With the advent of the next-generation Air Traffic Control(ATC)system,there is growing interest in using Artificial Intelligence(AI)techniques to enhance Situation Awareness(SA)for ATC Controllers(ATCOs),i.e.,Intellig...With the advent of the next-generation Air Traffic Control(ATC)system,there is growing interest in using Artificial Intelligence(AI)techniques to enhance Situation Awareness(SA)for ATC Controllers(ATCOs),i.e.,Intelligent SA(ISA).However,the existing AI-based SA approaches often rely on unimodal data and lack a comprehensive description and benchmark of the ISA tasks utilizing multi-modal data for real-time ATC environments.To address this gap,by analyzing the situation awareness procedure of the ATCOs,the ISA task is refined to the processing of the two primary elements,i.e.,spoken instructions and flight trajectories.Subsequently,the ISA is further formulated into Controlling Intent Understanding(CIU)and Flight Trajectory Prediction(FTP)tasks.For the CIU task,an innovative automatic speech recognition and understanding framework is designed to extract the controlling intent from unstructured and continuous ATC communications.For the FTP task,the single-and multi-horizon FTP approaches are investigated to support the high-precision prediction of the situation evolution.A total of 32 unimodal/multi-modal advanced methods with extensive evaluation metrics are introduced to conduct the benchmarks on the real-world multi-modal ATC situation dataset.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of AI-based techniques in enhancing ISA for the ATC environment.展开更多
Calvin Wee first set foot in China at the age of 14—not for a diplomatic forum or a youth initiative,but on a week-long school trip to Guangzhou.Yet even then,the experience left a lasting impression.“We visited a l...Calvin Wee first set foot in China at the age of 14—not for a diplomatic forum or a youth initiative,but on a week-long school trip to Guangzhou.Yet even then,the experience left a lasting impression.“We visited a local school and sat in on several classes,”he recalled.“The math lessons stood out—the students’intensity and focus were striking.In Singapore,we study hard,but this was on another level.”That early glimpse into China’s education system stayed with him,and years later,it resurfaced as he began to engage more deeply with the Chinese language and culture.A pocket-sized wuxia xiaoshuo(martial arts novel),picked up on a whim in a Guangzhou bookstore,opened the door to martial arts fiction—and sparked a lasting interest in Chinese literature and,eventually,China Studies.展开更多
Iince rising to fame in 1987 on the television drama Sunshine After Rain,Singaporean artist Edmund Chen has starred in many films and TV series.He has also been active in theatre,hosting programs,and-more recently-pub...Iince rising to fame in 1987 on the television drama Sunshine After Rain,Singaporean artist Edmund Chen has starred in many films and TV series.He has also been active in theatre,hosting programs,and-more recently-publishing.Chen has authored 15 picture books and two art activity books for children,earning recognition as Southeast Asia’s Best Emerging Children’s Author.Today,he remains a prominent figure in public,not just as an actor but also as a writer and illustrator.展开更多
Extracting data from visually rich documents and charts using traditional methods that rely on OCR-based parsing poses multiple challenges,including layout complexity in unstructured formats,limitations in recognizing...Extracting data from visually rich documents and charts using traditional methods that rely on OCR-based parsing poses multiple challenges,including layout complexity in unstructured formats,limitations in recognizing visual elements,and the correlation between different parts of the documents,as well as domain-specific semantics.Simply extracting text is not sufficient;advanced reasoning capabilities are proving to be essential to analyze content and answer questions accurately.This paper aims to evaluate the ability of the Large Language Models(LLMs)to correctly answer questions about various types of charts,comparing their performance when using images as input versus directly parsing PDF files.To retrieve the images from the PDF,ColPali,a model leveraging state-of-the-art visual languagemodels,is used to identify the relevant page containing the appropriate chart for each question.Google’s Gemini multimodal models were used to answer a set of questions through two approaches:1)processing images derived from PDF documents and 2)directly utilizing the content of the same PDFs.Our findings underscore the limitations of traditional OCR-based approaches in visual document understanding(VrDU)and demonstrate the advantages of multimodal methods in both data extraction and reasoning tasks.Through structured benchmarking of chart question answering(CQA)across input formats,our work contributes to the advancement of chart understanding(CU)and the broader field of multimodal document analysis.Using two diverse and information-rich sources:the World Health Statistics 2024 report by theWorld Health Organisation and the Global Banking Annual Review 2024 by McKinsey&Company,we examine the performance ofmultimodal LLMs across different input modalities,comparing their effectiveness in processing charts as images versus parsing directly from PDF content.These documents were selected due to their multimodal nature,combining dense textual analysis with varied visual representations,thus presenting realistic challenges for vision-language models.This comparison is aimed at assessing how advanced models perform with different input formats and to determine if an image-based approach enhances chart comprehension in terms of accurate data extraction and reasoning capabilities.展开更多
This study examines the application of the Understanding by Design(UbD)approach to enhance students’cognitive,affective,and psychomotor learning domains,as well as their intercultural communication competence,in the ...This study examines the application of the Understanding by Design(UbD)approach to enhance students’cognitive,affective,and psychomotor learning domains,as well as their intercultural communication competence,in the Introduction to Chinese Culture course.UbD,a curriculum design framework emphasizing deep understanding over rote memorization,employs a“backward design”process to help students achieve a profound comprehension of Chinese culture and its modern implications.Through this approach,students also develop critical intercultural communication skills.The study offers helpful strategies for integrating English language teaching with Chinese cultural education,providing practical insights for curriculum development that bridges linguistic and cultural learning.展开更多
Based on the ADDIE model,we explored the integration path between Understanding Contemporary China:An English Reading and Writing Textbook and the main textbook of college English reading.Firstly,the basis of textbook...Based on the ADDIE model,we explored the integration path between Understanding Contemporary China:An English Reading and Writing Textbook and the main textbook of college English reading.Firstly,the basis of textbook integration was analyzed,followed by an explanation of the overall design scheme of textbook integration,and then a series of teaching resources were initially developed and used in teaching practice.Through testing,it was found that the integrative teaching of the two sets of textbooks under the ADDIE model achieved good teaching results,and promoted the three aspects of reading literacy,disciplinary literacy,and value leadership.展开更多
This is a research report on the interrelationship among understanding, memory and oral expression in listening comprehension training. The research investigated 150 non-English majors through a questionnaire in a hig...This is a research report on the interrelationship among understanding, memory and oral expression in listening comprehension training. The research investigated 150 non-English majors through a questionnaire in a higher vocational college. The result indicates that the interrelationship among understanding, memory and oral expression in listening classes which are determined by the listening materials and teaching method directly influences students' listening proficiency and speaking ability. It is suggested that some strategies to be used to foster students' abilities in these three areas so as to improve their listening ability.展开更多
The author attempts to interpret the theme of A Passsage to India by analyzing the major events and characterization. It is indicated in the thesis that E.M.Forster highlights the failure of aspired understanding ...The author attempts to interpret the theme of A Passsage to India by analyzing the major events and characterization. It is indicated in the thesis that E.M.Forster highlights the failure of aspired understanding between different races, different people and even within a person. In other words, in many cases people have aspirations for understanding, but in reality the real understanding is very difficult to fulfill.展开更多
In this paper, we conduct research on the creative applications and in-depth understanding of the basic principles of Marxism theory. Integrity is a distinct characteristic of Marxism. Research and grasp the integrity...In this paper, we conduct research on the creative applications and in-depth understanding of the basic principles of Marxism theory. Integrity is a distinct characteristic of Marxism. Research and grasp the integrity of Marxism is the level one discipline of Marxist theories, especially the Marxism basic principle. Basic principle of Marxism is not exceptional and also of course, the theory of Marxism is its logical premise. People＇ s life is to continue and develop which makes this kind of complex internal structure to establish contact with the outside world. Our research is novel and innovative which will be meaningful for the research of the Marxism theory.展开更多
Osteoarthritis （OA） is the most common degenerative joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability in adult individuals. The etiology of OA includes joint injury, obesity, aging, and heredity. However, the d...Osteoarthritis （OA） is the most common degenerative joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability in adult individuals. The etiology of OA includes joint injury, obesity, aging, and heredity. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of OA initiation and progression remain poorly understood and, currently, there are no interventions available to restore degraded cartilage or decelerate disease progression. The diathrodial joint is a complicated organ and its function is to bear weight, perform physical activity and exhibit a joint-specific range of motion during movement. During OA development, the entire joint organ is affected, including articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial tissue and meniscus. A full understanding of the pathological mechanism of OA development relies on the discovery of the interplaying mechanisms among different OA symptoms, including articular cartilage degradation, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis and synovial hyperplasia, and the signaling pathway（s） controlling these pathological processes.展开更多
Realizing autonomy is a hot research topic for automatic vehicles in recent years. For a long time, most of the efforts to this goal concentrate on understanding the scenes surrounding the ego-vehicle（autonomous vehi...Realizing autonomy is a hot research topic for automatic vehicles in recent years. For a long time, most of the efforts to this goal concentrate on understanding the scenes surrounding the ego-vehicle（autonomous vehicle itself）. By completing lowlevel vision tasks, such as detection, tracking and segmentation of the surrounding traffic participants, e.g., pedestrian, cyclists and vehicles, the scenes can be interpreted. However, for an autonomous vehicle, low-level vision tasks are largely insufficient to give help to comprehensive scene understanding. What are and how about the past, the on-going and the future of the scene participants？ This deep question actually steers the vehicles towards truly full automation, just like human beings. Based on this thoughtfulness, this paper attempts to investigate the interpretation of traffic scene in autonomous driving from an event reasoning view. To reach this goal, we study the most relevant literatures and the state-of-the-arts on scene representation, event detection and intention prediction in autonomous driving. In addition, we also discuss the open challenges and problems in this field and endeavor to provide possible solutions.展开更多
Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship b...Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Important geological understandings in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in "sweet spot segments" are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as "artificial gas reservoirs" and the fracability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China's shale gas industry:(1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas;(2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata;(3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development;(4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems;(5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.展开更多
"Humor"is a very general word,which has been studied by numerous scholars from different points of view,pursuing different goals and using different assumptions.This paper holds that cultural context counts ..."Humor"is a very general word,which has been studied by numerous scholars from different points of view,pursuing different goals and using different assumptions.This paper holds that cultural context counts for the production and perception of humor.展开更多
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides a promising way to convert CO_(2)to chemicals.The multicarbon(C_(2+))products,especially ethylene,are of great interest due to their versatile indust...Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides a promising way to convert CO_(2)to chemicals.The multicarbon(C_(2+))products,especially ethylene,are of great interest due to their versatile industrial applications.However,selectively reducing CO_(2)to ethylene is still challenging as the additional energy required for the C–C coupling step results in large overpotential and many competing products.Nonetheless,mechanistic understanding of the key steps and preferred reaction pathways/conditions,as well as rational design of novel catalysts for ethylene production have been regarded as promising approaches to achieving the highly efficient and selective CO_(2)RR.In this review,we first illustrate the key steps for CO_(2)RR to ethylene(e.g.,CO_(2)adsorption/activation,formation of~*CO intermediate,C–C coupling step),offering mechanistic understanding of CO_(2)RR conversion to ethylene.Then the alternative reaction pathways and conditions for the formation of ethylene and competitive products(C_1 and other C_(2+)products)are investigated,guiding the further design and development of preferred conditions for ethylene generation.Engineering strategies of Cu-based catalysts for CO_(2)RR-ethylene are further summarized,and the correlations of reaction mechanism/pathways,engineering strategies and selectivity are elaborated.Finally,major challenges and perspectives in the research area of CO_(2)RR are proposed for future development and practical applications.展开更多
After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised...After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised. Promising roles of computational understanding, computational awareness, and computational wisdom for better autonomous decision-making are outlined. The contributions of simulation-based approaches are listed.展开更多
In 2012, we published the first special issue on mechanisms of pain and itch in Neuroscience Bulletin, which covered the peripheral, central, and glial mechanisms of pain and itch [1-5]. In the last 5 years, the field...In 2012, we published the first special issue on mechanisms of pain and itch in Neuroscience Bulletin, which covered the peripheral, central, and glial mechanisms of pain and itch [1-5]. In the last 5 years, the field has seen tremendous progress in the molecular and functional characterization of primary sensory neurons [6, 7], neurocircuits of pain and itch [8-10], immune and glial modulation of pain and itch [11-15], molecular mechanisms of pain [16, 17], and identification of brain signatures of pain [18]. Thus, it is timely to highlight the recent progress in a second special issue. I invited the previous authors and new authors from China, the USA, and Japan, and they have contributed 20 mini-reviews and original articles to this special issue.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62371323,62401380,U2433217,U2333209,and U20A20161)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province,China(Nos.2025ZNSFSC1476)+2 种基金Sichuan Science and Technology Program,China(Nos.2024YFG0010 and 2024ZDZX0046)the Institutional Research Fund from Sichuan University(Nos.2024SCUQJTX030)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Flight Techniques and Flight Safety,CAAC(Nos.GY2024-01A).
文摘With the advent of the next-generation Air Traffic Control(ATC)system,there is growing interest in using Artificial Intelligence(AI)techniques to enhance Situation Awareness(SA)for ATC Controllers(ATCOs),i.e.,Intelligent SA(ISA).However,the existing AI-based SA approaches often rely on unimodal data and lack a comprehensive description and benchmark of the ISA tasks utilizing multi-modal data for real-time ATC environments.To address this gap,by analyzing the situation awareness procedure of the ATCOs,the ISA task is refined to the processing of the two primary elements,i.e.,spoken instructions and flight trajectories.Subsequently,the ISA is further formulated into Controlling Intent Understanding(CIU)and Flight Trajectory Prediction(FTP)tasks.For the CIU task,an innovative automatic speech recognition and understanding framework is designed to extract the controlling intent from unstructured and continuous ATC communications.For the FTP task,the single-and multi-horizon FTP approaches are investigated to support the high-precision prediction of the situation evolution.A total of 32 unimodal/multi-modal advanced methods with extensive evaluation metrics are introduced to conduct the benchmarks on the real-world multi-modal ATC situation dataset.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of AI-based techniques in enhancing ISA for the ATC environment.
文摘Calvin Wee first set foot in China at the age of 14—not for a diplomatic forum or a youth initiative,but on a week-long school trip to Guangzhou.Yet even then,the experience left a lasting impression.“We visited a local school and sat in on several classes,”he recalled.“The math lessons stood out—the students’intensity and focus were striking.In Singapore,we study hard,but this was on another level.”That early glimpse into China’s education system stayed with him,and years later,it resurfaced as he began to engage more deeply with the Chinese language and culture.A pocket-sized wuxia xiaoshuo(martial arts novel),picked up on a whim in a Guangzhou bookstore,opened the door to martial arts fiction—and sparked a lasting interest in Chinese literature and,eventually,China Studies.
文摘Iince rising to fame in 1987 on the television drama Sunshine After Rain,Singaporean artist Edmund Chen has starred in many films and TV series.He has also been active in theatre,hosting programs,and-more recently-publishing.Chen has authored 15 picture books and two art activity books for children,earning recognition as Southeast Asia’s Best Emerging Children’s Author.Today,he remains a prominent figure in public,not just as an actor but also as a writer and illustrator.
基金supported by a grant from the Ministry of Research,Innovation and Digitization,CNCS/CCCDI-UEFISCDI,project number COFUND-CETP-SMART-LEM-1,within PNCDI Ⅳ.
文摘Extracting data from visually rich documents and charts using traditional methods that rely on OCR-based parsing poses multiple challenges,including layout complexity in unstructured formats,limitations in recognizing visual elements,and the correlation between different parts of the documents,as well as domain-specific semantics.Simply extracting text is not sufficient;advanced reasoning capabilities are proving to be essential to analyze content and answer questions accurately.This paper aims to evaluate the ability of the Large Language Models(LLMs)to correctly answer questions about various types of charts,comparing their performance when using images as input versus directly parsing PDF files.To retrieve the images from the PDF,ColPali,a model leveraging state-of-the-art visual languagemodels,is used to identify the relevant page containing the appropriate chart for each question.Google’s Gemini multimodal models were used to answer a set of questions through two approaches:1)processing images derived from PDF documents and 2)directly utilizing the content of the same PDFs.Our findings underscore the limitations of traditional OCR-based approaches in visual document understanding(VrDU)and demonstrate the advantages of multimodal methods in both data extraction and reasoning tasks.Through structured benchmarking of chart question answering(CQA)across input formats,our work contributes to the advancement of chart understanding(CU)and the broader field of multimodal document analysis.Using two diverse and information-rich sources:the World Health Statistics 2024 report by theWorld Health Organisation and the Global Banking Annual Review 2024 by McKinsey&Company,we examine the performance ofmultimodal LLMs across different input modalities,comparing their effectiveness in processing charts as images versus parsing directly from PDF content.These documents were selected due to their multimodal nature,combining dense textual analysis with varied visual representations,thus presenting realistic challenges for vision-language models.This comparison is aimed at assessing how advanced models perform with different input formats and to determine if an image-based approach enhances chart comprehension in terms of accurate data extraction and reasoning capabilities.
基金The 2022 Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Teaching Quality and Reform Project“Research and Practice of English Teaching Integrating Ideological and Political Education into the Introduction to Chinese Culture Course Based on UbD Theory”。
文摘This study examines the application of the Understanding by Design(UbD)approach to enhance students’cognitive,affective,and psychomotor learning domains,as well as their intercultural communication competence,in the Introduction to Chinese Culture course.UbD,a curriculum design framework emphasizing deep understanding over rote memorization,employs a“backward design”process to help students achieve a profound comprehension of Chinese culture and its modern implications.Through this approach,students also develop critical intercultural communication skills.The study offers helpful strategies for integrating English language teaching with Chinese cultural education,providing practical insights for curriculum development that bridges linguistic and cultural learning.
基金funded by Project Information:2022 Guangzhou Municipal Higher Education Teaching Research and Reform Key Research Project:“Innovation and Practice of English Reading Curriculum Ideological and Political in Colleges and Universities:A Study on the Integration of Understanding Contemporary China:An English Reading and Writing Textbook and English Reading Teaching”(2023JGZDXM001).
文摘Based on the ADDIE model,we explored the integration path between Understanding Contemporary China:An English Reading and Writing Textbook and the main textbook of college English reading.Firstly,the basis of textbook integration was analyzed,followed by an explanation of the overall design scheme of textbook integration,and then a series of teaching resources were initially developed and used in teaching practice.Through testing,it was found that the integrative teaching of the two sets of textbooks under the ADDIE model achieved good teaching results,and promoted the three aspects of reading literacy,disciplinary literacy,and value leadership.
文摘This is a research report on the interrelationship among understanding, memory and oral expression in listening comprehension training. The research investigated 150 non-English majors through a questionnaire in a higher vocational college. The result indicates that the interrelationship among understanding, memory and oral expression in listening classes which are determined by the listening materials and teaching method directly influences students' listening proficiency and speaking ability. It is suggested that some strategies to be used to foster students' abilities in these three areas so as to improve their listening ability.
文摘The author attempts to interpret the theme of A Passsage to India by analyzing the major events and characterization. It is indicated in the thesis that E.M.Forster highlights the failure of aspired understanding between different races, different people and even within a person. In other words, in many cases people have aspirations for understanding, but in reality the real understanding is very difficult to fulfill.
文摘In this paper, we conduct research on the creative applications and in-depth understanding of the basic principles of Marxism theory. Integrity is a distinct characteristic of Marxism. Research and grasp the integrity of Marxism is the level one discipline of Marxist theories, especially the Marxism basic principle. Basic principle of Marxism is not exceptional and also of course, the theory of Marxism is its logical premise. People＇ s life is to continue and develop which makes this kind of complex internal structure to establish contact with the outside world. Our research is novel and innovative which will be meaningful for the research of the Marxism theory.
基金supported by NIH grants AR055915 and AR054465 to DC
文摘Osteoarthritis （OA） is the most common degenerative joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability in adult individuals. The etiology of OA includes joint injury, obesity, aging, and heredity. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of OA initiation and progression remain poorly understood and, currently, there are no interventions available to restore degraded cartilage or decelerate disease progression. The diathrodial joint is a complicated organ and its function is to bear weight, perform physical activity and exhibit a joint-specific range of motion during movement. During OA development, the entire joint organ is affected, including articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial tissue and meniscus. A full understanding of the pathological mechanism of OA development relies on the discovery of the interplaying mechanisms among different OA symptoms, including articular cartilage degradation, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis and synovial hyperplasia, and the signaling pathway（s） controlling these pathological processes.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program Project of China(No.2016YFB1001004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61751308,61603057,61773311)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2017M613152)Collaborative Research with MSRA
文摘Realizing autonomy is a hot research topic for automatic vehicles in recent years. For a long time, most of the efforts to this goal concentrate on understanding the scenes surrounding the ego-vehicle（autonomous vehicle itself）. By completing lowlevel vision tasks, such as detection, tracking and segmentation of the surrounding traffic participants, e.g., pedestrian, cyclists and vehicles, the scenes can be interpreted. However, for an autonomous vehicle, low-level vision tasks are largely insufficient to give help to comprehensive scene understanding. What are and how about the past, the on-going and the future of the scene participants？ This deep question actually steers the vehicles towards truly full automation, just like human beings. Based on this thoughtfulness, this paper attempts to investigate the interpretation of traffic scene in autonomous driving from an event reasoning view. To reach this goal, we study the most relevant literatures and the state-of-the-arts on scene representation, event detection and intention prediction in autonomous driving. In addition, we also discuss the open challenges and problems in this field and endeavor to provide possible solutions.
基金Supported by the Chinese Academy of Engineering Consultancy Project(2018-xz-09-01)
文摘Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Important geological understandings in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in "sweet spot segments" are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as "artificial gas reservoirs" and the fracability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China's shale gas industry:(1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas;(2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata;(3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development;(4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems;(5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.
文摘"Humor"is a very general word,which has been studied by numerous scholars from different points of view,pursuing different goals and using different assumptions.This paper holds that cultural context counts for the production and perception of humor.
基金financially supported via Australian Research Council(FT180100705)the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22209103)+3 种基金the support from UTS Chancellor's Research Fellowshipsthe support from Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel,the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy,Shanghai University(SKLASS 2021-**)Joint International Laboratory on Environmental and Energy Frontier MaterialsInnovation Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai。
文摘Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides a promising way to convert CO_(2)to chemicals.The multicarbon(C_(2+))products,especially ethylene,are of great interest due to their versatile industrial applications.However,selectively reducing CO_(2)to ethylene is still challenging as the additional energy required for the C–C coupling step results in large overpotential and many competing products.Nonetheless,mechanistic understanding of the key steps and preferred reaction pathways/conditions,as well as rational design of novel catalysts for ethylene production have been regarded as promising approaches to achieving the highly efficient and selective CO_(2)RR.In this review,we first illustrate the key steps for CO_(2)RR to ethylene(e.g.,CO_(2)adsorption/activation,formation of~*CO intermediate,C–C coupling step),offering mechanistic understanding of CO_(2)RR conversion to ethylene.Then the alternative reaction pathways and conditions for the formation of ethylene and competitive products(C_1 and other C_(2+)products)are investigated,guiding the further design and development of preferred conditions for ethylene generation.Engineering strategies of Cu-based catalysts for CO_(2)RR-ethylene are further summarized,and the correlations of reaction mechanism/pathways,engineering strategies and selectivity are elaborated.Finally,major challenges and perspectives in the research area of CO_(2)RR are proposed for future development and practical applications.
文摘After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised. Promising roles of computational understanding, computational awareness, and computational wisdom for better autonomous decision-making are outlined. The contributions of simulation-based approaches are listed.
文摘In 2012, we published the first special issue on mechanisms of pain and itch in Neuroscience Bulletin, which covered the peripheral, central, and glial mechanisms of pain and itch [1-5]. In the last 5 years, the field has seen tremendous progress in the molecular and functional characterization of primary sensory neurons [6, 7], neurocircuits of pain and itch [8-10], immune and glial modulation of pain and itch [11-15], molecular mechanisms of pain [16, 17], and identification of brain signatures of pain [18]. Thus, it is timely to highlight the recent progress in a second special issue. I invited the previous authors and new authors from China, the USA, and Japan, and they have contributed 20 mini-reviews and original articles to this special issue.
