This study tests the hysteresis hypothesis of unemployment in fifteen OECD countries by using panel unit root tests which allow for structural breaks. We apply annual unemployment rates covering 1985-2008 periods. We ...This study tests the hysteresis hypothesis of unemployment in fifteen OECD countries by using panel unit root tests which allow for structural breaks. We apply annual unemployment rates covering 1985-2008 periods. We test whether unemployment rates are stationary by using second generation tests which allow cross section dependency among series and panel unit root test based on structural break advanced by Carrion-i-Silvestre, Barrio-Castro and Lopez-Bazo （2005）. We find series as a stationary process with structural breaks according to Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, while we find series as unit root process with second generation panel unit root test. According to the Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, we find the evidence of absence of hysteresis in analyzed countries. As a result, temporary shocks have temporary effects on unemployment instead of permanent effect. Structural factors can affect the natural rate of unemployment and, therefore, unemployment would be stationary around a process that is subject to structural breaks. So, there still exists a unique natural rate of unemployment to which the economy eventually will converge.展开更多
This study investigates the convergence hypothesis and stochastic dynamics of agricultural land use and ecological balance across 13 major agricultural countries from 1992 to 2022.The study's concentrated samples ...This study investigates the convergence hypothesis and stochastic dynamics of agricultural land use and ecological balance across 13 major agricultural countries from 1992 to 2022.The study's concentrated samples are Russia,the United States,the Netherlands,Brazil,Germany,China,France,Spain,Italy,Canada,Belgium,Indonesia,and India.The research uncovers notable variations in ecological balance by utilizing a comprehensive set of advanced panel unit root tests(Panel CIPS,CADF,Panel-LM,Panel-KPSS,and Bahmani-Oskooee et al.’s Panel KPSS Unit Root Test).The findings highlight significant improvements in Canada,contrasting with declines in the Netherlands,France,Germany,and the United States.The results indicate convergence in ecological balance among these countries,suggesting that agricultural practices are progressively aligning with sustainability objectives.The considered countries can determine and enact joint and collective policy actions addressing cropland sustainability.However,the univariate outcome also shows that the cropland ecological balance of Germany,China,France,Indonesia,and India does contain a unit root and stationary which means the presence of the constant-mean.The univariate actions from the mentioned governments will not promote persistent impact.Therefore,joint actions determined by the countries considered are recommended for the mentioned countries.However,the rest of the countries also enact local policies.The insights gained are critical for informing global sustainability strategies and aiding policymakers in developing effective measures to enhance agricultural practices and mitigate environmental impacts.This research provides a data-driven foundation for optimizing agricultural sustainability and supports international efforts to achieve long-term ecological stability.展开更多
文摘This study tests the hysteresis hypothesis of unemployment in fifteen OECD countries by using panel unit root tests which allow for structural breaks. We apply annual unemployment rates covering 1985-2008 periods. We test whether unemployment rates are stationary by using second generation tests which allow cross section dependency among series and panel unit root test based on structural break advanced by Carrion-i-Silvestre, Barrio-Castro and Lopez-Bazo （2005）. We find series as a stationary process with structural breaks according to Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, while we find series as unit root process with second generation panel unit root test. According to the Carrion-i Silvestre et al. （2005） test, we find the evidence of absence of hysteresis in analyzed countries. As a result, temporary shocks have temporary effects on unemployment instead of permanent effect. Structural factors can affect the natural rate of unemployment and, therefore, unemployment would be stationary around a process that is subject to structural breaks. So, there still exists a unique natural rate of unemployment to which the economy eventually will converge.
文摘This study investigates the convergence hypothesis and stochastic dynamics of agricultural land use and ecological balance across 13 major agricultural countries from 1992 to 2022.The study's concentrated samples are Russia,the United States,the Netherlands,Brazil,Germany,China,France,Spain,Italy,Canada,Belgium,Indonesia,and India.The research uncovers notable variations in ecological balance by utilizing a comprehensive set of advanced panel unit root tests(Panel CIPS,CADF,Panel-LM,Panel-KPSS,and Bahmani-Oskooee et al.’s Panel KPSS Unit Root Test).The findings highlight significant improvements in Canada,contrasting with declines in the Netherlands,France,Germany,and the United States.The results indicate convergence in ecological balance among these countries,suggesting that agricultural practices are progressively aligning with sustainability objectives.The considered countries can determine and enact joint and collective policy actions addressing cropland sustainability.However,the univariate outcome also shows that the cropland ecological balance of Germany,China,France,Indonesia,and India does contain a unit root and stationary which means the presence of the constant-mean.The univariate actions from the mentioned governments will not promote persistent impact.Therefore,joint actions determined by the countries considered are recommended for the mentioned countries.However,the rest of the countries also enact local policies.The insights gained are critical for informing global sustainability strategies and aiding policymakers in developing effective measures to enhance agricultural practices and mitigate environmental impacts.This research provides a data-driven foundation for optimizing agricultural sustainability and supports international efforts to achieve long-term ecological stability.
