This study provides an in-depth comparative evaluation of landslide susceptibility using two distinct spatial units:and slope units(SUs)and hydrological response units(HRUs),within Goesan County,South Korea.Leveraging...This study provides an in-depth comparative evaluation of landslide susceptibility using two distinct spatial units:and slope units(SUs)and hydrological response units(HRUs),within Goesan County,South Korea.Leveraging the capabilities of the extreme gradient boosting(XGB)algorithm combined with Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP),this work assesses the precision and clarity with which each unit predicts areas vulnerable to landslides.SUs focus on the geomorphological features like ridges and valleys,focusing on slope stability and landslide triggers.Conversely,HRUs are established based on a variety of hydrological factors,including land cover,soil type and slope gradients,to encapsulate the dynamic water processes of the region.The methodological framework includes the systematic gathering,preparation and analysis of data,ranging from historical landslide occurrences to topographical and environmental variables like elevation,slope angle and land curvature etc.The XGB algorithm used to construct the Landslide Susceptibility Model(LSM)was combined with SHAP for model interpretation and the results were evaluated using Random Cross-validation(RCV)to ensure accuracy and reliability.To ensure optimal model performance,the XGB algorithm’s hyperparameters were tuned using Differential Evolution,considering multicollinearity-free variables.The results show that SU and HRU are effective for LSM,but their effectiveness varies depending on landscape characteristics.The XGB algorithm demonstrates strong predictive power and SHAP enhances model transparency of the influential variables involved.This work underscores the importance of selecting appropriate assessment units tailored to specific landscape characteristics for accurate LSM.The integration of advanced machine learning techniques with interpretative tools offers a robust framework for landslide susceptibility assessment,improving both predictive capabilities and model interpretability.Future research should integrate broader data sets and explore hybrid analytical models to strengthen the generalizability of these findings across varied geographical settings.展开更多
The changing patterns of watersheds in a landscape, driven by human activities, play an important role in non-point source pollution processes. This paper aims to improve the location-weighted landscape contrast index...The changing patterns of watersheds in a landscape, driven by human activities, play an important role in non-point source pollution processes. This paper aims to improve the location-weighted landscape contrast index using remote sensing and GIS technology to account for the effects of scale and ecological processes. The hydrological response unit(HRU) with a single land use and soil type was used as the smallest unit. The relationship between the landscape index and typical ecological processes was established by describing the influence of the landscape pattern on non-point source pollution. To verify the research method, this paper used the Yanshi River basin as a study area. The results showed that the relative intensity of non-point source pollution in different regions of the watershed and the location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum HRU can qualitatively reflect the risk of regional nutrient loss.展开更多
Use of a non-zero hydrologic response unit(HRU) threshold is an effective way of reducing unmanageable HRU numbers and simplifying computational cost in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) hydrologic modelling. H...Use of a non-zero hydrologic response unit(HRU) threshold is an effective way of reducing unmanageable HRU numbers and simplifying computational cost in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) hydrologic modelling. However, being less representative of watershed heterogeneity and increasing the level of model output uncertainty are inevitable when minor HRU combinations are disproportionately eliminated. This study examined 20 scenarios by running the model with various HRU threshold settings to understand the mechanism of HRU threshold effects on watershed representation as well as streamflow predictions and identify the appropriate HRU thresholds. Findings show that HRU numbers decrease sharply with increasing HRU thresholds. Among different HRU threshold scenarios, the composition of land-use, soil, and slope all contribute to notable variations which are directly related to the model input parameters and consequently affect the streamflow predictions. Results indicate that saturated hydraulic conductivity, average slope of the HRU, and curve number are the three key factors affecting stream discharge when changing the HRU thresholds. It is also found that HRU thresholds have little effect on monthly model performance, while evaluation statistics for daily discharges are more sensitive than monthly results. For daily streamflow predictions, thresholds of 5%/5%/5%(land-use/soil/slope) are the optimum HRU threshold level for the watershed to allow full consideration of model accuracy and efficiency in the present work. Besides, the results provide strategies for selecting appropriate HRU thresholds based on the modelling goal.展开更多
Unit commitment (UC) is to determine the optimal unit status and generation level during each time interval of the scheduled period. The purpose of UC is to minimize the total generation cost while satisfying system d...Unit commitment (UC) is to determine the optimal unit status and generation level during each time interval of the scheduled period. The purpose of UC is to minimize the total generation cost while satisfying system demand, reserve requirements, and unit constraints. Among the UC constraints, an adequate provision of reserve is important to ensure the security of power system and the fast-response reserve is essential to bring system frequency back to acceptable level following the loss of an online unit within a few seconds. In this paper, the authors present and solve a UC problem including the frequency-based reserve constraints to determine the optimal FRR requirements and unit MW schedules. The UC problem is solved by using Lagrangian Relaxation-based approach and compared with the actual system schedules. It is observed that favorable reserve and unit MW schedules are obtained by the proposed method while the system security is maintained.展开更多
To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to imp...To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to improve its information management and increase the availability of accurate, real-time data for disaster and humanitarian response teams, significant gaps persist. There are inefficiencies in the emergency management of data at every stage of its lifecycle: collection, processing, analysis, distribution, storage, and retrieval. Disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management are the two main tenets of the United Nations’ worldwide plan for disaster management. Information systems are crucial because of the crucial roles they play in capturing, processing, and transmitting data. The management of information is seldom discussed in published works. The goal of this study is to employ qualitative research methods to provide insight by facilitating an expanded comprehension of relevant contexts, phenomena, and individual experiences. Humanitarian workers and OCHA staffers will take part in the research. The study subjects will be chosen using a random selection procedure. Online surveys with both closed- and open-ended questions will be used to compile the data. UN OCHA offers a structure for the handling of information via which all humanitarian actors may contribute to the overall response. This research will enable the UN Office for OCHA better gather, process, analyze, disseminate, store, and retrieve data in the event of a catastrophe or humanitarian crisis.展开更多
A zinc oxide ZnO field emitter-based backlight unit for liquid crystal display with a gated structure is fabricated by screen-printing processes.The measured anode field emission current density reaches 0.62 mA/cm2 wh...A zinc oxide ZnO field emitter-based backlight unit for liquid crystal display with a gated structure is fabricated by screen-printing processes.The measured anode field emission current density reaches 0.62 mA/cm2 when the applied gate voltage is 570 V.Part of the anode current is contributed by the secondary electron emission which is excited from the MgO layer inside the gate apertures on the gate plate. The average emission current density and luminance are 0.47 mA/cm2 and 1 250 cd/m2 respectively with a fluctuation of about 10% during the 1 000 min measurement.By a finite element method calculation the gated structure shows a good electron beam focusing property. The driving performance of the backlight unit is characterized by SPICE simulation tools and measured by the oscilloscope. Stable field emission line-by-line scanning and fast response characteristics of the backlight unit indicate its promising application in the liquid crystal displays.展开更多
针对辅汽轮发电机组振动传递路径不清晰问题,以某高速辅汽轮发电机组为研究对象,建立转子-轴承-定子整机模型,基于工况传递路径分析(operational transfer path analysis,OTPA)方法构建机组振动传递模型,分析机组振动传递规律。首先应...针对辅汽轮发电机组振动传递路径不清晰问题,以某高速辅汽轮发电机组为研究对象,建立转子-轴承-定子整机模型,基于工况传递路径分析(operational transfer path analysis,OTPA)方法构建机组振动传递模型,分析机组振动传递规律。首先应用有限元方法获取机组各传递路径频率响应函数,综合考虑转子不平衡、脉动汽流力及不平衡磁拉力等激励源,采用奇异值分解技术对各轴承座处输入信号进行降噪合成,构建各路径输入与输出关系的传递函数矩阵,分析不同路径对定子外壳的振动贡献,明确其主要振动传递路径。结果表明:定子外壳各测点振动主要振动路径来源于辅汽轮机的2个轴承座,特别是发电机侧轴承座的振动贡献量最大。通过优化调整该轴承座结构固有特性与转子不平衡力相位差可以有效降低定子外壳振动,最大振幅由364μm降至51μm。研究结果可以为辅汽轮发电机组振动溯源及故障诊断的优化提供参考。展开更多
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00222536).
文摘This study provides an in-depth comparative evaluation of landslide susceptibility using two distinct spatial units:and slope units(SUs)and hydrological response units(HRUs),within Goesan County,South Korea.Leveraging the capabilities of the extreme gradient boosting(XGB)algorithm combined with Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP),this work assesses the precision and clarity with which each unit predicts areas vulnerable to landslides.SUs focus on the geomorphological features like ridges and valleys,focusing on slope stability and landslide triggers.Conversely,HRUs are established based on a variety of hydrological factors,including land cover,soil type and slope gradients,to encapsulate the dynamic water processes of the region.The methodological framework includes the systematic gathering,preparation and analysis of data,ranging from historical landslide occurrences to topographical and environmental variables like elevation,slope angle and land curvature etc.The XGB algorithm used to construct the Landslide Susceptibility Model(LSM)was combined with SHAP for model interpretation and the results were evaluated using Random Cross-validation(RCV)to ensure accuracy and reliability.To ensure optimal model performance,the XGB algorithm’s hyperparameters were tuned using Differential Evolution,considering multicollinearity-free variables.The results show that SU and HRU are effective for LSM,but their effectiveness varies depending on landscape characteristics.The XGB algorithm demonstrates strong predictive power and SHAP enhances model transparency of the influential variables involved.This work underscores the importance of selecting appropriate assessment units tailored to specific landscape characteristics for accurate LSM.The integration of advanced machine learning techniques with interpretative tools offers a robust framework for landslide susceptibility assessment,improving both predictive capabilities and model interpretability.Future research should integrate broader data sets and explore hybrid analytical models to strengthen the generalizability of these findings across varied geographical settings.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Programs of China(Nos.2017YFB0504201,2015BAJ02B)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61473286,61375002)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(No.20164178)
文摘The changing patterns of watersheds in a landscape, driven by human activities, play an important role in non-point source pollution processes. This paper aims to improve the location-weighted landscape contrast index using remote sensing and GIS technology to account for the effects of scale and ecological processes. The hydrological response unit(HRU) with a single land use and soil type was used as the smallest unit. The relationship between the landscape index and typical ecological processes was established by describing the influence of the landscape pattern on non-point source pollution. To verify the research method, this paper used the Yanshi River basin as a study area. The results showed that the relative intensity of non-point source pollution in different regions of the watershed and the location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum HRU can qualitatively reflect the risk of regional nutrient loss.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31901153)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23070103)。
文摘Use of a non-zero hydrologic response unit(HRU) threshold is an effective way of reducing unmanageable HRU numbers and simplifying computational cost in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) hydrologic modelling. However, being less representative of watershed heterogeneity and increasing the level of model output uncertainty are inevitable when minor HRU combinations are disproportionately eliminated. This study examined 20 scenarios by running the model with various HRU threshold settings to understand the mechanism of HRU threshold effects on watershed representation as well as streamflow predictions and identify the appropriate HRU thresholds. Findings show that HRU numbers decrease sharply with increasing HRU thresholds. Among different HRU threshold scenarios, the composition of land-use, soil, and slope all contribute to notable variations which are directly related to the model input parameters and consequently affect the streamflow predictions. Results indicate that saturated hydraulic conductivity, average slope of the HRU, and curve number are the three key factors affecting stream discharge when changing the HRU thresholds. It is also found that HRU thresholds have little effect on monthly model performance, while evaluation statistics for daily discharges are more sensitive than monthly results. For daily streamflow predictions, thresholds of 5%/5%/5%(land-use/soil/slope) are the optimum HRU threshold level for the watershed to allow full consideration of model accuracy and efficiency in the present work. Besides, the results provide strategies for selecting appropriate HRU thresholds based on the modelling goal.
文摘Unit commitment (UC) is to determine the optimal unit status and generation level during each time interval of the scheduled period. The purpose of UC is to minimize the total generation cost while satisfying system demand, reserve requirements, and unit constraints. Among the UC constraints, an adequate provision of reserve is important to ensure the security of power system and the fast-response reserve is essential to bring system frequency back to acceptable level following the loss of an online unit within a few seconds. In this paper, the authors present and solve a UC problem including the frequency-based reserve constraints to determine the optimal FRR requirements and unit MW schedules. The UC problem is solved by using Lagrangian Relaxation-based approach and compared with the actual system schedules. It is observed that favorable reserve and unit MW schedules are obtained by the proposed method while the system security is maintained.
文摘To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to improve its information management and increase the availability of accurate, real-time data for disaster and humanitarian response teams, significant gaps persist. There are inefficiencies in the emergency management of data at every stage of its lifecycle: collection, processing, analysis, distribution, storage, and retrieval. Disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management are the two main tenets of the United Nations’ worldwide plan for disaster management. Information systems are crucial because of the crucial roles they play in capturing, processing, and transmitting data. The management of information is seldom discussed in published works. The goal of this study is to employ qualitative research methods to provide insight by facilitating an expanded comprehension of relevant contexts, phenomena, and individual experiences. Humanitarian workers and OCHA staffers will take part in the research. The study subjects will be chosen using a random selection procedure. Online surveys with both closed- and open-ended questions will be used to compile the data. UN OCHA offers a structure for the handling of information via which all humanitarian actors may contribute to the overall response. This research will enable the UN Office for OCHA better gather, process, analyze, disseminate, store, and retrieve data in the event of a catastrophe or humanitarian crisis.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2013CB328803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51002031)+1 种基金the Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No.20100092120022)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA03A302,2013AA011004)
文摘A zinc oxide ZnO field emitter-based backlight unit for liquid crystal display with a gated structure is fabricated by screen-printing processes.The measured anode field emission current density reaches 0.62 mA/cm2 when the applied gate voltage is 570 V.Part of the anode current is contributed by the secondary electron emission which is excited from the MgO layer inside the gate apertures on the gate plate. The average emission current density and luminance are 0.47 mA/cm2 and 1 250 cd/m2 respectively with a fluctuation of about 10% during the 1 000 min measurement.By a finite element method calculation the gated structure shows a good electron beam focusing property. The driving performance of the backlight unit is characterized by SPICE simulation tools and measured by the oscilloscope. Stable field emission line-by-line scanning and fast response characteristics of the backlight unit indicate its promising application in the liquid crystal displays.
文摘针对辅汽轮发电机组振动传递路径不清晰问题,以某高速辅汽轮发电机组为研究对象,建立转子-轴承-定子整机模型,基于工况传递路径分析(operational transfer path analysis,OTPA)方法构建机组振动传递模型,分析机组振动传递规律。首先应用有限元方法获取机组各传递路径频率响应函数,综合考虑转子不平衡、脉动汽流力及不平衡磁拉力等激励源,采用奇异值分解技术对各轴承座处输入信号进行降噪合成,构建各路径输入与输出关系的传递函数矩阵,分析不同路径对定子外壳的振动贡献,明确其主要振动传递路径。结果表明:定子外壳各测点振动主要振动路径来源于辅汽轮机的2个轴承座,特别是发电机侧轴承座的振动贡献量最大。通过优化调整该轴承座结构固有特性与转子不平衡力相位差可以有效降低定子外壳振动,最大振幅由364μm降至51μm。研究结果可以为辅汽轮发电机组振动溯源及故障诊断的优化提供参考。
