulations of saturation index changes with temperature reveal that calcium carbonate scaling is dominant scaling type in the area,with no evidence of calcium sulfate scaling.In the Daiyue Qiaogou geothermal field,the water exhibited corrosive bubble water properties,moderate calcium carbonate scaling,and abundant boiler scaling.Feicheng Anjiazhuang geothermal field showed non-corrosive bubble water,moderate calcium carbonate scaling,and significant boiler scaling.The Daidao'an geothermal field presented corrosive semi-bubble water,moderate calcium carbonate scaling,and abundant boiler scaling.The findings provide a foundation for the efficient exploitation of geothermal resources in the region.Implementing anti-corrosion and scale prevention measures can significantly enhance the utilization of geothermal energy.展开更多
The Altyn Tagh fault zone(ATFZ),which defines the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau,is one of the most striking features related to the India/Eurasia collision.Concurrent with the strike-slip movement,vertical ...The Altyn Tagh fault zone(ATFZ),which defines the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau,is one of the most striking features related to the India/Eurasia collision.Concurrent with the strike-slip movement,vertical uplift,and topographic building have formed a~3000-4000 m height difference between the Tarim Basin(TB)in the north and the Tibetan Plateau in the south.However,the spatial uplift characteristics and mechanism have not been well understood,particularly in the Late Quaternary.This research presents a comprehensive geomorphic analysis to establish the Late Quaternary tectonic uplift pattern for the entire ATFZ.We statistically excluded climatic and lithological factors that provided prominence for tectonism;combined with leveling data,river incision rate,and seismicity data,we reveal the along-strike and across-fault vertical deformation variations.The spatial distribution of the integrated geomorphic index(IGI)suggests significant differences between the two sides of the ATFZ.The IGI values decrease with slip rates in the northwestern side of the ATF,whereas wave-like in the southeastern side.The significant along-strike deformation difference between the two sides of the ATFZ may cause by differential rheology.These findings are crucial for assessing regional seismic hazards and providing new independent data to understand the Late Quaternary deformation style of the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
The present-day pressure pattern is the ultimate result of the evolution of paleo-pressure,so understanding the variation of stress throughout geological history is of great significance for oil and gas accumulation.I...The present-day pressure pattern is the ultimate result of the evolution of paleo-pressure,so understanding the variation of stress throughout geological history is of great significance for oil and gas accumulation.In this study,the fission track method was used to reconstruct the cooling history of sandstone samples from the Yanchang Fm.in the central-eastern Ordos Basin and the cause of the low-pressure anomaly in the Yanchang Fm.was analyzed.The max.burial depth pressure was reconstructed and the pressure evolution of the formation in the Futan 1 well was simulated,using Petromod 1D.The fission track data and Petromod 1D simulation results indicate that the Yanchang Fm.reached its max.burial depth and experienced a high paleo-pressure of 30.92 MPa at around 100 Ma.Since the Late Cretaceous,the formation pressure evolution in the study area can be divided into two stages.From 100 to 20 Ma,the formation slowly uplifted,with the pressure gradually decreasing.Since the Miocene(about 20 Ma),the pressure rapidly decreased to the current pressure of approximately 6.92 MPa.Based on the above research results,the influence of pore rebound and temperature decrease on formation pressure was quantitatively calculated.The results show that during the first stage,the pressure reduction caused by pore rebound and cooling was 3.86 MPa and 3.49 MPa,respectively,with a decrease of about 12.48%and 11.28%.During the second stage,the pressure reduction caused by pore rebound and cooling was 6.32 MPa and 9.60 MPa,respectively,with a decrease of about 20.43%and 31.04%.The formation of low pressure in the Yanchang Fm.in the central and eastern basin is mainly controlled by pore rebound and temperature reduction,caused by erosion after stratigraphic uplift.The decrease in temperature plays a decisive role in determining the formation process of the low-pressure oil reservoir.展开更多
Restoration of denudation thickness is of great significance to understanding tectonic evolution,hydrocarbon migration and accumulation history in petroliferous basins.How to accurately restore and distinguish denudat...Restoration of denudation thickness is of great significance to understanding tectonic evolution,hydrocarbon migration and accumulation history in petroliferous basins.How to accurately restore and distinguish denudation thicknesses in different periods,however,is difficult.With measurements of vitrinite reflectance(Ro)and interval transit time,along with stratigraphic profile comparison,we restored the total denudation thickness of the Cretaceous in the central Sichuan Basin at a depth range of1100-3300 m.The apatite fission track analysis(AFTA)was employed to identify the denudation periods,namely,the Late Yanshanian,Early Himalayan and the Late Himalayan orogenic epochs,and the ratio of their denudation intensity is about 3.8:1:3.9.The denudation thicknesses at different periods provide an important basis for tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.Affected by the diverse denudation intensities,the paleo-structures in the study area feature high in the south and low in the north at the Late Jurassic,high in the north and low in the south at the late Early Cretaceous,high in the southeast and low in the northwest at present in succession.EW-and NE-trending folds and faults are the products of inherited development,which have a controlling effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.展开更多
An enhanced understanding of the history of the western Qinling-Dabie orogen is pivotal in reconstructing geological processes of the east Asian mainland.However,less attention has been paid to its early-stage uplift-...An enhanced understanding of the history of the western Qinling-Dabie orogen is pivotal in reconstructing geological processes of the east Asian mainland.However,less attention has been paid to its early-stage uplift-erosion history after closure of surrounding oceanic basins at the mid-Paleozoic.In this study,we undertook a comprehensive study including paleocurrent reconstruction,sandstone petrology,and detrital zircon U-Pb dating on Late Carboniferous to Early Permian successions in the southern Ordos neighboring the northern Qinling-Dabie.New provenance data reveal a significant provenance shift at the Carboniferous-Permian transition.The older Benxi Formation was sourced southerly from the North Qinling Terrane that provided detritus mostly of Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic ages.In contrast,Early Permian samples yield age relation dominated by Neoarchean,Paleoproterozoic,Early Paleozoic,and Late Paleozoic age populations,with a significant gap of ca.1600-550 Ma,implying a sediment derivation from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc.This shift is further verified by paleocurrent transition from south to north then.We suggest that the North Qinling Terrane experienced a significant uplift history from ca.500 Ma and remained as a highland until end-Carboniferous.From Early Permian,the North Qinling Terrane was submerged,covered by widespread deltaic sedimentation there.Northerly source from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc began to be accumulated in the northern flank of the North Qinling Terrane,before termination approximately along the southern North Qinling Terrane,where shallow-water carbonate shelf sedimentation sustained from Devonian to Triassic.This new finding indicates that uplift of the North Qinling Terrane lasted about 150 Ma after the Proto-Tethys Ocean closure.展开更多
In September 2020,a pioneering observational network of three X-band phased-array radars(XPARs)was established in Xiamen,a subtropical coastal and densely populated city in southeastern China.Statistically,this study ...In September 2020,a pioneering observational network of three X-band phased-array radars(XPARs)was established in Xiamen,a subtropical coastal and densely populated city in southeastern China.Statistically,this study demonstrated that the XPAR network outperforms single S-band radar in revealing the warm-season convective storms in Xiamen in a fine-scale manner.The findings revealed that convective activity in Xiamen is most frequent in the central and northern mountainous regions,with lower frequency observed in the southern coastal areas.The diurnal pattern of convection occurrence exhibited a unimodal distribution,with a peak in the afternoon.The frequent occurrence of convective storms correlates well in both time and space with the active terrain uplift that occurs when the prevailing winds encounter mountainous areas.Notably,September stands apart with a bimodal diurnal pattern,featuring a prominent afternoon peak and a significant secondary peak before midnight.Further examination of dense rain gauge data in Xiamen indicates that high-frequency areas of short-duration heavy rainfall largely coincide with regions of active convective storms,except for a unique rainfall hotspot in southern Xiamen,where moderate convection frequency is accompanied by substantial rainfall.This anomalous rainfall,predominantly nocturnal,appears less influenced by terrain uplift and exhibits higher precipitation efficiency than daytime rainfall.These preliminary findings offer insights into the characteristics of convection occurrence in Xiamen's subtropical coastal environment and hold promise for enhancing the accuracy of convection and precipitation forecasts in similar environments.展开更多
With the increasing construction of port facilities,cross-sea bridges,and offshore engineering projects,uplift piles embedded in marine sedimentary soft soil are becoming increasingly necessary.The load-displacement c...With the increasing construction of port facilities,cross-sea bridges,and offshore engineering projects,uplift piles embedded in marine sedimentary soft soil are becoming increasingly necessary.The load-displacement curve of uplift piles is crucial for evaluating their uplift bearing characteristics,which facilitates the risk evaluation,design,and construction of large infrastructural supports.In this study,a load-displacement curve model based on piezocone penetration test(CPTU)data is proposed via the load transfer method.Experimental tests are conducted to analyze the uplift bearing characteristics and establish a correlation between the proposed model and CPTU data.The results of the proposed load-displacement curve are compared with the results from numerical simulations and those calculated by previous methods.The results show that the proposed curves appropriately evaluated the uplift bearing characteristics and improved the accuracy in comparison with previous methods.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION The Qilian Mountain Belt,at the forefront of the Tibetan Plateau's expansion,offers key insights into the plateau's tectonic deformation(Zuza et al.,2018;Zheng et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2004;Tapp...0 INTRODUCTION The Qilian Mountain Belt,at the forefront of the Tibetan Plateau's expansion,offers key insights into the plateau's tectonic deformation(Zuza et al.,2018;Zheng et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2004;Tapponnier et al.,2001;Meyer et al.,1998).The northwest-trending mountain ranges in the Qilian Shan(“Shan”means“Mountain”in Chinese)have significantly influenced this deformation(Zheng et al.,2013).展开更多
The GPS data sourced from the permanent GPS network in the Kashmir Himalaya were utilized to quantify both vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley of the northwestern Himalaya.While lateral def...The GPS data sourced from the permanent GPS network in the Kashmir Himalaya were utilized to quantify both vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley of the northwestern Himalaya.While lateral deformation in the Kashmir basin has been previously quantified,the vertical component has not been studied yet.To quantify the vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley,we use GAMIT/GLOBK software to process the GPS data.The lateral motion data indicate that the Indian plate continues to move towards the Eurasian plate at a rate of 36-42 mm/yr,while the vertical vectors infer a transition zone across the Kashmir valley.Using ArcGIS,Iso-base and Iso-ketabase maps were generated from the GPS vertical vectors to study the vertical deformation status of the Kashmir Valley.The analysis of vertical vectors reveals a significant transition zone in the Kashmir Valley.The vertical vector data show distinct patterns:GPS stations in the northeast,south,and southeast of the Kashmir Valley exhibit uplift,while stations in the north,northwest,and southwest show subsidence.The uplift velocity increases as we move from the Srinagar station to the Kulgam station via Tral and Ashmuqam,while the subsidence rate increases as we move from the Bandipora station to Mulgam and Uri.Specifically,the highest uplift rate(5.2±0.6 mm/yr)is observed at the Kulgam station and the highest subsidence rate(-6.5±1.26 mm/yr)at the Uri station.On average,vertical subsidence of-2.81 mm/yr is recorded along the north and northwest sides of the valley,and an average uplift of 3.04 mm/yr in the south and southeast.Integrating geomorphological observations with GPS measurements,we infer the presence of an active normal fault running northeast-southwest across the Kashmir Valley,transverse to the major thrust faults.Recent seismic events,including the M_(W)3.9 event near Nagbal and the M_(W)3.7 event near Mujgund in 2020,clustering of local seismic events,and two devastating historical seismic events(1828 AD and 1877/1878 AD)along this transition zone highlight the fault's activity and the region's vulnerability to future earthquakes.Delineation of such geological structures is crucial for seismic hazard assessment and micro-seismic zonation in the Kashmir Valley.Therefore,this study represents a significant step towards understanding the geodynamics and kinematics of the region and improving seismic risk mitigation strategies.展开更多
The Mesozoic volcanic rocks of the Bodong Low Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin have been studied and explored for years.In 2024,the LK7-A well drilled in this region tested high-yield oil and gas flows from volcanic weat...The Mesozoic volcanic rocks of the Bodong Low Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin have been studied and explored for years.In 2024,the LK7-A well drilled in this region tested high-yield oil and gas flows from volcanic weathered crust.These volcanic rocks need to be further investigated in terms of distribution patterns,conditions for forming high-quality reservoirs,and main factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.Based on the logging,geochemical and mineralogical data from wells newly drilled to the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the basin,and high-resolution 3D seismic data,a comprehensive study was conducted for this area.The research findings are as follows.First,the volcanic rocks in the LK7-A structure are adakites with a large source area depth,and the deep and large faults have provided channels for the emplacement of intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks.Second,volcanic rock reservoirs are mainly distributed in tectonic breccias and intermediate-acidic lavas,and they are dominantly fractured-porous reservoirs,with high-porosity and low-permeability or medium-porosity and low-permeability.Third,the dominant lithologies/lithofacies is the basic condition for forming large-scale volcanic rock reservoirs.Structural fractures and late-stage strong weathering are crucial mechanisms for the formation scale of reservoirs in the Mesozoic volcanic rocks.Fourth,the Bodong Low Uplift exhibits strong hydrocarbon charging by two sags and overpressure mudstone capping,which are favorable for forming high-abundance oil and gas reservoirs.The Mesozoic volcanic buried hills in the study area reflect good trap geometry,providing favorable conditions for large-scale reservoir formation,and also excellent migration and accumulation conditions.Areas with long-term exposure of intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks,particularly in active structural regions,are the key targets for future exploration.展开更多
Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine carbonate rocks are crucial hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Central Uplift area of the South Yellow Sea Basin(SYSB).Due to the scarcity of boreholes and the significant heterogeneity of carbon...Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine carbonate rocks are crucial hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Central Uplift area of the South Yellow Sea Basin(SYSB).Due to the scarcity of boreholes and the significant heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs,the distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs and their related key controlling factors remain unclear.In this study,factors affecting the distribution of porous Carboniferous-Early Permian carbonate reservoirs in the SYSB were investigated through seismic inversion and isotope analysis.The log-seismic characteristics of porous carbonate reservoirs,sensitive lithology parameters,and physical property parameters were extracted and analyzed.The pre-stack simultaneous inversion technique was applied to predict the lithology and physical properties of porous carbonate reservoirs.Moreover,the sedimentary of carbonate was analyzed using isotopes of carbon,oxygen,and strontium.The results show that porous carbonate reservoirs are mainly developed in the open platform sediments with porosities of 3%-5%and are mainly distributed in the paleo-highland(Huanglong Formation and Chuanshan Formation)and the slope of paleo-highland(Hezhou Formation).The porous carbonate reservoirs of the Qixia Formation are only locally developed.In addition,the negativeδ13C excursions indicate a warm and humid tropical climate with three sea-level fluctuations in the study area from the Carboniferous to Early Permian.The favorable conditions for developing porous carbonate rocks include the sedimentary environment and diagenetic process.The primary pore tends to form in high-energy environments of the paleo-highland,and the secondary pore is increased by dissolution during the syngenetic or quasi-syngenetic period.According to the hydrocarbon potential analysis,the Late Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Gaojiabian Formation are the source rocks in the high-maturity-over-maturity stage,the Carboniferous-Lower Permian carbonate is the good reservoirs,and the Late Permian Longtan-Dalong Formation is the stable seal,ensuring a huge hydrocarbon accumulation potential in SYSB.The methods proposed in this study can be applied to other carbonate-dominated strata worldwide.展开更多
Prevailing dogma asserts that the uplift of Tibet, the onset of the Asian monsoon system and high biodiversity in southern Asia are linked, and that all occurred after 23 million years ago in the Neogene.Here, spannin...Prevailing dogma asserts that the uplift of Tibet, the onset of the Asian monsoon system and high biodiversity in southern Asia are linked, and that all occurred after 23 million years ago in the Neogene.Here, spanning the last 60 million years of Earth history, the geological, climatological and palaeontological evidence for this linkage is reviewed. The principal conclusions are that: 1) A proto-Tibetan highland existed well before the Neogene and that an Andean type topography with surface elevations of at least 4.5 km existed at the start of the Eocene, before final closure of the Tethys Ocean that separated India from Eurasia. 2) The Himalaya were formed not at the start of the India-Eurasia collision, but after much of Tibet had achieved its present elevation. The Himalaya built against a pre-existing proto-Tibetan highland and only projected above the average height of the plateau after approximately 15 Ma. 3)Monsoon climates have existed across southern Asia for the whole of the Cenozoic, and probably for a lot longer, but that they were of the kind generated by seasonal migrations of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone. 4) The projection of the High Himalaya above the Tibetan Plateau at about 15 Ma coincides with the development of the modern South Asia Monsoon. 5) The East Asia monsoon became established in its present form about the same time as a consequence of topographic changes in northern Tibet and elsewhere in Asia, the loss of moisture sources in the Asian interior and the development of a strong winter Siberian high as global temperatures declined. 6) New radiometric dates of palaeontological finds point to southern Asia's high biodiversity originating in the Paleogene, not the Neogene.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41561004)the Forestry Industry Research Special Funds for Public Welfare Projects of China (Grant No. 21404402-2)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Talent Project of Yunnan Province (Grant No. 2014HC014)
文摘Local temperature changes in mountain areas are significantly affected by the uplifted mountain terrains. Understanding how temperature increase with mountain terrains is an important component in accurately modeling the spatial distribution of temperature. The study, after minimizing the effect of elevation and latitude, quantitatively simulated the temperature increase in the uplifted mountain terrains, described the characteristics in the spatial distribution of warming areas with different magnitudes, and identified the correlated indices of mountain bodies for warming. Selecting Yunnan Province in southwest China as the study area, we simulated the warming field on a baseline surface at the average elevation of 2000 m and average latitude of 24.96°. The results indicated that the warming magnitudes in different local areas varied with the change in the spatial locations, and the warming process concentrated in the mountainous regions. Throughout the entire study area, the warming field presented a general pattern of three terraces from the regions of high mountains to middle mountains and then low mountains. The areasof high warming magnitude mainly surrounded large mountain bodies and were distributed on the upper part. The areas of low warming magnitude clustered in the valleys and basins of the middle mountain region, mostly on the lower part of the large mountain bodies and its branches. The areas with zero warming magnitude occurred in the low mountains and broad valleys, which were distributed largely on the lower parts of the middle mountains and in most of the valleys. Quantified sampling analysis demonstrated good positive correlation between the warming magnitudes in uplifted mountain terrains and the volume index of the mountain body, as well as elevation difference, with the coefficients corresponding to 0.82 and 0.91, respectively.
文摘Introduction There are big disputes on the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Some scientists believe the plateau uplifted to its highest elevation by 14Ma BP,and it decreased in elevation afterward. The second idea about the uplift of the plateau was similar to the first one in tectonic theory, but they consider the time of C3 plant change to C4 in the South Asia, as the time when the plateau reached its highest elevation. This time is 8Ma BP. The third idea, the most Chinese scientists believed, the nearest uplift of the plateau took place since 3 4Ma BP. The occurrence of fault depression and gravel deposit with large thickness in the inner and the marge of the plateau represented the speed uplift. After the collision of the India plate and the Eurasia plateau by the 36Ma, the Tibetean area uplifted several times, but it had been planed to lower area. The plateau with 4500m elevation formed in the Quaternary. While our recent research in the Kunlun Pass area suggest , the nearest uplift occurred at the border of the Early and Middle Pleistocene, and before that time, the elevation of this area was no more than 1500 m.
基金“High precision prestack reverse time depth migration imaging of long array seismic data in the East China Sea Shelf Basin”of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42106207)“Seismic acquisition technology for deep strata under strong shielding layers in the sea and rugged seabed”of Laoshan Laboratory Science and Technology Innovation Project(No.LSKJ202203404)“Research on the compensation methods of the middledeep weak seismic reflections in the South Yellow Sea based on multi-resolution HHT time-frequency analysis”of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42106208).
文摘The seismic data of the Laoshan Uplift in the South Yellow Sea Basin reveal a low signal-tonoise ratio and low refl ection signal energy in the deep Mesozoic–Paleozoic strata.The main reason is that the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine carbonate rock strata are directly covered by the Cenozoic terrestrial clastic rock strata,which form a strong shielding layer.To obtain the reflection signals of the strata below the strong shielding layer,a one-way wave equation bidirectional illumination analysis of the main observation system parameters was conducted by analyzing the mechanism of the strong shielding layer.Low-frequency seismic sources are assumed to have a high illumination intensity on the reflection layer below the strong shielding layer.Accordingly,optimized acquisition parameter suggestions were proposed,and reacquisition was performed at the existing survey line locations in the Laoshan Uplift area.The imaging of the newly acquired data in the middle and deep layers was drastically improved.It revealed the unconformity between the Sinian and Cambrian under the strong shielding layer.The study yielded new insights into the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Lower Paleozoic in the South Yellow Sea.
基金funded by the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.MGE2020KG10)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences,Ministry of Natural Resources(Grant No.KLSG 2208)+2 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2024JC-YBMS-227,2023-JC-QN-0287)the Postgraduate Innovation and Practice Ability Development Fund of Xi'an Shiyou University(No.YCS23113046)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41802128,42076219)。
文摘Tectonic activities significantly impact deep reservoir properties via sedimentary and diagenetic processes,and this is particularly true for lacustrine rift basins.The tectonic-sedimentary-diageneticreservoir system is crucial in deep reservoir exploration.This study examined the first member and upper submember of the second member of the Dongying Formation in the Bodong Low Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin(East China),documenting the petrologic features and physical properties of reservoirs in different tectonic sub-units through integrated analysis of log and rock data,along with core observation.A mechanism for deep reservoir formation in lacustrine rift basins was developed to elucidate the sedimentary and diagenetic processes in complex tectonic settings.The results show that tectonic activities result in the occurrence of provenances in multiple directions and the existence of reservoirs at varying burial depths,as well as the significant diversity in sedimentary and diagenetic processes.The grain sizes of the sandstones,influenced by transport pathways rather than the topography of the sedimentary area,exhibit spatial complexity due to tectonic frameworks,which determine the initial pore content of reservoirs.However,the burial depth,influenced by subsequent tectonic subsidence,significantly impacts pore evolution during diagenesis.Based on the significant differences of reservoirs in slope zone,low uplift and depression zone,we establish different tectonic-diagenetic models in deep complex tectonic units of lacustrine rift basins.
基金funded by the Key R&D Program of Henan,China(No.241111321000)China Geological Survey Program(DD20221676).
文摘Tai'an city,located in Shandong Province,China,is rich in geothermal resources,characterized by shallow burial,high water temperature,and abundant water supply,making them high value for exploitation.However,corrosion and scaling are main challenges that hinder the widespread application and effective utilization of geothermal energy.This study focuses on the typical geothermal fields in Tai'an,employing qualitative evaluations of the geochemical saturation index with temperature,combined with the corrosion coefficient,Ryznar index,boiler scale,and hard scale assessment,to predict corrosion and scaling trends in the geothermal water of the study area.The results show that the hydrochemical types of geothermal water in the study area are predominantly Na-Ca-SO^(4)and Ca-Na-SO_(4)-HCO_(3),with the water being weakly alkaline.Simulations of saturation index changes with temperature reveal that calcium carbonate scaling is dominant scaling type in the area,with no evidence of calcium sulfate scaling.In the Daiyue Qiaogou geothermal field,the water exhibited corrosive bubble water properties,moderate calcium carbonate scaling,and abundant boiler scaling.Feicheng Anjiazhuang geothermal field showed non-corrosive bubble water,moderate calcium carbonate scaling,and significant boiler scaling.The Daidao'an geothermal field presented corrosive semi-bubble water,moderate calcium carbonate scaling,and abundant boiler scaling.The findings provide a foundation for the efficient exploitation of geothermal resources in the region.Implementing anti-corrosion and scale prevention measures can significantly enhance the utilization of geothermal energy.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang(No.2022D01C361)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42462023,41888101)+1 种基金the Tianchi Talents Program fund(No.TCBR202105)the Startup Research Fund of Xinjiang University(No.620320044)。
文摘The Altyn Tagh fault zone(ATFZ),which defines the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau,is one of the most striking features related to the India/Eurasia collision.Concurrent with the strike-slip movement,vertical uplift,and topographic building have formed a~3000-4000 m height difference between the Tarim Basin(TB)in the north and the Tibetan Plateau in the south.However,the spatial uplift characteristics and mechanism have not been well understood,particularly in the Late Quaternary.This research presents a comprehensive geomorphic analysis to establish the Late Quaternary tectonic uplift pattern for the entire ATFZ.We statistically excluded climatic and lithological factors that provided prominence for tectonism;combined with leveling data,river incision rate,and seismicity data,we reveal the along-strike and across-fault vertical deformation variations.The spatial distribution of the integrated geomorphic index(IGI)suggests significant differences between the two sides of the ATFZ.The IGI values decrease with slip rates in the northwestern side of the ATF,whereas wave-like in the southeastern side.The significant along-strike deformation difference between the two sides of the ATFZ may cause by differential rheology.These findings are crucial for assessing regional seismic hazards and providing new independent data to understand the Late Quaternary deformation style of the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau.
基金funded by the Major Project of the Changqing Oilfield‘Research on the Tectonic,Sedimentary,Mechanism and New Exploration of the Mesoproterozoic Changcheng System in the Ordos Basin’(ZDZX2021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42241204,42073054)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(300102272205,300102272207).
文摘The present-day pressure pattern is the ultimate result of the evolution of paleo-pressure,so understanding the variation of stress throughout geological history is of great significance for oil and gas accumulation.In this study,the fission track method was used to reconstruct the cooling history of sandstone samples from the Yanchang Fm.in the central-eastern Ordos Basin and the cause of the low-pressure anomaly in the Yanchang Fm.was analyzed.The max.burial depth pressure was reconstructed and the pressure evolution of the formation in the Futan 1 well was simulated,using Petromod 1D.The fission track data and Petromod 1D simulation results indicate that the Yanchang Fm.reached its max.burial depth and experienced a high paleo-pressure of 30.92 MPa at around 100 Ma.Since the Late Cretaceous,the formation pressure evolution in the study area can be divided into two stages.From 100 to 20 Ma,the formation slowly uplifted,with the pressure gradually decreasing.Since the Miocene(about 20 Ma),the pressure rapidly decreased to the current pressure of approximately 6.92 MPa.Based on the above research results,the influence of pore rebound and temperature decrease on formation pressure was quantitatively calculated.The results show that during the first stage,the pressure reduction caused by pore rebound and cooling was 3.86 MPa and 3.49 MPa,respectively,with a decrease of about 12.48%and 11.28%.During the second stage,the pressure reduction caused by pore rebound and cooling was 6.32 MPa and 9.60 MPa,respectively,with a decrease of about 20.43%and 31.04%.The formation of low pressure in the Yanchang Fm.in the central and eastern basin is mainly controlled by pore rebound and temperature reduction,caused by erosion after stratigraphic uplift.The decrease in temperature plays a decisive role in determining the formation process of the low-pressure oil reservoir.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272151)。
文摘Restoration of denudation thickness is of great significance to understanding tectonic evolution,hydrocarbon migration and accumulation history in petroliferous basins.How to accurately restore and distinguish denudation thicknesses in different periods,however,is difficult.With measurements of vitrinite reflectance(Ro)and interval transit time,along with stratigraphic profile comparison,we restored the total denudation thickness of the Cretaceous in the central Sichuan Basin at a depth range of1100-3300 m.The apatite fission track analysis(AFTA)was employed to identify the denudation periods,namely,the Late Yanshanian,Early Himalayan and the Late Himalayan orogenic epochs,and the ratio of their denudation intensity is about 3.8:1:3.9.The denudation thicknesses at different periods provide an important basis for tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.Affected by the diverse denudation intensities,the paleo-structures in the study area feature high in the south and low in the north at the Late Jurassic,high in the north and low in the south at the late Early Cretaceous,high in the southeast and low in the northwest at present in succession.EW-and NE-trending folds and faults are the products of inherited development,which have a controlling effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:42372253 and 42072260)the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universitiesthe Science and Technology Project of PetroChina(No.2023ZZ0201).
文摘An enhanced understanding of the history of the western Qinling-Dabie orogen is pivotal in reconstructing geological processes of the east Asian mainland.However,less attention has been paid to its early-stage uplift-erosion history after closure of surrounding oceanic basins at the mid-Paleozoic.In this study,we undertook a comprehensive study including paleocurrent reconstruction,sandstone petrology,and detrital zircon U-Pb dating on Late Carboniferous to Early Permian successions in the southern Ordos neighboring the northern Qinling-Dabie.New provenance data reveal a significant provenance shift at the Carboniferous-Permian transition.The older Benxi Formation was sourced southerly from the North Qinling Terrane that provided detritus mostly of Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic ages.In contrast,Early Permian samples yield age relation dominated by Neoarchean,Paleoproterozoic,Early Paleozoic,and Late Paleozoic age populations,with a significant gap of ca.1600-550 Ma,implying a sediment derivation from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc.This shift is further verified by paleocurrent transition from south to north then.We suggest that the North Qinling Terrane experienced a significant uplift history from ca.500 Ma and remained as a highland until end-Carboniferous.From Early Permian,the North Qinling Terrane was submerged,covered by widespread deltaic sedimentation there.Northerly source from the Inner Mongolia Continental Arc began to be accumulated in the northern flank of the North Qinling Terrane,before termination approximately along the southern North Qinling Terrane,where shallow-water carbonate shelf sedimentation sustained from Devonian to Triassic.This new finding indicates that uplift of the North Qinling Terrane lasted about 150 Ma after the Proto-Tethys Ocean closure.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J011338)Guided Foundation of Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau(3502Z20214ZD4009,3502Z20214ZD4010)+1 种基金Key Projects of East China Phased Array Weather Radar Application Joint Laboratory(EPJL_RP2025010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41905049)。
文摘In September 2020,a pioneering observational network of three X-band phased-array radars(XPARs)was established in Xiamen,a subtropical coastal and densely populated city in southeastern China.Statistically,this study demonstrated that the XPAR network outperforms single S-band radar in revealing the warm-season convective storms in Xiamen in a fine-scale manner.The findings revealed that convective activity in Xiamen is most frequent in the central and northern mountainous regions,with lower frequency observed in the southern coastal areas.The diurnal pattern of convection occurrence exhibited a unimodal distribution,with a peak in the afternoon.The frequent occurrence of convective storms correlates well in both time and space with the active terrain uplift that occurs when the prevailing winds encounter mountainous areas.Notably,September stands apart with a bimodal diurnal pattern,featuring a prominent afternoon peak and a significant secondary peak before midnight.Further examination of dense rain gauge data in Xiamen indicates that high-frequency areas of short-duration heavy rainfall largely coincide with regions of active convective storms,except for a unique rainfall hotspot in southern Xiamen,where moderate convection frequency is accompanied by substantial rainfall.This anomalous rainfall,predominantly nocturnal,appears less influenced by terrain uplift and exhibits higher precipitation efficiency than daytime rainfall.These preliminary findings offer insights into the characteristics of convection occurrence in Xiamen's subtropical coastal environment and hold promise for enhancing the accuracy of convection and precipitation forecasts in similar environments.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M760734)National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.42225206)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41877231 and 42072299).
文摘With the increasing construction of port facilities,cross-sea bridges,and offshore engineering projects,uplift piles embedded in marine sedimentary soft soil are becoming increasingly necessary.The load-displacement curve of uplift piles is crucial for evaluating their uplift bearing characteristics,which facilitates the risk evaluation,design,and construction of large infrastructural supports.In this study,a load-displacement curve model based on piezocone penetration test(CPTU)data is proposed via the load transfer method.Experimental tests are conducted to analyze the uplift bearing characteristics and establish a correlation between the proposed model and CPTU data.The results of the proposed load-displacement curve are compared with the results from numerical simulations and those calculated by previous methods.The results show that the proposed curves appropriately evaluated the uplift bearing characteristics and improved the accuracy in comparison with previous methods.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(No.2019QZKK0901)the State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics(No.LED2023B04)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42272242,W2411033,W2521003)the Science and Technology Plan of Gansu Province(No.22JR11RA088)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION The Qilian Mountain Belt,at the forefront of the Tibetan Plateau's expansion,offers key insights into the plateau's tectonic deformation(Zuza et al.,2018;Zheng et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2004;Tapponnier et al.,2001;Meyer et al.,1998).The northwest-trending mountain ranges in the Qilian Shan(“Shan”means“Mountain”in Chinese)have significantly influenced this deformation(Zheng et al.,2013).
文摘The GPS data sourced from the permanent GPS network in the Kashmir Himalaya were utilized to quantify both vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley of the northwestern Himalaya.While lateral deformation in the Kashmir basin has been previously quantified,the vertical component has not been studied yet.To quantify the vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley,we use GAMIT/GLOBK software to process the GPS data.The lateral motion data indicate that the Indian plate continues to move towards the Eurasian plate at a rate of 36-42 mm/yr,while the vertical vectors infer a transition zone across the Kashmir valley.Using ArcGIS,Iso-base and Iso-ketabase maps were generated from the GPS vertical vectors to study the vertical deformation status of the Kashmir Valley.The analysis of vertical vectors reveals a significant transition zone in the Kashmir Valley.The vertical vector data show distinct patterns:GPS stations in the northeast,south,and southeast of the Kashmir Valley exhibit uplift,while stations in the north,northwest,and southwest show subsidence.The uplift velocity increases as we move from the Srinagar station to the Kulgam station via Tral and Ashmuqam,while the subsidence rate increases as we move from the Bandipora station to Mulgam and Uri.Specifically,the highest uplift rate(5.2±0.6 mm/yr)is observed at the Kulgam station and the highest subsidence rate(-6.5±1.26 mm/yr)at the Uri station.On average,vertical subsidence of-2.81 mm/yr is recorded along the north and northwest sides of the valley,and an average uplift of 3.04 mm/yr in the south and southeast.Integrating geomorphological observations with GPS measurements,we infer the presence of an active normal fault running northeast-southwest across the Kashmir Valley,transverse to the major thrust faults.Recent seismic events,including the M_(W)3.9 event near Nagbal and the M_(W)3.7 event near Mujgund in 2020,clustering of local seismic events,and two devastating historical seismic events(1828 AD and 1877/1878 AD)along this transition zone highlight the fault's activity and the region's vulnerability to future earthquakes.Delineation of such geological structures is crucial for seismic hazard assessment and micro-seismic zonation in the Kashmir Valley.Therefore,this study represents a significant step towards understanding the geodynamics and kinematics of the region and improving seismic risk mitigation strategies.
基金Supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24B2017)。
文摘The Mesozoic volcanic rocks of the Bodong Low Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin have been studied and explored for years.In 2024,the LK7-A well drilled in this region tested high-yield oil and gas flows from volcanic weathered crust.These volcanic rocks need to be further investigated in terms of distribution patterns,conditions for forming high-quality reservoirs,and main factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation.Based on the logging,geochemical and mineralogical data from wells newly drilled to the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the basin,and high-resolution 3D seismic data,a comprehensive study was conducted for this area.The research findings are as follows.First,the volcanic rocks in the LK7-A structure are adakites with a large source area depth,and the deep and large faults have provided channels for the emplacement of intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks.Second,volcanic rock reservoirs are mainly distributed in tectonic breccias and intermediate-acidic lavas,and they are dominantly fractured-porous reservoirs,with high-porosity and low-permeability or medium-porosity and low-permeability.Third,the dominant lithologies/lithofacies is the basic condition for forming large-scale volcanic rock reservoirs.Structural fractures and late-stage strong weathering are crucial mechanisms for the formation scale of reservoirs in the Mesozoic volcanic rocks.Fourth,the Bodong Low Uplift exhibits strong hydrocarbon charging by two sags and overpressure mudstone capping,which are favorable for forming high-abundance oil and gas reservoirs.The Mesozoic volcanic buried hills in the study area reflect good trap geometry,providing favorable conditions for large-scale reservoir formation,and also excellent migration and accumulation conditions.Areas with long-term exposure of intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks,particularly in active structural regions,are the key targets for future exploration.
基金This study was supported by the project ofthe Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Command Center of Natural Resources Intergrated Survey entitled“Temporal and spatial distribution of paleochannel and origin of organic carbon burial in the Western Bohai Sea since 2.28Ma”(KC20220011)the project entitled“Characterization of Carboniferous-Early Permian heterogeneous porous carbonate reservoirs and hydrocarbon potential analysis in the central uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin”(KLSG2304)+3 种基金by the Key laboratory of Submarine Science,Ministry of Natural Resources,the project entitled“1∶50000 Marine regional Geological survey in Caofeidian Sea Area,Bohai Sea”(ZD20220602)“1∶250000 Marine regional Geological survey in Weihai Sea Area,North Yellow Sea”(DD20230412)“Geological survey on tectonic and sedimentary conditions of Laoshan uplift”(DD2016015)by the China Geological Survey,and the project entitled“Study on Hydrocarbon Accumulation Failure and Fluid Evolution Reduction of the Permian Reservoir in the Laoshan Uplift,South Yellow Sea”(42076220)organized by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine carbonate rocks are crucial hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Central Uplift area of the South Yellow Sea Basin(SYSB).Due to the scarcity of boreholes and the significant heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs,the distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs and their related key controlling factors remain unclear.In this study,factors affecting the distribution of porous Carboniferous-Early Permian carbonate reservoirs in the SYSB were investigated through seismic inversion and isotope analysis.The log-seismic characteristics of porous carbonate reservoirs,sensitive lithology parameters,and physical property parameters were extracted and analyzed.The pre-stack simultaneous inversion technique was applied to predict the lithology and physical properties of porous carbonate reservoirs.Moreover,the sedimentary of carbonate was analyzed using isotopes of carbon,oxygen,and strontium.The results show that porous carbonate reservoirs are mainly developed in the open platform sediments with porosities of 3%-5%and are mainly distributed in the paleo-highland(Huanglong Formation and Chuanshan Formation)and the slope of paleo-highland(Hezhou Formation).The porous carbonate reservoirs of the Qixia Formation are only locally developed.In addition,the negativeδ13C excursions indicate a warm and humid tropical climate with three sea-level fluctuations in the study area from the Carboniferous to Early Permian.The favorable conditions for developing porous carbonate rocks include the sedimentary environment and diagenetic process.The primary pore tends to form in high-energy environments of the paleo-highland,and the secondary pore is increased by dissolution during the syngenetic or quasi-syngenetic period.According to the hydrocarbon potential analysis,the Late Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Gaojiabian Formation are the source rocks in the high-maturity-over-maturity stage,the Carboniferous-Lower Permian carbonate is the good reservoirs,and the Late Permian Longtan-Dalong Formation is the stable seal,ensuring a huge hydrocarbon accumulation potential in SYSB.The methods proposed in this study can be applied to other carbonate-dominated strata worldwide.
文摘Prevailing dogma asserts that the uplift of Tibet, the onset of the Asian monsoon system and high biodiversity in southern Asia are linked, and that all occurred after 23 million years ago in the Neogene.Here, spanning the last 60 million years of Earth history, the geological, climatological and palaeontological evidence for this linkage is reviewed. The principal conclusions are that: 1) A proto-Tibetan highland existed well before the Neogene and that an Andean type topography with surface elevations of at least 4.5 km existed at the start of the Eocene, before final closure of the Tethys Ocean that separated India from Eurasia. 2) The Himalaya were formed not at the start of the India-Eurasia collision, but after much of Tibet had achieved its present elevation. The Himalaya built against a pre-existing proto-Tibetan highland and only projected above the average height of the plateau after approximately 15 Ma. 3)Monsoon climates have existed across southern Asia for the whole of the Cenozoic, and probably for a lot longer, but that they were of the kind generated by seasonal migrations of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone. 4) The projection of the High Himalaya above the Tibetan Plateau at about 15 Ma coincides with the development of the modern South Asia Monsoon. 5) The East Asia monsoon became established in its present form about the same time as a consequence of topographic changes in northern Tibet and elsewhere in Asia, the loss of moisture sources in the Asian interior and the development of a strong winter Siberian high as global temperatures declined. 6) New radiometric dates of palaeontological finds point to southern Asia's high biodiversity originating in the Paleogene, not the Neogene.
