The aim of this study was to demonstrate that indirect mediation in behaviors leads to insensitivity to unethical behavior through a dictator game and to give some implications for safety management. The indirect invo...The aim of this study was to demonstrate that indirect mediation in behaviors leads to insensitivity to unethical behavior through a dictator game and to give some implications for safety management. The indirect involvement in the unethical behavior such as the violation of regulation is believed to lessen the responsibility and the criticism from others for the unethical behavior as compared to the direct involvement in it. The instruction condition for the evaluator of behavior in a dictator game was taken up as an experimental variable. Instruction condition 1 was to pay attention to the behavior of only a dictator. In instruction condition 2, the participant (evaluator) was required to review all players’ behavior and evaluate a dictator. It has been investigated whether allowing indirect actions (mediations) leads to reduced punishment as a function of the instruction condition. While the punishment to the indirectness did not get smaller for instruction condition 2, the punishment to the indirectness tended to get smaller only for instruction condition 1.展开更多
Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that indiv...Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that individuals with different levels of power make judgment on various unethical behaviors. Their judgments are not different. It does not agree with the hypothesis. The reason may lie in that it may be affected by social desirability, or that there exist defects in the design of questionnaire. Research 2 uses laboratory investigation. The results demonstrate that individuals in high-power group conduct unethical behavior more frequently and more fiercely. It agrees with the hypothesis. The inconsistent results of the two researches can be reasonably explained from the two angles of moral permission and moral hypocrisy.展开更多
The moral slippery slope effect refers to the phenomenon where,within groups or organizations,the incidence of individual unethical behaviors increases and escalates over time.To systematically identify factors that d...The moral slippery slope effect refers to the phenomenon where,within groups or organizations,the incidence of individual unethical behaviors increases and escalates over time.To systematically identify factors that drive the disappearance of this effect,three studies were conducted using a 20-round spontaneous deception task.Study 1 compared the trend of the moral slippery slope effect under accumulative versus non-accumulative pay conditions.Results indicated that the moral slippery slope effect disappeared under accumulative pay but persisted under non-accumulative pay.Studies 2 and 3 further examined the moderating role of pay satisfaction in the moral slippery slope effect,specifically under accumulative pay.Results revealed that pay satisfaction significantly moderated the relationship between experimental rounds and the moral slippery slope effect:the effect persisted when participants reported low pay satisfaction but disappeared when pay satisfaction was high.Collectively,these findings confirm two key conclusions:(1)accumulative pay is a necessary prerequisite for the disappearance of the moral slippery slope effect;(2)pay satisfaction moderates the disappearance of this effect under accumulative pay.This study provides empirical support for moral balance theory and offers practical implications for organizations:designing accumulative pay systems and aligning pay with employee expectations can effectively prevent moral decline by enhancing pay satisfaction.展开更多
Unethical behaviors among contractors are prevalent in engineering management activities within the construction industry,significantly affecting project performance,public safety,and the industry’s reputation.Despit...Unethical behaviors among contractors are prevalent in engineering management activities within the construction industry,significantly affecting project performance,public safety,and the industry’s reputation.Despite the urgent need to enhance the ethical performance of contractor managers,current research lacks a theoretical framework to systematically categorize and characterize these unethical behaviors.This study fills this gap by conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 experienced construction project managers in China,followed by a qualitative content analysis.The findings indicate that contractor mangers’unethical behaviors can be organized into a framework comprising three levels,five dimensions,and 18 themes.The most common behaviors identified include"construction disturbance,""qualification rental,"and"deception in settlement."Additionally,the study explores the causes of these unethical behaviors,revealing power and responsibility imbalances within the supply chain and the lack of moral competencies among contractor managers in the construction industry.This study offers a theoretical taxonomy framework for contractor managers to identify and assess ethical performance in practice and provides a scientific basis for authorities to establish ethical guidelines and enhance ethical management practices in the construction industry.展开更多
Building on the Self-Determination Theory （SDT）, the study examines the influence of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and in-class deterrents on prior cheating, neutralization, and likelihood of cheating ...Building on the Self-Determination Theory （SDT）, the study examines the influence of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and in-class deterrents on prior cheating, neutralization, and likelihood of cheating in the future. In addition, the model has been tested based on gender differences. To test the hypotheses, the data were collected from 324 undergraduate hospitality and tourism students. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling. Results of hypotheses testing showed that both extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation had negative relationships with prior cheating, which is consistent with previous research. In addition, neutralization showed a positive relationship with likelihood of cheating and prior cheating was positively related to likelihood of cheating. These findings can help hospitality and tourism instructors and administrators develop various strategies to prevent students＇ unethical behaviors. A discussion of implications is included along with limitations and recommendations for future research.展开更多
Previous literature has overlooked the impact of environmental factors on the effectiveness of empowering leadership,and this study introduced the important boundary factor of environmental uncertainty as a moderating...Previous literature has overlooked the impact of environmental factors on the effectiveness of empowering leadership,and this study introduced the important boundary factor of environmental uncertainty as a moderating role,and constructed a moderated mediation model to investigate how empowering leadership influences employees'unethical pro-organizational behavior from a social exchange perspective.We collected data at three different time points and administered questionnaires to 431 employees.Hypotheses were tested in PROCESS using the bootstrapping method.The results showed that:(1)There was a positive relationship between empowering leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior,and leader-member exchange played a mediating role in this relationship.(2)Environmental uncertainty played a moderating role between empowering leadership and leader-member exchange.With the increase of environmental uncertainty,the positive relationship between the two is weakened.This study contributes to leadership literature by integrating environmental uncertainty into the social exchange framework,highlighting its impact on leader-member exchange and unethical pro-organizational behavior,thereby offering fresh insights into leadership effectiveness in dynamic environments.展开更多
Despite the exploration of the impact of individual and external situational factors on Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors(UPB)and its boundaries to some extent,existing research has not sufficiently delved into t...Despite the exploration of the impact of individual and external situational factors on Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors(UPB)and its boundaries to some extent,existing research has not sufficiently delved into the complementary relationships and the interactive effects among multiple factors,making it challenging to fully elucidate the complexity of UPB outcomes.Drawing upon prior research on UPB,this study employed the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method,integrating configuration theory and individual-context interaction theory,to gather a total of 550 datasets from seven Chinese food enterprises and a professional research platform(Credamo).The findings revealed that no single factor was essential for UPB;instead,the five factors encompassing individual psychological and external situational aspects coexist in multiple configurations,resulting in three distinct driving mechanisms.Furthermore,there exists a causal asymmetry within the driving mechanisms of UPB.Based on these insights,it is imperative to adopt a differentiated management approach from a holistic perspective,considering the specific context,fostering an ethical and supportive organizational climate,being vigilant about the potential adverse impacts of transformational leadership,and guiding employees with a high inclination toward Machiavellianism.展开更多
This paper presents a theoretical framework to examine if entrepreneurs think and behave differently at various phases of a venture, namely opportunity exploration and exploitation stages. It is also proposed that the...This paper presents a theoretical framework to examine if entrepreneurs think and behave differently at various phases of a venture, namely opportunity exploration and exploitation stages. It is also proposed that there is a difference between entrepreneurs in China and in the U.S. due to institutional voids. Furthermore, we argue that the difference increases across the two stages of the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, at the exploration stage, entrepreneurs in China and the U.S. behave similarly when ethics is concemed. However, entrepreneurial unethical behaviors seem to be more rampant at the exploitation stage in China compared with that in the U.S. Lastly, we provide future research directions to build a stream of research.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study was to demonstrate that indirect mediation in behaviors leads to insensitivity to unethical behavior through a dictator game and to give some implications for safety management. The indirect involvement in the unethical behavior such as the violation of regulation is believed to lessen the responsibility and the criticism from others for the unethical behavior as compared to the direct involvement in it. The instruction condition for the evaluator of behavior in a dictator game was taken up as an experimental variable. Instruction condition 1 was to pay attention to the behavior of only a dictator. In instruction condition 2, the participant (evaluator) was required to review all players’ behavior and evaluate a dictator. It has been investigated whether allowing indirect actions (mediations) leads to reduced punishment as a function of the instruction condition. While the punishment to the indirectness did not get smaller for instruction condition 2, the punishment to the indirectness tended to get smaller only for instruction condition 1.
文摘Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that individuals with different levels of power make judgment on various unethical behaviors. Their judgments are not different. It does not agree with the hypothesis. The reason may lie in that it may be affected by social desirability, or that there exist defects in the design of questionnaire. Research 2 uses laboratory investigation. The results demonstrate that individuals in high-power group conduct unethical behavior more frequently and more fiercely. It agrees with the hypothesis. The inconsistent results of the two researches can be reasonably explained from the two angles of moral permission and moral hypocrisy.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project(grant number 25NDJC001ZD).
文摘The moral slippery slope effect refers to the phenomenon where,within groups or organizations,the incidence of individual unethical behaviors increases and escalates over time.To systematically identify factors that drive the disappearance of this effect,three studies were conducted using a 20-round spontaneous deception task.Study 1 compared the trend of the moral slippery slope effect under accumulative versus non-accumulative pay conditions.Results indicated that the moral slippery slope effect disappeared under accumulative pay but persisted under non-accumulative pay.Studies 2 and 3 further examined the moderating role of pay satisfaction in the moral slippery slope effect,specifically under accumulative pay.Results revealed that pay satisfaction significantly moderated the relationship between experimental rounds and the moral slippery slope effect:the effect persisted when participants reported low pay satisfaction but disappeared when pay satisfaction was high.Collectively,these findings confirm two key conclusions:(1)accumulative pay is a necessary prerequisite for the disappearance of the moral slippery slope effect;(2)pay satisfaction moderates the disappearance of this effect under accumulative pay.This study provides empirical support for moral balance theory and offers practical implications for organizations:designing accumulative pay systems and aligning pay with employee expectations can effectively prevent moral decline by enhancing pay satisfaction.
基金supported by the Strategic Research and Consultation Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2022-XY-10).
文摘Unethical behaviors among contractors are prevalent in engineering management activities within the construction industry,significantly affecting project performance,public safety,and the industry’s reputation.Despite the urgent need to enhance the ethical performance of contractor managers,current research lacks a theoretical framework to systematically categorize and characterize these unethical behaviors.This study fills this gap by conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 experienced construction project managers in China,followed by a qualitative content analysis.The findings indicate that contractor mangers’unethical behaviors can be organized into a framework comprising three levels,five dimensions,and 18 themes.The most common behaviors identified include"construction disturbance,""qualification rental,"and"deception in settlement."Additionally,the study explores the causes of these unethical behaviors,revealing power and responsibility imbalances within the supply chain and the lack of moral competencies among contractor managers in the construction industry.This study offers a theoretical taxonomy framework for contractor managers to identify and assess ethical performance in practice and provides a scientific basis for authorities to establish ethical guidelines and enhance ethical management practices in the construction industry.
文摘Building on the Self-Determination Theory （SDT）, the study examines the influence of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and in-class deterrents on prior cheating, neutralization, and likelihood of cheating in the future. In addition, the model has been tested based on gender differences. To test the hypotheses, the data were collected from 324 undergraduate hospitality and tourism students. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling. Results of hypotheses testing showed that both extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation had negative relationships with prior cheating, which is consistent with previous research. In addition, neutralization showed a positive relationship with likelihood of cheating and prior cheating was positively related to likelihood of cheating. These findings can help hospitality and tourism instructors and administrators develop various strategies to prevent students＇ unethical behaviors. A discussion of implications is included along with limitations and recommendations for future research.
文摘Previous literature has overlooked the impact of environmental factors on the effectiveness of empowering leadership,and this study introduced the important boundary factor of environmental uncertainty as a moderating role,and constructed a moderated mediation model to investigate how empowering leadership influences employees'unethical pro-organizational behavior from a social exchange perspective.We collected data at three different time points and administered questionnaires to 431 employees.Hypotheses were tested in PROCESS using the bootstrapping method.The results showed that:(1)There was a positive relationship between empowering leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior,and leader-member exchange played a mediating role in this relationship.(2)Environmental uncertainty played a moderating role between empowering leadership and leader-member exchange.With the increase of environmental uncertainty,the positive relationship between the two is weakened.This study contributes to leadership literature by integrating environmental uncertainty into the social exchange framework,highlighting its impact on leader-member exchange and unethical pro-organizational behavior,thereby offering fresh insights into leadership effectiveness in dynamic environments.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China,23BTQ062.
文摘Despite the exploration of the impact of individual and external situational factors on Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors(UPB)and its boundaries to some extent,existing research has not sufficiently delved into the complementary relationships and the interactive effects among multiple factors,making it challenging to fully elucidate the complexity of UPB outcomes.Drawing upon prior research on UPB,this study employed the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method,integrating configuration theory and individual-context interaction theory,to gather a total of 550 datasets from seven Chinese food enterprises and a professional research platform(Credamo).The findings revealed that no single factor was essential for UPB;instead,the five factors encompassing individual psychological and external situational aspects coexist in multiple configurations,resulting in three distinct driving mechanisms.Furthermore,there exists a causal asymmetry within the driving mechanisms of UPB.Based on these insights,it is imperative to adopt a differentiated management approach from a holistic perspective,considering the specific context,fostering an ethical and supportive organizational climate,being vigilant about the potential adverse impacts of transformational leadership,and guiding employees with a high inclination toward Machiavellianism.
文摘This paper presents a theoretical framework to examine if entrepreneurs think and behave differently at various phases of a venture, namely opportunity exploration and exploitation stages. It is also proposed that there is a difference between entrepreneurs in China and in the U.S. due to institutional voids. Furthermore, we argue that the difference increases across the two stages of the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, at the exploration stage, entrepreneurs in China and the U.S. behave similarly when ethics is concemed. However, entrepreneurial unethical behaviors seem to be more rampant at the exploitation stage in China compared with that in the U.S. Lastly, we provide future research directions to build a stream of research.
