This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This per...This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.展开更多
This paper aims to define the concept of time and justify its properties within the universal context, shedding new light on the nature of time. By employing the concept of the extrinsic universe, the paper explains t...This paper aims to define the concept of time and justify its properties within the universal context, shedding new light on the nature of time. By employing the concept of the extrinsic universe, the paper explains the observable universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional 3-sphere (hypersphere), expanding at the speed of light. This expansion process gives rise to what we perceive as time and its associated aspects, providing a novel interpretation of time as a geometric property emerging from the dynamics of the universe’s expansion. The work offers insights into how this extrinsic perspective can address phenomena such as the universe’s accelerated expansion and dark matter, aligning the model with current observational data.展开更多
Dispersion measure in an FRB’s signal is produced by the photons of the radio waves interacting with the free electrons in the IGM. In New Tired Light (NTL), redshifts are produced by the photons of light interacting...Dispersion measure in an FRB’s signal is produced by the photons of the radio waves interacting with the free electrons in the IGM. In New Tired Light (NTL), redshifts are produced by the photons of light interacting with these self-same electrons and so, one would expect a direct relationship between the DM of an FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy. However, workers in this field assume expansion and weight the DM by dividing it by the scale factor (1 + z) to allow for expansion. Once this weighting is removed, it was predicted back in 2016 (when the first FRB was localized) and later presented at a conference and published in the proceedings that, as more FRB’s were localized, a graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) would be a straight line of gradient (mec/2hre) or 7.32 × 1025 m−2 in SI units. The original paper had twenty-four data points but this has risen significantly to sixty-four useable FRB’s and so this corrigendum updates that paper so that all sixty-four are used. The data give a straight-line graph of gradient 7.12 × 1025 m−2, a difference of 3% from (mec/2hre) predicted nine years earlier.展开更多
During the past few decades, it has become clear that the distribution, sizes, and masses of cosmic structures are best described as fractal rather than homogeneous. This means that an entirely different formalism is ...During the past few decades, it has become clear that the distribution, sizes, and masses of cosmic structures are best described as fractal rather than homogeneous. This means that an entirely different formalism is needed to replace the standard perturbation model of structure formation. Recently, we have been developing a model of cosmology that accounts for a large number of the observed properties of the universe. A key component of this model is that fractal structures that later regulated the creation of both matter and radiation came into existence during the initial Planck-era inflation. Initially, the vacuum was the only existence and since time, distance, and energy were uncertain, its only property, the curvature (or energy), was most likely distributed randomly. Everything that happened after the Planck era can be described by the known laws of physics so the remaining fundamental problem is to discover how such a random beginning could organize itself into the hierarchy of highly non-random self-similar structures on all length scales that are necessary to explain the existence of all cosmic structures. In this paper, we present a variation of the standard sandpile model that points to a solution. Incidental to our review of the distributions of cosmic structures, we discovered that the apparent transition from a fractal to a homogeneous distribution of structures at a distance of about 150 Mpc is a consequence of the finite size of the universe rather than a change in the underlying statistics of the distributions.展开更多
A team of researchers from the Beijing Normal University,the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP)under the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),and the National Astronomical Observatories,CAS(NAOC),reported in Nature As...A team of researchers from the Beijing Normal University,the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP)under the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),and the National Astronomical Observatories,CAS(NAOC),reported in Nature Astronomy on January 23,2025 their discovery of an X-ray flash about 12.5 billion lightyears away.The signals burst out only 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang,when our 13.8-billion-year-old universe was still in its infancy,and a science satellite swiftly recorded them.展开更多
Primordial black holes(PBHs) offer a compelling candidate for dark matter. The production of PBHs through well-tested and accepted physical processes is highly worthy of investigation. This work highlights the role of...Primordial black holes(PBHs) offer a compelling candidate for dark matter. The production of PBHs through well-tested and accepted physical processes is highly worthy of investigation. This work highlights the role of turbulences in the very early universe in sustaining intense and persistent fluctuations in energy or mass density,which could provide a natural mechanism for PBH formation in the primordial universe. We analyze the mass range and abundance of PBHs produced in the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence induced by the electroweak phase transition. Remarkably, we find that the mass range of the produced PBHs falls within the most viable“asteroid mass” window from the present-day observations, and within natural parameter regions their abundance can be sufficiently large. These findings suggest that PBHs produced during magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the very early universe may comprise a dominant part of dark matter.展开更多
This work aims to investigate the different stability conditions of two scenarios of the inhomogeneous Lemaitre–Tolman–Bond model of the universe with holographic dark energy.We considered the Rényi and Tsallis...This work aims to investigate the different stability conditions of two scenarios of the inhomogeneous Lemaitre–Tolman–Bond model of the universe with holographic dark energy.We considered the Rényi and Tsallis holographic models of interacting dark energy.These holographic models are investigated using the IR cutoff that equals the Hubble horizon.Various stability conditions of these models have been investigated to understand how much these models can tell us about the recent and future epochs of the universe in comparison with the cosmological constant model,orΛCDM model.The conditions of violating the cosmological energy conditions have been studied.The evolution of the entropy and its first and second derivatives have been calculated and plotted for these holographic models.This gives an idea of how far these models satisfy the generalized second law of thermodynamics and hence have thermodynamical stability.The dynamical stability is studied for these evolved models,which give us glimpses of the dynamical stability at different phases of its evolution.We focus on investigating the stability in recent and near future times up to z≤-4.Further investigation of stability has been obtained by studying the evolved sound speed squared parameter for these models,which gave us a final and decisive evaluation of the stability of these models.展开更多
In aluminum electrolytic process, the variables affect the current efficiency and the stability of electrolysis cells. AIF3 addition and aluminum tapping volume are two important factors that affect economic benefits ...In aluminum electrolytic process, the variables affect the current efficiency and the stability of electrolysis cells. AIF3 addition and aluminum tapping volume are two important factors that affect economic benefits of aluminum electrolytic production. Fuzzy logic provides a suitable mechanism to describe the relationship between the process variables and the current efficiency. Fuzzy expert system based on Mamdani fuzzy inference process for aluminum electrolysis was adopted to adjust A1F3 addition and aluminum tapping volume. A novel variable universe approach was applied in the system to solve the problem that different electrolysis cells have different universes of variables. The system was applied to 300 kA aluminum electrolysis cells in a aluminum plant. Experimental results showed that the electrolyte temperature was kept stably between 945 and 955℃, the current efficiency reached 93.5%, and the DC power consumption was 13 000 kW.h per ton aluminum.展开更多
Universe life includes the universe realm, the life realm, human society and man-made materials. Each life has four grades.There are four different “me” in each life: true me, Yang me, Yin me and conscious me. True ...Universe life includes the universe realm, the life realm, human society and man-made materials. Each life has four grades.There are four different “me” in each life: true me, Yang me, Yin me and conscious me. True me never dies while Yang me, Yin meand conscious me all appear and go. The heart of life is also a system consisting of four grades (true heart + Yang me heart + Yin meheart + conscious heart). Life is a four-seasonal whole dominated by heart. True me is true while Yang me, Yin me and conscious meare false. The general law of the universe is an operating body of general rules. Both the operating body of general rules and the lifebody are combination of the true and the false. The operating body of general rules is a body with two aspects and the combinationand an autonomous operation of movement with stillness, gathering with parting and rising with falling. The operating body ofgeneral rules dominated by true me is the universe body. The essential features of the universe body include: 1) it is empty;2) it isabsolutely quiet;3) it exists forever;4) it contains seeds for everything;5) it generates everything in the universe;6) it is solid andwill never break;7) its power is King Kong power. The zero-state of the galaxy is its basic state and the giant blank zone of theuniverse. The galaxy’s turning from zero-state into one-state is getting something from nothing. The operating of general rule ispresented as the four-seasonal movement or metabolism of life. It is a continuity of movement and stillness (life and death) and aprocess of something interacting with nothing. The modes of reproduction of life consist of self-generation, generation byaugmentation and generation by transformation. The Milky Way Galaxy, the solar system and the earth are inorganic life withreproductive system and reproductive capacity. In the positive-going evolution, their inner morality power gradually decreases andundergoes different states and structures. Internal intercourse generates different lives. In the early days of the earth, the temperaturewas high and inorganic lives first appeared: humans, animals, plants and bacteria. When the temperature dropped to a proper degree,organic lives then appeared: bacteria, plants, animals and humans. Now, new lives are still appearing on the earth.展开更多
This article discusses the gravitational stability of anti-de Sitter universe.It turns out that anti-de Sitter universe with closed timelike curves is unstable to gravitational perturbations.
We present a Quantum Space Model (QSM) of cosmic evolution based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta from which our universe came about. We used the Friedmann equations to trace its history and predict ...We present a Quantum Space Model (QSM) of cosmic evolution based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta from which our universe came about. We used the Friedmann equations to trace its history and predict its ultimate fate. Results provide further support to our recent proposal that the accelerating expansion of the universe is due to a scalar space field which has become known as Dark Energy. In our model, the universe started from high energy space quanta which were triggered by quantum fluctuations that caused the Big Bang. It then expanded and cooled undergoing phase transitions to radiation, fundamental particles, and matter. Matter agglomerated and grew into stars, galaxies, etc. and was eventually consolidated by gravity into Black Holes, which finally ended in a Big Crunch in a state of deep freeze inside the Black hole at 1.380 trillion years. Fluctuations, quantum tunneling, or some other mechanisms caused a new Bang to start another cycle in its life. Our results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of a cyclic universe by Steinhardt and his associates, and by Penrose. Space and energy are equivalent as embodied in the Planck energy equation. They give rise to the two principal long range forces in the universe: the gravitational force and the space force. The latter may be the fifth force in the universe. The two forces could provide the clockwork mechanism operating our cyclic universe. If the Law of Conservation of Energy is universal, then the cosmos is eternal.展开更多
Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used ...Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.展开更多
Aims: The expansion of the Universe and gravitation are considered different fundamental properties of the cosmos. We explore whether they are connected and propose an equation that links and unifies them. This equati...Aims: The expansion of the Universe and gravitation are considered different fundamental properties of the cosmos. We explore whether they are connected and propose an equation that links and unifies them. This equation describes the expansion of space as related to the mass of matter in that space. An expanding frame of reference, defined as expanding at the same rate, is the natural frame for an observer since the observer is part of the Universe and expands with it. In this frame, the expansion of the Universe by itself accounts for phenomena previously ascribed to gravitation. Gravity is fictitious and unnecessary. Here, we show that universal expansion naturally manifests as “gravity”. Methods: A theory is presented that postulates a natural expansion of the observer’s frame of reference due to matter and a generalized universal principle of equivalence of acceleration and gravitation that extends to any frame. It is consistent with both the general theory of relativity and our knowledge about the expansion of the Universe. Results: We tested the theory positively by applying its equation to global and local scales of the Universe with available data. It is applied to a Universe of homogeneous mass and discrete two and three-body systems and other phenomena hitherto thought to be unrelated. The results show that the proposed equation is valid at any scale. The fundamental nature of the Universe, from which gravity and other properties are derived, is its expansion.展开更多
In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sph...In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere, and the shape of the Universe results in the most of the redshift of light wavelength. Therefore, there is no dark energy accelerating the Universe. The surface of the four-dimensional sphere is a volume, and this volume is a good model for the Universe. The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere has been explained by a model of four-dimensional cube, within which the forming of surface volume can be easily shown. The model of four-dimensional cube containing six side cubes is ingenious for explaining the structure of the four-dimensional Universe, but it is not enough because the four-dimensional cube has not six side cubes, but eight side cubes. Therefore, in this study a better method has been created to construct the four-dimensional cube. Our three-dimensional Universe is the surface of the four-dimensional sphere Universe. The volume of our three-dimensional Universe is finite, and beneath it is the infinite volume four-dimensional Super Universe. Two important basic formulae have been derived: The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere is π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> in which R is the radius of the sphere, and the fourth-power volume of the four-dimensional sphere is 1/4 π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>4</sup>. The volume of the Universe has been calculated π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> = 62 × 10<sup>30</sup> ly<sup>3</sup>. Time as the fourth dimension of the space takes effect only near the speed of light, and therefore it has been ignored in this study.展开更多
In recent years, it has been thought that the expansion of the universe has begun to accelerate. However, there are other views against this. Here we propose a new theory based on the three-dimensional spherical (S<...In recent years, it has been thought that the expansion of the universe has begun to accelerate. However, there are other views against this. Here we propose a new theory based on the three-dimensional spherical (S<sup>3</sup>) universe wherein the same observations as the present universe can also be found by the accelerated contraction of the universe. According to our theory, the expansion velocity of the S<sup>3</sup> universe slowed down after the Big Bang, and all the kinetic energy was converted into potential energy to reach the great sphere. After that, accelerated contraction begins, and the universe finally converges to an original single point. In the S<sup>3</sup> universe, the passage of time (referred to as “proper time”) changes depending on its expansion velocity. The frequency of light emitted from celestial bodies is determined by their proper time on emission, and when the light is observed by observers having different proper time, a redshift or blueshift is observed. Observers in the expansion phase observe redshifts, because the proper time of the observer progresses faster than that of emitted light, but observers in the contraction phase observe an accelerated delay of the proper time, so the progress of the proper time is reversed based upon its order from nearby celestial bodies, a blueshift is observed, and its range of observable distance increases. The results of this early contraction phase are consistent with the observations of the current universe. In conclusion, the S<sup>3</sup> universe may be able to explain the geometrical structure of the current universe.展开更多
This work extends the author’s two previous works (2015), Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370, by obtaining the index of refraction n of the dark energy for additional values of the cosmological densit...This work extends the author’s two previous works (2015), Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370, by obtaining the index of refraction n of the dark energy for additional values of the cosmological density parameters, and for the two methods of obtaining n: least squares fit, and electromagnetic theory. Comparison of the alternative model with the accelerating universe for the new values of the density parameters and n is given in two tables. The new values for n are used to obtain a range of ages for the Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe. It is shown that the EdS universe must be older than the comparison accelerating universe. This requirement is met for the Planck 2015 value of the Hubble constant, corrected for the speed of light reduction by n. A supporting measurement as well as a disagreeing measurement is also discussed. Possible support from a stellar age determination is also discussed. It is shown that the expression obtained earlier for the increased apparent magnitude of the SNe Ia provides as good a fit for a closed universe with Ω(tot = 1.005) , as it does for the flat EdS universe. Comparison is presented in a third table. An upper bound on Ω<sub>Λ</sub> is given for a closed universe that eventually collapses back on itself that is too small for the value needed for the accelerating universe.展开更多
Rough set theory has a very good effect in information processing and knowledge discovery.In an information table,the current scholars regard all objects as a universe,and then establish various rough set models.Howev...Rough set theory has a very good effect in information processing and knowledge discovery.In an information table,the current scholars regard all objects as a universe,and then establish various rough set models.However,in the analysis of many data problems,it is more reasonable to select parts of objects which are useful to us or can meet the actual needs as a universe.Therefore,in order to make up for the deficiency of traditional models,a new model is introduced from the perspective of variable universe.Then,some interesting properties of this model,such as approximation sets,reduct of attributes and maximum part of universe,are discussed.Through the study of this paper,it can be seen that the model developed in our paper is not only more accurate but also more effective in describing uncertain knowledge.展开更多
There are many automatic organization phenomena and automatic organization unities in the universe. The automatic organization whole refers to a life body with the thinking. The thinking is the core of automatic organ...There are many automatic organization phenomena and automatic organization unities in the universe. The automatic organization whole refers to a life body with the thinking. The thinking is the core of automatic organization. The thinking is at eternal restless motion and binds to substances. The universe, organism and society are the automatic organization unities or life systems with the thinking. The thinking can perceive, attract, drive, organize and control all individuals and it is a force of life structure or universal gravitation and universal repulsion. The thinking has a life structure, a template and dynamic of entity-life＇s automatic organization. Life body has five dynamic systems： the thinking motion and information flow, breathing motion, closed-loop current （particle flow） and energy flow, interaction among state-varying, state-stabilizing and control organizations and active ＆ automatic chemical-physical reactions, cardiac pulsation and active motion and transportation. Human, galaxies and society can change from low to high energy state initiatively. This is realized by controlling the desires of life entity via the thinking and breathing motions and by altering the body＇s binding forces dominating the life entity （in turn, by bond force, strong interaction and quark confinement）. All forces in the universe present in the universe of life： force of the thinking-universal gravitation and universal repulsion, electromagnetic interaction, bond force, strong interaction, quark confinement and weak interaction. Under the automatic organization of the thinking, these forces bind into a 4-season＇ whole. The united state of these forces is controlled by the thinking and breathing motion, which is capable of changing from 3-, 2- and 1-dimensional states to a 0-dimensional state.展开更多
All things in the universe possess a state and characteristics of state, resultantly in presence of space-time, which is perceived by human beings. An outlook of space-time is shaped in human by perceiving the existen...All things in the universe possess a state and characteristics of state, resultantly in presence of space-time, which is perceived by human beings. An outlook of space-time is shaped in human by perceiving the existence and change of objects. The state space is all state characteristics exhibited in objects whilst the state time refers to the duration of an object＇s state. The time is a spatial property and not an independent dimension. The state space-time is a unity of internal and external space-time. The internal space-time is stemmed from the overall internal forces and internal energies and is a covert space-time. The external space-time refers to a space-time manifested by the external characteristics and movement of an object and is an overt space-time. In physics, there are four kinds of forces and four state space-times： bonding force and three-dimensional space-time; strong interaction of exchangeable n meson and two-dimensional space-time; quark confinement and one-dimensional space-time; and weak interaction and zero-dimensional space-time. The universe is constituted by dissimilar state space-times. Newton space-time is a three-dimensional state space-time; Einstein＇s theory of relativity is a two-dimensional state space-time. Newton and Einstein were different observers. Temporal and spatial perception of human is dependent upon human＇s intemal energy and quality. Through Qigong exercises, the human is able to enter the three-dimensional, two-dimensional, one-dimensional and zero-dimensional space-times. The relativity theory of human body will solve the time problems at the interplanetary voyage of astronauts.展开更多
文摘This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.
文摘This paper aims to define the concept of time and justify its properties within the universal context, shedding new light on the nature of time. By employing the concept of the extrinsic universe, the paper explains the observable universe as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional 3-sphere (hypersphere), expanding at the speed of light. This expansion process gives rise to what we perceive as time and its associated aspects, providing a novel interpretation of time as a geometric property emerging from the dynamics of the universe’s expansion. The work offers insights into how this extrinsic perspective can address phenomena such as the universe’s accelerated expansion and dark matter, aligning the model with current observational data.
文摘Dispersion measure in an FRB’s signal is produced by the photons of the radio waves interacting with the free electrons in the IGM. In New Tired Light (NTL), redshifts are produced by the photons of light interacting with these self-same electrons and so, one would expect a direct relationship between the DM of an FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy. However, workers in this field assume expansion and weight the DM by dividing it by the scale factor (1 + z) to allow for expansion. Once this weighting is removed, it was predicted back in 2016 (when the first FRB was localized) and later presented at a conference and published in the proceedings that, as more FRB’s were localized, a graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) would be a straight line of gradient (mec/2hre) or 7.32 × 1025 m−2 in SI units. The original paper had twenty-four data points but this has risen significantly to sixty-four useable FRB’s and so this corrigendum updates that paper so that all sixty-four are used. The data give a straight-line graph of gradient 7.12 × 1025 m−2, a difference of 3% from (mec/2hre) predicted nine years earlier.
文摘During the past few decades, it has become clear that the distribution, sizes, and masses of cosmic structures are best described as fractal rather than homogeneous. This means that an entirely different formalism is needed to replace the standard perturbation model of structure formation. Recently, we have been developing a model of cosmology that accounts for a large number of the observed properties of the universe. A key component of this model is that fractal structures that later regulated the creation of both matter and radiation came into existence during the initial Planck-era inflation. Initially, the vacuum was the only existence and since time, distance, and energy were uncertain, its only property, the curvature (or energy), was most likely distributed randomly. Everything that happened after the Planck era can be described by the known laws of physics so the remaining fundamental problem is to discover how such a random beginning could organize itself into the hierarchy of highly non-random self-similar structures on all length scales that are necessary to explain the existence of all cosmic structures. In this paper, we present a variation of the standard sandpile model that points to a solution. Incidental to our review of the distributions of cosmic structures, we discovered that the apparent transition from a fractal to a homogeneous distribution of structures at a distance of about 150 Mpc is a consequence of the finite size of the universe rather than a change in the underlying statistics of the distributions.
文摘A team of researchers from the Beijing Normal University,the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP)under the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),and the National Astronomical Observatories,CAS(NAOC),reported in Nature Astronomy on January 23,2025 their discovery of an X-ray flash about 12.5 billion lightyears away.The signals burst out only 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang,when our 13.8-billion-year-old universe was still in its infancy,and a science satellite swiftly recorded them.
基金supported by the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.025GJHZ2023106GC)。
文摘Primordial black holes(PBHs) offer a compelling candidate for dark matter. The production of PBHs through well-tested and accepted physical processes is highly worthy of investigation. This work highlights the role of turbulences in the very early universe in sustaining intense and persistent fluctuations in energy or mass density,which could provide a natural mechanism for PBH formation in the primordial universe. We analyze the mass range and abundance of PBHs produced in the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence induced by the electroweak phase transition. Remarkably, we find that the mass range of the produced PBHs falls within the most viable“asteroid mass” window from the present-day observations, and within natural parameter regions their abundance can be sufficiently large. These findings suggest that PBHs produced during magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the very early universe may comprise a dominant part of dark matter.
文摘This work aims to investigate the different stability conditions of two scenarios of the inhomogeneous Lemaitre–Tolman–Bond model of the universe with holographic dark energy.We considered the Rényi and Tsallis holographic models of interacting dark energy.These holographic models are investigated using the IR cutoff that equals the Hubble horizon.Various stability conditions of these models have been investigated to understand how much these models can tell us about the recent and future epochs of the universe in comparison with the cosmological constant model,orΛCDM model.The conditions of violating the cosmological energy conditions have been studied.The evolution of the entropy and its first and second derivatives have been calculated and plotted for these holographic models.This gives an idea of how far these models satisfy the generalized second law of thermodynamics and hence have thermodynamical stability.The dynamical stability is studied for these evolved models,which give us glimpses of the dynamical stability at different phases of its evolution.We focus on investigating the stability in recent and near future times up to z≤-4.Further investigation of stability has been obtained by studying the evolved sound speed squared parameter for these models,which gave us a final and decisive evaluation of the stability of these models.
基金Project (2009BAE85B00) supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of ChinaProject (PHR20100509) supported by Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning under the Jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality, China
文摘In aluminum electrolytic process, the variables affect the current efficiency and the stability of electrolysis cells. AIF3 addition and aluminum tapping volume are two important factors that affect economic benefits of aluminum electrolytic production. Fuzzy logic provides a suitable mechanism to describe the relationship between the process variables and the current efficiency. Fuzzy expert system based on Mamdani fuzzy inference process for aluminum electrolysis was adopted to adjust A1F3 addition and aluminum tapping volume. A novel variable universe approach was applied in the system to solve the problem that different electrolysis cells have different universes of variables. The system was applied to 300 kA aluminum electrolysis cells in a aluminum plant. Experimental results showed that the electrolyte temperature was kept stably between 945 and 955℃, the current efficiency reached 93.5%, and the DC power consumption was 13 000 kW.h per ton aluminum.
文摘Universe life includes the universe realm, the life realm, human society and man-made materials. Each life has four grades.There are four different “me” in each life: true me, Yang me, Yin me and conscious me. True me never dies while Yang me, Yin meand conscious me all appear and go. The heart of life is also a system consisting of four grades (true heart + Yang me heart + Yin meheart + conscious heart). Life is a four-seasonal whole dominated by heart. True me is true while Yang me, Yin me and conscious meare false. The general law of the universe is an operating body of general rules. Both the operating body of general rules and the lifebody are combination of the true and the false. The operating body of general rules is a body with two aspects and the combinationand an autonomous operation of movement with stillness, gathering with parting and rising with falling. The operating body ofgeneral rules dominated by true me is the universe body. The essential features of the universe body include: 1) it is empty;2) it isabsolutely quiet;3) it exists forever;4) it contains seeds for everything;5) it generates everything in the universe;6) it is solid andwill never break;7) its power is King Kong power. The zero-state of the galaxy is its basic state and the giant blank zone of theuniverse. The galaxy’s turning from zero-state into one-state is getting something from nothing. The operating of general rule ispresented as the four-seasonal movement or metabolism of life. It is a continuity of movement and stillness (life and death) and aprocess of something interacting with nothing. The modes of reproduction of life consist of self-generation, generation byaugmentation and generation by transformation. The Milky Way Galaxy, the solar system and the earth are inorganic life withreproductive system and reproductive capacity. In the positive-going evolution, their inner morality power gradually decreases andundergoes different states and structures. Internal intercourse generates different lives. In the early days of the earth, the temperaturewas high and inorganic lives first appeared: humans, animals, plants and bacteria. When the temperature dropped to a proper degree,organic lives then appeared: bacteria, plants, animals and humans. Now, new lives are still appearing on the earth.
文摘This article discusses the gravitational stability of anti-de Sitter universe.It turns out that anti-de Sitter universe with closed timelike curves is unstable to gravitational perturbations.
文摘We present a Quantum Space Model (QSM) of cosmic evolution based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta from which our universe came about. We used the Friedmann equations to trace its history and predict its ultimate fate. Results provide further support to our recent proposal that the accelerating expansion of the universe is due to a scalar space field which has become known as Dark Energy. In our model, the universe started from high energy space quanta which were triggered by quantum fluctuations that caused the Big Bang. It then expanded and cooled undergoing phase transitions to radiation, fundamental particles, and matter. Matter agglomerated and grew into stars, galaxies, etc. and was eventually consolidated by gravity into Black Holes, which finally ended in a Big Crunch in a state of deep freeze inside the Black hole at 1.380 trillion years. Fluctuations, quantum tunneling, or some other mechanisms caused a new Bang to start another cycle in its life. Our results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of a cyclic universe by Steinhardt and his associates, and by Penrose. Space and energy are equivalent as embodied in the Planck energy equation. They give rise to the two principal long range forces in the universe: the gravitational force and the space force. The latter may be the fifth force in the universe. The two forces could provide the clockwork mechanism operating our cyclic universe. If the Law of Conservation of Energy is universal, then the cosmos is eternal.
文摘Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.
文摘Aims: The expansion of the Universe and gravitation are considered different fundamental properties of the cosmos. We explore whether they are connected and propose an equation that links and unifies them. This equation describes the expansion of space as related to the mass of matter in that space. An expanding frame of reference, defined as expanding at the same rate, is the natural frame for an observer since the observer is part of the Universe and expands with it. In this frame, the expansion of the Universe by itself accounts for phenomena previously ascribed to gravitation. Gravity is fictitious and unnecessary. Here, we show that universal expansion naturally manifests as “gravity”. Methods: A theory is presented that postulates a natural expansion of the observer’s frame of reference due to matter and a generalized universal principle of equivalence of acceleration and gravitation that extends to any frame. It is consistent with both the general theory of relativity and our knowledge about the expansion of the Universe. Results: We tested the theory positively by applying its equation to global and local scales of the Universe with available data. It is applied to a Universe of homogeneous mass and discrete two and three-body systems and other phenomena hitherto thought to be unrelated. The results show that the proposed equation is valid at any scale. The fundamental nature of the Universe, from which gravity and other properties are derived, is its expansion.
文摘In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere, and the shape of the Universe results in the most of the redshift of light wavelength. Therefore, there is no dark energy accelerating the Universe. The surface of the four-dimensional sphere is a volume, and this volume is a good model for the Universe. The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere has been explained by a model of four-dimensional cube, within which the forming of surface volume can be easily shown. The model of four-dimensional cube containing six side cubes is ingenious for explaining the structure of the four-dimensional Universe, but it is not enough because the four-dimensional cube has not six side cubes, but eight side cubes. Therefore, in this study a better method has been created to construct the four-dimensional cube. Our three-dimensional Universe is the surface of the four-dimensional sphere Universe. The volume of our three-dimensional Universe is finite, and beneath it is the infinite volume four-dimensional Super Universe. Two important basic formulae have been derived: The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere is π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> in which R is the radius of the sphere, and the fourth-power volume of the four-dimensional sphere is 1/4 π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>4</sup>. The volume of the Universe has been calculated π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> = 62 × 10<sup>30</sup> ly<sup>3</sup>. Time as the fourth dimension of the space takes effect only near the speed of light, and therefore it has been ignored in this study.
文摘In recent years, it has been thought that the expansion of the universe has begun to accelerate. However, there are other views against this. Here we propose a new theory based on the three-dimensional spherical (S<sup>3</sup>) universe wherein the same observations as the present universe can also be found by the accelerated contraction of the universe. According to our theory, the expansion velocity of the S<sup>3</sup> universe slowed down after the Big Bang, and all the kinetic energy was converted into potential energy to reach the great sphere. After that, accelerated contraction begins, and the universe finally converges to an original single point. In the S<sup>3</sup> universe, the passage of time (referred to as “proper time”) changes depending on its expansion velocity. The frequency of light emitted from celestial bodies is determined by their proper time on emission, and when the light is observed by observers having different proper time, a redshift or blueshift is observed. Observers in the expansion phase observe redshifts, because the proper time of the observer progresses faster than that of emitted light, but observers in the contraction phase observe an accelerated delay of the proper time, so the progress of the proper time is reversed based upon its order from nearby celestial bodies, a blueshift is observed, and its range of observable distance increases. The results of this early contraction phase are consistent with the observations of the current universe. In conclusion, the S<sup>3</sup> universe may be able to explain the geometrical structure of the current universe.
文摘This work extends the author’s two previous works (2015), Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370, by obtaining the index of refraction n of the dark energy for additional values of the cosmological density parameters, and for the two methods of obtaining n: least squares fit, and electromagnetic theory. Comparison of the alternative model with the accelerating universe for the new values of the density parameters and n is given in two tables. The new values for n are used to obtain a range of ages for the Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe. It is shown that the EdS universe must be older than the comparison accelerating universe. This requirement is met for the Planck 2015 value of the Hubble constant, corrected for the speed of light reduction by n. A supporting measurement as well as a disagreeing measurement is also discussed. Possible support from a stellar age determination is also discussed. It is shown that the expression obtained earlier for the increased apparent magnitude of the SNe Ia provides as good a fit for a closed universe with Ω(tot = 1.005) , as it does for the flat EdS universe. Comparison is presented in a third table. An upper bound on Ω<sub>Λ</sub> is given for a closed universe that eventually collapses back on itself that is too small for the value needed for the accelerating universe.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61976254,61772002)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2020J01707)National Fund Cultivation program of Jimei University(No.ZP2020056).
文摘Rough set theory has a very good effect in information processing and knowledge discovery.In an information table,the current scholars regard all objects as a universe,and then establish various rough set models.However,in the analysis of many data problems,it is more reasonable to select parts of objects which are useful to us or can meet the actual needs as a universe.Therefore,in order to make up for the deficiency of traditional models,a new model is introduced from the perspective of variable universe.Then,some interesting properties of this model,such as approximation sets,reduct of attributes and maximum part of universe,are discussed.Through the study of this paper,it can be seen that the model developed in our paper is not only more accurate but also more effective in describing uncertain knowledge.
文摘There are many automatic organization phenomena and automatic organization unities in the universe. The automatic organization whole refers to a life body with the thinking. The thinking is the core of automatic organization. The thinking is at eternal restless motion and binds to substances. The universe, organism and society are the automatic organization unities or life systems with the thinking. The thinking can perceive, attract, drive, organize and control all individuals and it is a force of life structure or universal gravitation and universal repulsion. The thinking has a life structure, a template and dynamic of entity-life＇s automatic organization. Life body has five dynamic systems： the thinking motion and information flow, breathing motion, closed-loop current （particle flow） and energy flow, interaction among state-varying, state-stabilizing and control organizations and active ＆ automatic chemical-physical reactions, cardiac pulsation and active motion and transportation. Human, galaxies and society can change from low to high energy state initiatively. This is realized by controlling the desires of life entity via the thinking and breathing motions and by altering the body＇s binding forces dominating the life entity （in turn, by bond force, strong interaction and quark confinement）. All forces in the universe present in the universe of life： force of the thinking-universal gravitation and universal repulsion, electromagnetic interaction, bond force, strong interaction, quark confinement and weak interaction. Under the automatic organization of the thinking, these forces bind into a 4-season＇ whole. The united state of these forces is controlled by the thinking and breathing motion, which is capable of changing from 3-, 2- and 1-dimensional states to a 0-dimensional state.
文摘All things in the universe possess a state and characteristics of state, resultantly in presence of space-time, which is perceived by human beings. An outlook of space-time is shaped in human by perceiving the existence and change of objects. The state space is all state characteristics exhibited in objects whilst the state time refers to the duration of an object＇s state. The time is a spatial property and not an independent dimension. The state space-time is a unity of internal and external space-time. The internal space-time is stemmed from the overall internal forces and internal energies and is a covert space-time. The external space-time refers to a space-time manifested by the external characteristics and movement of an object and is an overt space-time. In physics, there are four kinds of forces and four state space-times： bonding force and three-dimensional space-time; strong interaction of exchangeable n meson and two-dimensional space-time; quark confinement and one-dimensional space-time; and weak interaction and zero-dimensional space-time. The universe is constituted by dissimilar state space-times. Newton space-time is a three-dimensional state space-time; Einstein＇s theory of relativity is a two-dimensional state space-time. Newton and Einstein were different observers. Temporal and spatial perception of human is dependent upon human＇s intemal energy and quality. Through Qigong exercises, the human is able to enter the three-dimensional, two-dimensional, one-dimensional and zero-dimensional space-times. The relativity theory of human body will solve the time problems at the interplanetary voyage of astronauts.
