Obesity has become one of the most prevalent health issues of our time. According to a 2012 WHO report, around 3.4 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. Humans are in fact superorganis...Obesity has become one of the most prevalent health issues of our time. According to a 2012 WHO report, around 3.4 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. Humans are in fact superorganisms composed of both human and microbial cells with 2 sets of genes, those encoded in our own genome and those encoded in our microbiota. All these cells and genes have the potential to influence our health.展开更多
Glioblastoma(GBM)is the most malignant form of glioma and is difficult to diagnose,leading to high mortality rates.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are noncoding RNAs with a covalently closed loop structure.CircRNAs are involve...Glioblastoma(GBM)is the most malignant form of glioma and is difficult to diagnose,leading to high mortality rates.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are noncoding RNAs with a covalently closed loop structure.CircRNAs are involved in various pathological processes and have been revealed to be important regulators of GBM pathogenesis.CircRNAs exert their biological effects by 4 different mechanisms:serving as sponges of microRNAs(miRNAs),serving as sponges of RNA binding proteins(RBPs),modulating parental gene transcription,and encoding functional proteins.Among the 4 mechanisms,sponging miRNAs is predominant.Their good stability,broad distribution and high specificity make circRNAs promising biomarkers for GBM diagnosis.In this paper,we summarized the current understanding of the characteristics and action mechanisms of circRNAs,illustrated the underlying regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in GBM progression and explored the possible diagnostic role of circRNAs in GBM.展开更多
Since the concept of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ was first proposed in 1998, mean trophic level of fisheries landings（MTL） has become one of the most widely used indicators to assess the impacts of fishing on ...Since the concept of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ was first proposed in 1998, mean trophic level of fisheries landings（MTL） has become one of the most widely used indicators to assess the impacts of fishing on the integrity of marine ecosystem and guide the policy development by many management agencies. Recent studies suggest that understanding underlying causes for changes in MTL is vital for an appropriate use of MTL as an indicator of fishery sustainability. Based on the landing data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization（FAO） and trophic information of relevant species in Fishbase, we evaluated MTL trends in 14 FAO fishing areas and analyzed catches of upper and lower trophic level groups under different trends of MTL and found that both the cases of a recovered MTL trend and a generally increasing MTL trend could be accompanied by decreasing catches of lower trophic level species. Further, community structure and exploitation history should be considered in using MTL after excluding species with trophic levels lower than 3.25 to distinguish ＂fishingthrough＂ from ＂fishing-down＂. We conclude that MTL used as an indicator to measure fishery sustainability can benefit from a full consideration of both upper and lower trophic level species and masking effects of community structure and exploitation history.展开更多
Transmission through seemingly opaque surfaces,so-called extraordinary transmission,provides an exciting platform for strong light–matter interaction,spectroscopy,optical trapping,and color filtering.Much of the effo...Transmission through seemingly opaque surfaces,so-called extraordinary transmission,provides an exciting platform for strong light–matter interaction,spectroscopy,optical trapping,and color filtering.Much of the effort has been devoted to understanding and exploiting TM extraordinary transmission,while TE anomalous extraordinary transmission has been largely omitted in the literature.This is regrettable from a practical point of view since the stronger dependence of the TE anomalous extraordinary transmission on the array’s substrate provides additional design parameters for exploitation.To provide high-performance and cost-effective applications based on TE anomalous extraordinary transmission,a complete physical insight about the underlying mechanisms of the phenomenon must be first laid down.To this end,resorting to a combined methodology including quasi-optical terahertz(THz)time-domain measurements,full-wave simulations,and method of moments analysis,subwavelength slit arrays under s-polarized illumination are studied here,filling the void in the current literature.We believe this work unequivocally reveals the leaky-wave role of the grounded-dielectric slab mode mediating in TE anomalous extraordinary transmission and provides the necessary framework to design practical high-performance THz components and systems.展开更多
In this article,we comment on the study by Yang et al,which demonstrated significant cross-sectional associations between heart rate variability(HRV)indices,depressive symptoms,and lung function in patients with chron...In this article,we comment on the study by Yang et al,which demonstrated significant cross-sectional associations between heart rate variability(HRV)indices,depressive symptoms,and lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Building on these findings,we further explore the underlying mechanisms,particularly inflammatory-autonomic-oxidative stress pathways,as key causal mediators.Moreover,analyzing genetic polymorphisms alongside environmental factors may uncover susceptibility pathways explaining interindividual differences in HRV and comorbidity risk.Additionally,longitudinal studies tracking HRV trajectories could identify thresholds predictive of accelerated lung function decline or cardiovascular events,informing personalized prevention strategies.Integrating longitudinal HRV data with multi-omics biomarkers and machine learning models could enable real-time prediction of depression relapses or COPD exacerbations,facilitating proactive interventions such as personalized biofeedback training or precision anti-inflammatory therapies.By synthesizing these perspectives,this integrative approach promises to advance precision medicine for COPD patients,particularly those with comorbid depression,by addressing both mechanistic insights and clinical translation.展开更多
Nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest owing to their unique physicochemical properties.The wide application of nanomaterials has raised many concerns about their potential risks to human health and the en...Nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest owing to their unique physicochemical properties.The wide application of nanomaterials has raised many concerns about their potential risks to human health and the environment.Metal oxide nanopartides（MONPs）,one of the main members of nanomaterials,have been applied in various fields,such as food,medicine,cosmetics,and sensors.This review highlights the bio-toxic effects of widely applied MONPs and their underlying mechanisms.Two main underlying toxicity mechanisms,reactive oxygen species（ROS）-and non-ROS-mediated toxidties,of MONPs have been widely accepted.ROS activates oxidative stress,which leads to lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage.In addition,ROS can trigger the apoptotic pathway by activating caspase-9 and-3.Non-ROS-mediated toxicity mechanism includes the effect of released ions,excessive accumulation of NPs on the cell surface,and combination of NPs with specific death receptors.Furthermore,the combined toxicity evaluation of some MONPs is also discussed.Toxicity may dramatically change when nanomaterials are used in a combined system because the characteristics of NPs that play a key role in their toxicity such as size,surface properties,and chemical nature in the complex system are different from the pristine NPs.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to investigate the different effects of disuse and estrogen deficiency on bone loss and the underlying mechanisms.A mechanical-biological factors coupled computational model was built to...The objective of this paper is to investigate the different effects of disuse and estrogen deficiency on bone loss and the underlying mechanisms.A mechanical-biological factors coupled computational model was built to simulate different patterns of bone loss induced in female rats by hind limb unloading,ovariectomy,or both in an animal study.A remodeling analysis was performed on a representative cross section of 6 mm2 of cancellous bone in the distal femoral metaphysis of the rats.The BMU activation frequency,the refilling rate,and the principal compressive strain in the state of mechanical unloading and estrogen deficiency were simulated to interpret the underlying mechanisms.Simulated bone loss patterns due to mechanical unloading,estrogen deficiency,or both all corresponded with the experimental observations.The results show that mechanical unloading and estrogen deficiency cause different bone loss patterns;moreover,mechanical unloading induces a greater degree of bone loss than estrogen deficiency,which can lead to improved treatment and prevention strategies for osteoporosis.展开更多
Magnesium and its alloys,as a promising class of materials,is popular in lightweight application and biomedical implants due to their low density and good biocompatibility.Additive manufacturing(AM)of Mg and its alloy...Magnesium and its alloys,as a promising class of materials,is popular in lightweight application and biomedical implants due to their low density and good biocompatibility.Additive manufacturing(AM)of Mg and its alloys is of growing interest in academia and industry.The domain-by-domain localized forming characteristics of AM leads to unique microstructures and performances of AM-process Mg and its alloys,which are different from those of traditionally manufactured counterparts.However,the intrinsic mechanisms still remain unclear and need to be in-depth explored.Therefore,this work aims to discuss and analyze the possible underlying mechanisms regarding defect appearance and elimination,microstructure formation and evolution,and performance improvement,based on presenting a comprehensive and systematic review on the relationship between process parameters,forming quality,microstructure characteristics and resultant performances.Lastly,some key perspectives requiring focus for further progression are highlighted to promote development of AM-processed Mg and its alloys and accelerate their industrialization.展开更多
Understanding the underlying mechanism that enhances the separation of specific target ions from complex background aqueous solutions is crucial for achieving controllable chemical reactions and industrial purificatio...Understanding the underlying mechanism that enhances the separation of specific target ions from complex background aqueous solutions is crucial for achieving controllable chemical reactions and industrial purification processes in modern industries.This study investigated the enhanced kinetic separatio n of target metal ions from complex aqueous solutio ns at a liquid-liquid interface,focusing on the presence of coexisting salt cations.Employing a typical thin-layer organic oil film(TOOF)extraction as a model system,the research examines how background Al^(3+)ions influence the mass transfer and separation of ions.Notably,the co ncentration of Al^(3+)ions affects both the distribution of Er^(3+)ions at the oil-water interface and the arrangement and orientation of P507 extractant molecules through the formation of unique hydrogen-bonding interactions.These interactions influence the selectivity of mass transfer,facilitating the separation of Er^(3+)from Al^(3+)ions.Specifically,the hydration shell of Er^(3+)ions is disrupted due to the strong hydration capability of coexisting Al^(3+)ions,leading to a higher interfacial concentration of Er^(3+)ions and a more ordered interfacial orientation of P507 molecules.At lower concentrations of Al^(3+)ions,the diffusion rate of Er^(3+)ions near the interface is high,enhancing the sepa ration perfo rmance of these ions.In contrast,at higher concentrations of Al^(3+)ions,the competitive hydration by Al^(3+)ions increases,and the interfacial concentration of Er^(3+)ions decreases due to enhanced diffusion resistance,resulting in poorer separation performance.Furthermore,a thinner membrane is more effective than a thicker one in enriching target Er^(3+)ions at the interface and achieving an ordered interfacial orientation of P507 molecules,thereby enhancing the separation coefficient(β_(Er/Al)).This work provides novel insights into the behaviors of ions and extractants at oil-wate r interface and the kinetic separation selectivity under varying concentrations of coexisting salt cations.展开更多
Long-term potentiation （LTP） at synapses between primary afferents and spinal dorsal horn neurons induced by noxious electrical stimulation or injury of peripheral nerve is con- sidered to underlie chronic pain [1]....Long-term potentiation （LTP） at synapses between primary afferents and spinal dorsal horn neurons induced by noxious electrical stimulation or injury of peripheral nerve is con- sidered to underlie chronic pain [1]. The mechanisms of the spinal LTP have been intensively investigated, since it was discovered in 1995 [2]. In recent years, spinal application of ATP [3], brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） [4] and opioid [5] has been shown to induce spinal LTP at C-fiber synapses in the absence of conditioning activation of primary afferents. This is contrary to the general belief that coinci- dent pre- and postsynaptic activity is needed for LTP induction. Recently, Sandkiihler and his co-workers reported in Science that combined activation of microglia and astro- cytes by P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP induces LTP at synapses between afferent C-fibers and spinal lamina I neurons in the absence of presynaptic activation, which is termed gliogenic LTP [6] （Fig. 1C）. To determine the rela- tionship between the gliogenic LTP and high frequency stimulation （HFS）-indueed LTP, they used transverse lum- bar spinal cord slices with long dorsal roots which were separated into halves. Twenty two lamina I neurons that received independent monosynaptic C-fiber inputs from each dorsal root half were recorded. Homosynaptic LTP is recorded in 12 neurons, among them 6 neurons also show heterosynaptic LTP （Fig. 1A）. Interestingly, heterosynaptic LTP is also induced in 5 neurons in which HFS fails to induce homosynaptic LTP （Fig. 1B）.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease（AD）is a neurodegenerative disorder which is remarkably characterized by pathological hallmarks that include neurofibrillary tangles,neuronal loss extracellular senile plaques containing aggregat...Alzheimer’s disease（AD）is a neurodegenerative disorder which is remarkably characterized by pathological hallmarks that include neurofibrillary tangles,neuronal loss extracellular senile plaques containing aggregated amyloid beta（Aβ）,and neurofibrillary tangles composed of the hyperphosphorylated form of the microtubule protein tau.It is the most common form of dementia which is characterized by severe neurodegenerative changes such as loss of neurons and synapses in brain（Kamat et al.,2014）.展开更多
Depression is a widespread and debilitating mental health disorder affecting millions globally.Chronotype has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor associated with depression.This review aims to compreh...Depression is a widespread and debilitating mental health disorder affecting millions globally.Chronotype has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor associated with depression.This review aims to comprehensively dissect the role of chronotype in depression,providing insights into the underlying mechanisms linking chronotype to depression,as well as the potential therapeutic implications.Converging evidence indicates that evening chronotype is notably associated with an elevated risk of depression,more severe symptoms,and a higher rate of suicidality,while morning chronotype may exert a protective effect.These findings highlight that chronotype plays a crucial role in the development,manifestation,and management of depression.Nevertheless,some methodological issues of the existing studies(e.g.,reliance on self-reported chronotype assessments)should be noted and discussed.Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the relationship between chronotype and depression,establish causal links,and optimize the clinical application of chronotype-based interventions for depression.展开更多
Aging poses a fundamental challenge for humanity.Understanding the underlying mechanisms will provide crucial insights into how to address the challenges faced by an aging population.While studies have implicated dimi...Aging poses a fundamental challenge for humanity.Understanding the underlying mechanisms will provide crucial insights into how to address the challenges faced by an aging population.While studies have implicated diminished DNA repair activity and declining genomic stability as key drivers of aging,[1,2]it is unclear whether therapeutic activation of DNA repair pathways and genome stabilization can effectively counteract aging.Recently,we addressed this question by investigating the exceptionally long-lived rodent,the naked mole-rat,providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying longevity.[3]展开更多
Neurodegenerative disorders,notably Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases,are unified by progressive neuronal loss and aberrant protein aggregation.Growing evidence indicates that these conditions are linked to cance...Neurodegenerative disorders,notably Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases,are unified by progressive neuronal loss and aberrant protein aggregation.Growing evidence indicates that these conditions are linked to cancer,infectious diseases,and type 2 diabetes through convergent molecular processes.In this review,we examine the mechanistic foundations of these links,focusing on shared features such as protein misfolding and aggregation,chronic inflammation,and dysregulated signalling pathways.We integrate cellular,animal,and human data to illustrate how pathogenic proteins may influence one another through cross-seeding and co-aggregation,and assess the implications of such interactions for disease susceptibility,progression,and treatment response.Understanding these underlying mechanisms may provide a conceptual framework for developing therapeutic approaches that target the molecular basis of multiple complex disorders.展开更多
The surface ageing of silicone rubber composite insulators,widely used in power systems,poses significant challenges.This study integrates Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy with machine learning to evaluate...The surface ageing of silicone rubber composite insulators,widely used in power systems,poses significant challenges.This study integrates Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy with machine learning to evaluate ageing states and explore underlying mechanisms under various environmental conditions.A dataset covering light,medium,and severe ageing was built through FTIR experiments,spectral feature extraction,and data augmentation.An ensemble learning model achieved a classification accuracy of 95.42%.SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)analysis indicated that silicon-oxygen backbones,silylmethyl groups,and hydroxyl groups are key to the ageing process.The silicon-oxygen backbone is dominant in initial oxidation and cross-linking,whereas silylmethyl group reactions occur later.Hydroxyl group changes are complex and strongly environment-dependent during severe ageing.The model was also applied to naturally aged samples from Xizang and Inner Mongolia,showing strong classification performance and revealing clear regional differences.These findings are valuable for assessing surface ageing,analysing ageing mechanisms and developing grading standards for composite insulators.展开更多
Subject Code:C09 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a research group led by Dr.Shen Wei(沈伟)from Shanghai Tech University has deconstructed a neural circuit for body temperature regu...Subject Code:C09 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a research group led by Dr.Shen Wei(沈伟)from Shanghai Tech University has deconstructed a neural circuit for body temperature regulation,which was published in PNAS(2017,114:2042—2047).展开更多
Recent advances in immunotherapy,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell therapy,have transformed the landscape of cancer treatment.By leveraging the body’s own immune system,imm...Recent advances in immunotherapy,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell therapy,have transformed the landscape of cancer treatment.By leveraging the body’s own immune system,immunotherapy has expanded beyond cancer to address autoimmunity,fibrosis,and senescence.Nonetheless,there are still obstacles to overcome to further improve the efficacy of current immunotherapies.To that end,efforts have been made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind resistance to current immunotherapy regimens,alongside the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to target and manipulate components of the immune system.展开更多
To the Editor:Cervical cancer(CC)is the second leading cause of cancer death in women,representing a major global health challenge.[1]Cervical squamous cell carcinoma(CSCC)accounts for 70%of CC cases,and pelvic lymph ...To the Editor:Cervical cancer(CC)is the second leading cause of cancer death in women,representing a major global health challenge.[1]Cervical squamous cell carcinoma(CSCC)accounts for 70%of CC cases,and pelvic lymph node metastasis is a critical cause of CC-related death.[2]Thus,understanding the underlying mechanisms of the tumor spread through lymphatic vessels becomes imperative.[3]RNA helicases are involved in almost all aspects of RNA metabolism.[4]DEAD-box helicase 24(DDX24),one of the least explored DEAD-box RNA helicases,was upregulated in several cancer types.[5]However,the role of DDX24 in CSCC progression and metastasis remains elusive.Here,we investigated the essential role of DDX24 in mediating cancer cell EMT and lymphangiogenesis in the context of CSCC.Our study provides a potential therapeutic target for CSCC lymphatic metastasis.展开更多
Chinese distilled liquor,known as Baijiu,typically has a relatively high ethanol content(52 or 53%alcohol by volume,ABV)and is characterized by a powerful,heady scent.When its alcohol content is less than 45%ABV,Baiji...Chinese distilled liquor,known as Baijiu,typically has a relatively high ethanol content(52 or 53%alcohol by volume,ABV)and is characterized by a powerful,heady scent.When its alcohol content is less than 45%ABV,Baijiu loses its flavor and becomes cloudy and tasteless;thus,it is relatively bland and thin.Since this phenomenon has not been reasonably explained,the aim of this study is to determine its underlying mechanism by examining the droplet evaporation.A 1.0 pL of droplets were applied to the substrate surface for evaporation.The results revealed that a reduction in the alcohol content(<45%ABV)triggered the self-assembly of unique long-chain fatty acid ethyl esters into various nano-or microparticles with sizes ranging from 100 nm to 10μm within the Baijiu droplets.These particles deposit under the influence of internal flow and exhibit Baijiu-specific coffee-ring effects after drying.Interestingly,these particles encapsulated the water-soluble or insoluble flavor chemicals,resulting in the brightness and aroma/flavor of Baijiu decreased radically;this is the reason that a high alcohol content is needed in Baijiu.These findings offer new insights for the quality control of low-alcohol Baijiu and Baijiu identification.展开更多
Dear Editor,The rapid development of barley genomics research in recent years has greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the complex characters(Jiang et al.,2025).However,...Dear Editor,The rapid development of barley genomics research in recent years has greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the complex characters(Jiang et al.,2025).However,a huge challenge has also been posed for researchers to deal with the dramatically increasing amount of multi-omics data.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation major international(regional)joint research project(81220108006)Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation(81200292)+3 种基金‘Chen Guang’project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation(13CG11)Shanghai Rising-Star Program(13QA1402900)Hong Kong Scholars Program(XJ2013035)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(137000)
文摘Obesity has become one of the most prevalent health issues of our time. According to a 2012 WHO report, around 3.4 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. Humans are in fact superorganisms composed of both human and microbial cells with 2 sets of genes, those encoded in our own genome and those encoded in our microbiota. All these cells and genes have the potential to influence our health.
基金This work was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China,Grant No.ZR2020QH016.
文摘Glioblastoma(GBM)is the most malignant form of glioma and is difficult to diagnose,leading to high mortality rates.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are noncoding RNAs with a covalently closed loop structure.CircRNAs are involved in various pathological processes and have been revealed to be important regulators of GBM pathogenesis.CircRNAs exert their biological effects by 4 different mechanisms:serving as sponges of microRNAs(miRNAs),serving as sponges of RNA binding proteins(RBPs),modulating parental gene transcription,and encoding functional proteins.Among the 4 mechanisms,sponging miRNAs is predominant.Their good stability,broad distribution and high specificity make circRNAs promising biomarkers for GBM diagnosis.In this paper,we summarized the current understanding of the characteristics and action mechanisms of circRNAs,illustrated the underlying regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in GBM progression and explored the possible diagnostic role of circRNAs in GBM.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos NSFC41306127 and NSFC41276156the Funding Program for Outstanding Dissertations in Shanghai Ocean University+1 种基金the Funding Scheme for Training Young Teachers in Shanghai Colleges and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(Fisheries Discipline)the involvement of Y.Chen was supported by SHOU International Center for Marine Studies and Shanghai 1000 Talent Program
文摘Since the concept of ＂fishing down marine food webs＂ was first proposed in 1998, mean trophic level of fisheries landings（MTL） has become one of the most widely used indicators to assess the impacts of fishing on the integrity of marine ecosystem and guide the policy development by many management agencies. Recent studies suggest that understanding underlying causes for changes in MTL is vital for an appropriate use of MTL as an indicator of fishery sustainability. Based on the landing data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization（FAO） and trophic information of relevant species in Fishbase, we evaluated MTL trends in 14 FAO fishing areas and analyzed catches of upper and lower trophic level groups under different trends of MTL and found that both the cases of a recovered MTL trend and a generally increasing MTL trend could be accompanied by decreasing catches of lower trophic level species. Further, community structure and exploitation history should be considered in using MTL after excluding species with trophic levels lower than 3.25 to distinguish ＂fishingthrough＂ from ＂fishing-down＂. We conclude that MTL used as an indicator to measure fishery sustainability can benefit from a full consideration of both upper and lower trophic level species and masking effects of community structure and exploitation history.
基金Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EP/L015331/1,EP/S018395/1,2137478)Russian Foundation for Basic Research(18-29-20066)+3 种基金Ministerio de Ciencia,Innovación y Universidades(RTI2018-094475-B-I00)Royal Society(RSG/R1/180040)University of Birmingham(Birmingham Fellowship)Ministerio de Ciencia,Innovación y Universidades(TEC2017-84724-P)。
文摘Transmission through seemingly opaque surfaces,so-called extraordinary transmission,provides an exciting platform for strong light–matter interaction,spectroscopy,optical trapping,and color filtering.Much of the effort has been devoted to understanding and exploiting TM extraordinary transmission,while TE anomalous extraordinary transmission has been largely omitted in the literature.This is regrettable from a practical point of view since the stronger dependence of the TE anomalous extraordinary transmission on the array’s substrate provides additional design parameters for exploitation.To provide high-performance and cost-effective applications based on TE anomalous extraordinary transmission,a complete physical insight about the underlying mechanisms of the phenomenon must be first laid down.To this end,resorting to a combined methodology including quasi-optical terahertz(THz)time-domain measurements,full-wave simulations,and method of moments analysis,subwavelength slit arrays under s-polarized illumination are studied here,filling the void in the current literature.We believe this work unequivocally reveals the leaky-wave role of the grounded-dielectric slab mode mediating in TE anomalous extraordinary transmission and provides the necessary framework to design practical high-performance THz components and systems.
文摘In this article,we comment on the study by Yang et al,which demonstrated significant cross-sectional associations between heart rate variability(HRV)indices,depressive symptoms,and lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Building on these findings,we further explore the underlying mechanisms,particularly inflammatory-autonomic-oxidative stress pathways,as key causal mediators.Moreover,analyzing genetic polymorphisms alongside environmental factors may uncover susceptibility pathways explaining interindividual differences in HRV and comorbidity risk.Additionally,longitudinal studies tracking HRV trajectories could identify thresholds predictive of accelerated lung function decline or cardiovascular events,informing personalized prevention strategies.Integrating longitudinal HRV data with multi-omics biomarkers and machine learning models could enable real-time prediction of depression relapses or COPD exacerbations,facilitating proactive interventions such as personalized biofeedback training or precision anti-inflammatory therapies.By synthesizing these perspectives,this integrative approach promises to advance precision medicine for COPD patients,particularly those with comorbid depression,by addressing both mechanistic insights and clinical translation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21371115,11025526,40830744, 41073073,and 21101104)the National Basic Research Program of China(2011CB933402)+1 种基金the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(14YZ025)the Program for Innovative Research Team in University(IRT13078)
文摘Nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest owing to their unique physicochemical properties.The wide application of nanomaterials has raised many concerns about their potential risks to human health and the environment.Metal oxide nanopartides（MONPs）,one of the main members of nanomaterials,have been applied in various fields,such as food,medicine,cosmetics,and sensors.This review highlights the bio-toxic effects of widely applied MONPs and their underlying mechanisms.Two main underlying toxicity mechanisms,reactive oxygen species（ROS）-and non-ROS-mediated toxidties,of MONPs have been widely accepted.ROS activates oxidative stress,which leads to lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage.In addition,ROS can trigger the apoptotic pathway by activating caspase-9 and-3.Non-ROS-mediated toxicity mechanism includes the effect of released ions,excessive accumulation of NPs on the cell surface,and combination of NPs with specific death receptors.Furthermore,the combined toxicity evaluation of some MONPs is also discussed.Toxicity may dramatically change when nanomaterials are used in a combined system because the characteristics of NPs that play a key role in their toxicity such as size,surface properties,and chemical nature in the complex system are different from the pristine NPs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos 10832012,10872078,and 10972090)
文摘The objective of this paper is to investigate the different effects of disuse and estrogen deficiency on bone loss and the underlying mechanisms.A mechanical-biological factors coupled computational model was built to simulate different patterns of bone loss induced in female rats by hind limb unloading,ovariectomy,or both in an animal study.A remodeling analysis was performed on a representative cross section of 6 mm2 of cancellous bone in the distal femoral metaphysis of the rats.The BMU activation frequency,the refilling rate,and the principal compressive strain in the state of mechanical unloading and estrogen deficiency were simulated to interpret the underlying mechanisms.Simulated bone loss patterns due to mechanical unloading,estrogen deficiency,or both all corresponded with the experimental observations.The results show that mechanical unloading and estrogen deficiency cause different bone loss patterns;moreover,mechanical unloading induces a greater degree of bone loss than estrogen deficiency,which can lead to improved treatment and prevention strategies for osteoporosis.
基金supported by Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(Program No.22JK0479)Research Start-up Project of Xi’an University of Technology(Grant No.101-256082204)+5 种基金International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-GHZD-50)Project of Science and Technology Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JC-YB-412)Project of Science and Technology Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JC-QN-0573)Projects of Major Innovation Platforms for Scientific and Technological and Local Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Xi’an(No.20GXSF0003)Projects of Major Scientific and Technological Achievements Local Transformation of Xi’an(No.2022JHZDZH-0039)Higher Education Institution Discipline Innovation and Intelligence Base of Shaanxi Provincial(No.S2021-ZC-GXYZ-0011).
文摘Magnesium and its alloys,as a promising class of materials,is popular in lightweight application and biomedical implants due to their low density and good biocompatibility.Additive manufacturing(AM)of Mg and its alloys is of growing interest in academia and industry.The domain-by-domain localized forming characteristics of AM leads to unique microstructures and performances of AM-process Mg and its alloys,which are different from those of traditionally manufactured counterparts.However,the intrinsic mechanisms still remain unclear and need to be in-depth explored.Therefore,this work aims to discuss and analyze the possible underlying mechanisms regarding defect appearance and elimination,microstructure formation and evolution,and performance improvement,based on presenting a comprehensive and systematic review on the relationship between process parameters,forming quality,microstructure characteristics and resultant performances.Lastly,some key perspectives requiring focus for further progression are highlighted to promote development of AM-processed Mg and its alloys and accelerate their industrialization.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074031,51574213,51904027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(06500104)。
文摘Understanding the underlying mechanism that enhances the separation of specific target ions from complex background aqueous solutions is crucial for achieving controllable chemical reactions and industrial purification processes in modern industries.This study investigated the enhanced kinetic separatio n of target metal ions from complex aqueous solutio ns at a liquid-liquid interface,focusing on the presence of coexisting salt cations.Employing a typical thin-layer organic oil film(TOOF)extraction as a model system,the research examines how background Al^(3+)ions influence the mass transfer and separation of ions.Notably,the co ncentration of Al^(3+)ions affects both the distribution of Er^(3+)ions at the oil-water interface and the arrangement and orientation of P507 extractant molecules through the formation of unique hydrogen-bonding interactions.These interactions influence the selectivity of mass transfer,facilitating the separation of Er^(3+)from Al^(3+)ions.Specifically,the hydration shell of Er^(3+)ions is disrupted due to the strong hydration capability of coexisting Al^(3+)ions,leading to a higher interfacial concentration of Er^(3+)ions and a more ordered interfacial orientation of P507 molecules.At lower concentrations of Al^(3+)ions,the diffusion rate of Er^(3+)ions near the interface is high,enhancing the sepa ration perfo rmance of these ions.In contrast,at higher concentrations of Al^(3+)ions,the competitive hydration by Al^(3+)ions increases,and the interfacial concentration of Er^(3+)ions decreases due to enhanced diffusion resistance,resulting in poorer separation performance.Furthermore,a thinner membrane is more effective than a thicker one in enriching target Er^(3+)ions at the interface and achieving an ordered interfacial orientation of P507 molecules,thereby enhancing the separation coefficient(β_(Er/Al)).This work provides novel insights into the behaviors of ions and extractants at oil-wate r interface and the kinetic separation selectivity under varying concentrations of coexisting salt cations.
文摘Long-term potentiation （LTP） at synapses between primary afferents and spinal dorsal horn neurons induced by noxious electrical stimulation or injury of peripheral nerve is con- sidered to underlie chronic pain [1]. The mechanisms of the spinal LTP have been intensively investigated, since it was discovered in 1995 [2]. In recent years, spinal application of ATP [3], brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） [4] and opioid [5] has been shown to induce spinal LTP at C-fiber synapses in the absence of conditioning activation of primary afferents. This is contrary to the general belief that coinci- dent pre- and postsynaptic activity is needed for LTP induction. Recently, Sandkiihler and his co-workers reported in Science that combined activation of microglia and astro- cytes by P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP induces LTP at synapses between afferent C-fibers and spinal lamina I neurons in the absence of presynaptic activation, which is termed gliogenic LTP [6] （Fig. 1C）. To determine the rela- tionship between the gliogenic LTP and high frequency stimulation （HFS）-indueed LTP, they used transverse lum- bar spinal cord slices with long dorsal roots which were separated into halves. Twenty two lamina I neurons that received independent monosynaptic C-fiber inputs from each dorsal root half were recorded. Homosynaptic LTP is recorded in 12 neurons, among them 6 neurons also show heterosynaptic LTP （Fig. 1A）. Interestingly, heterosynaptic LTP is also induced in 5 neurons in which HFS fails to induce homosynaptic LTP （Fig. 1B）.
基金supported in part by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indiafinancial support to Pradip Kumar Kamat
文摘Alzheimer’s disease（AD）is a neurodegenerative disorder which is remarkably characterized by pathological hallmarks that include neurofibrillary tangles,neuronal loss extracellular senile plaques containing aggregated amyloid beta（Aβ）,and neurofibrillary tangles composed of the hyperphosphorylated form of the microtubule protein tau.It is the most common form of dementia which is characterized by severe neurodegenerative changes such as loss of neurons and synapses in brain（Kamat et al.,2014）.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou,China,No.2025A03J4256 and No.2025A03J4239.
文摘Depression is a widespread and debilitating mental health disorder affecting millions globally.Chronotype has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor associated with depression.This review aims to comprehensively dissect the role of chronotype in depression,providing insights into the underlying mechanisms linking chronotype to depression,as well as the potential therapeutic implications.Converging evidence indicates that evening chronotype is notably associated with an elevated risk of depression,more severe symptoms,and a higher rate of suicidality,while morning chronotype may exert a protective effect.These findings highlight that chronotype plays a crucial role in the development,manifestation,and management of depression.Nevertheless,some methodological issues of the existing studies(e.g.,reliance on self-reported chronotype assessments)should be noted and discussed.Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the relationship between chronotype and depression,establish causal links,and optimize the clinical application of chronotype-based interventions for depression.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.82522035,32470796,and 32200595)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.22120250374 and 22120240273)Peak Disciplines(Type IV)of Institutions of Higher Learning in Shanghai.
文摘Aging poses a fundamental challenge for humanity.Understanding the underlying mechanisms will provide crucial insights into how to address the challenges faced by an aging population.While studies have implicated diminished DNA repair activity and declining genomic stability as key drivers of aging,[1,2]it is unclear whether therapeutic activation of DNA repair pathways and genome stabilization can effectively counteract aging.Recently,we addressed this question by investigating the exceptionally long-lived rodent,the naked mole-rat,providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying longevity.[3]
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government[RS-2022-NR069719,RS-2021-NR057690(Y.-H.L.),RS-2022-NR070709(M.H.L.),and RS-2023-00221332(H.-S.W.)]KBSI fund[A439200,A423310,A412580,C512120,C523200,and C539200(Y.-H.L.)]+1 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant funded by the Korean government[CCL22061-100(Y.-H.L.)]the Sejong Science Fellowship Grant[RS-2024-00356469(Y.H.)].
文摘Neurodegenerative disorders,notably Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases,are unified by progressive neuronal loss and aberrant protein aggregation.Growing evidence indicates that these conditions are linked to cancer,infectious diseases,and type 2 diabetes through convergent molecular processes.In this review,we examine the mechanistic foundations of these links,focusing on shared features such as protein misfolding and aggregation,chronic inflammation,and dysregulated signalling pathways.We integrate cellular,animal,and human data to illustrate how pathogenic proteins may influence one another through cross-seeding and co-aggregation,and assess the implications of such interactions for disease susceptibility,progression,and treatment response.Understanding these underlying mechanisms may provide a conceptual framework for developing therapeutic approaches that target the molecular basis of multiple complex disorders.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of SGCC(Development of Composite Insulators with Long Service Life,Project Number:5500-202455305A-1-2-LZ).
文摘The surface ageing of silicone rubber composite insulators,widely used in power systems,poses significant challenges.This study integrates Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy with machine learning to evaluate ageing states and explore underlying mechanisms under various environmental conditions.A dataset covering light,medium,and severe ageing was built through FTIR experiments,spectral feature extraction,and data augmentation.An ensemble learning model achieved a classification accuracy of 95.42%.SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)analysis indicated that silicon-oxygen backbones,silylmethyl groups,and hydroxyl groups are key to the ageing process.The silicon-oxygen backbone is dominant in initial oxidation and cross-linking,whereas silylmethyl group reactions occur later.Hydroxyl group changes are complex and strongly environment-dependent during severe ageing.The model was also applied to naturally aged samples from Xizang and Inner Mongolia,showing strong classification performance and revealing clear regional differences.These findings are valuable for assessing surface ageing,analysing ageing mechanisms and developing grading standards for composite insulators.
文摘Subject Code:C09 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a research group led by Dr.Shen Wei(沈伟)from Shanghai Tech University has deconstructed a neural circuit for body temperature regulation,which was published in PNAS(2017,114:2042—2047).
文摘Recent advances in immunotherapy,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell therapy,have transformed the landscape of cancer treatment.By leveraging the body’s own immune system,immunotherapy has expanded beyond cancer to address autoimmunity,fibrosis,and senescence.Nonetheless,there are still obstacles to overcome to further improve the efficacy of current immunotherapies.To that end,efforts have been made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind resistance to current immunotherapy regimens,alongside the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to target and manipulate components of the immune system.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92159105 and 81872113)Guangdong Province(No.2020A0505100028)
文摘To the Editor:Cervical cancer(CC)is the second leading cause of cancer death in women,representing a major global health challenge.[1]Cervical squamous cell carcinoma(CSCC)accounts for 70%of CC cases,and pelvic lymph node metastasis is a critical cause of CC-related death.[2]Thus,understanding the underlying mechanisms of the tumor spread through lymphatic vessels becomes imperative.[3]RNA helicases are involved in almost all aspects of RNA metabolism.[4]DEAD-box helicase 24(DDX24),one of the least explored DEAD-box RNA helicases,was upregulated in several cancer types.[5]However,the role of DDX24 in CSCC progression and metastasis remains elusive.Here,we investigated the essential role of DDX24 in mediating cancer cell EMT and lymphangiogenesis in the context of CSCC.Our study provides a potential therapeutic target for CSCC lymphatic metastasis.
基金Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program,Grant/Award Numbers:2023NSFSC0586,2023YFS0447Research Support Project of Sanming University,Grant/Award Number:23YG15S+2 种基金Sichuan Science and Technology Program,Grant/Award Number:2024YFFK0424Education and Research Project for Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Fujian Province,Grant/Award Number:JAT231112Key Laboratory of Brewing Biotechnology and IntelligentManufacturing of China National Light Industry Council,Grant/Award Number:2023-04。
文摘Chinese distilled liquor,known as Baijiu,typically has a relatively high ethanol content(52 or 53%alcohol by volume,ABV)and is characterized by a powerful,heady scent.When its alcohol content is less than 45%ABV,Baijiu loses its flavor and becomes cloudy and tasteless;thus,it is relatively bland and thin.Since this phenomenon has not been reasonably explained,the aim of this study is to determine its underlying mechanism by examining the droplet evaporation.A 1.0 pL of droplets were applied to the substrate surface for evaporation.The results revealed that a reduction in the alcohol content(<45%ABV)triggered the self-assembly of unique long-chain fatty acid ethyl esters into various nano-or microparticles with sizes ranging from 100 nm to 10μm within the Baijiu droplets.These particles deposit under the influence of internal flow and exhibit Baijiu-specific coffee-ring effects after drying.Interestingly,these particles encapsulated the water-soluble or insoluble flavor chemicals,resulting in the brightness and aroma/flavor of Baijiu decreased radically;this is the reason that a high alcohol content is needed in Baijiu.These findings offer new insights for the quality control of low-alcohol Baijiu and Baijiu identification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171917)the Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding(2021C02064-3)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KQTD20230301092839007)the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-05).
文摘Dear Editor,The rapid development of barley genomics research in recent years has greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the complex characters(Jiang et al.,2025).However,a huge challenge has also been posed for researchers to deal with the dramatically increasing amount of multi-omics data.
