In Unani medicine,Bawl(urine)is recognized as a key diagnostic tool,with humoural imbalances assessed via parameters like color,consistency,sediment,clarity,froth,odor,and volume.This conceptual review explores how th...In Unani medicine,Bawl(urine)is recognized as a key diagnostic tool,with humoural imbalances assessed via parameters like color,consistency,sediment,clarity,froth,odor,and volume.This conceptual review explores how these classical diagnostic indicators may be contextualized alongside modern urinalysis markers(e.g.,bilirubin,protein,ketones,and sedimentation)and examined through emerging artificial intelligence(AI)frameworks.Potential applications include ResNet-18 for color classification,You Only Look Once version 8(YOLOv8)for sediment detection,long short-term memory(LSTM)for viscosity estimation,and EfficientDet for froth analysis,with standardized urine images/videos forming the basis of future datasets.Additionally,a comparative ontology is proposed to align Unani perspectives with diagnostic approaches in traditional Chinese medicine,encouraging cross-system integration.By synthesizing classical epistemology with computational intelligence,this review highlights pathways for developing AI-based decision support systems to promote personalized,accessible,and telemedicine-enabled healthcare.展开更多
In an era of globalization and increased global demand for herbal medicines, it is essential to ensure the quality and consistency of drugs. Changes in the quality of an herbal product over time should be detectable. ...In an era of globalization and increased global demand for herbal medicines, it is essential to ensure the quality and consistency of drugs. Changes in the quality of an herbal product over time should be detectable. The assessments of chemical quality and therapeutic efficacy of herbal drugs are necessary to establish their shelf-lives. Thus, stability testing is needed to establish standards for herbal products. Unani medicine has its own conceptual framework for studying health and disease. The mode of treatment includes Ilaj bit Tadbeer(regimental therapy), Ilaj bil Ghiza(dietotherapy), Ilaj bil Dawa(pharmacotherapy) and Ilaj bil Yad/Jarahat(surgery) as a final option. Ilaj bil Dawa is the most used mode of treatment.The drugs include either crude drugs prepared from plant, animal and mineral sources, called Mufrad(single) drugs or various formulations prepared from these crude drugs, called Murakkab(compound)drugs. To date, stability studies have been carried out on compound drugs, whereas only a few single drugs had had their stability tested. These studies are needed to understand how the quality of an herbal drug varies over the time when it is prepared and consumed. This may also help to standardize procedures for manufacturing compound formulations ab initio. The present study reviews the concept of Aamar-e-Advia(shelf-lives) described in the literature of the Unani system of medicine. Further, various factors that are considered important to assess the shelf-life of Unani drugs are discussed in the context of contemporary protocols for shelf-life assessment.展开更多
Hypothyroidism(Qillat-e-Ifraz-e-Darqiyya) is a condition where the thyroid gland is underactive and unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. The description of hypothyroidism as a disease is not directly found in Una...Hypothyroidism(Qillat-e-Ifraz-e-Darqiyya) is a condition where the thyroid gland is underactive and unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. The description of hypothyroidism as a disease is not directly found in Unani texts. However, the signs and symptom of hypothyroidism resemble the clinical manifestation associated with Su-e-Mizaj Barid Maddi(derangement in cold temperament), such as plethora(Imtila), excessive salivation(Kasrat-e-Luabe-e-Dahan), tiredness(Aa'yan), loss of appetite(Zoaf-e-Ishteha), excessive sleeping(Kasrat-e-Naum) and cold skin(Baroodat-e-Jildia). These signs and symptoms are the result of an excess in abnormal phlegm(Ghair Tabayi Balgham) in the body. This review article identifies the observations from Unani literature that describe derangement in cold temperament and relate them to the clinical presentation of primary hypothyroidism in conventional medicine. We also discuss management of these symptoms in Unani medicine.展开更多
Objective:Conventional treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)like 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and invasive surgery are associated with some obvious side effects.Conversely,evidence,though limited,has shown t...Objective:Conventional treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)like 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and invasive surgery are associated with some obvious side effects.Conversely,evidence,though limited,has shown that alternative medicines are safer and have potential to improve the lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)and quality of life in addition to improving sexual dysfunction in patients with BPH.The current article aimed to include an overview of BPH,different ways of its management,and particularly its appreciation in Greco-Arab(Unani)system of medicine,one of the alternative medicinal systems.Methods:PubMed,Scopus,ScienceDirect,Web of Sciences,Google Scholar databases and classical texts of Greco-Arab medicine were searched for data collection.Results:In Unani system of medicine,BPH,traced under the headings of Waram unuq al-mathana(bladder neck swelling)and Insidad majra-i-mathana(bladder outlet obstruction),has been managed for centuries with herbal medicines yet demanding a comprehensive scientific validation.Among the herbs,Cucurbita pepo,Tribulus terrestris,Urtica dioica,and Linum usitatissimum are worth mentioning.Conclusion:For achieving the goal of LUTS-free ageing men,and safer and cost-effective future management of BPH,Unani herbal medicine could hopefully prove beneficial.展开更多
Vitiligo is not only a cosmetic problem,but also a social and psychological problem with the prevalence rate between 1–2%and being highest in India.As far as etiopathogenesis of the disease is concerned,out of variou...Vitiligo is not only a cosmetic problem,but also a social and psychological problem with the prevalence rate between 1–2%and being highest in India.As far as etiopathogenesis of the disease is concerned,out of various theories put forward,some accepted hypothesis is the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes,melanocytes adhesion,neurogenic damage,auto-toxicity.Disease is mainly classified in two forms i.e.segmental vitiligo and non-segmental vitiligo.Treatment of this disease is usually cumbersome and time taking,causing significant impact on quality of life.Moreover,modern treatment is only suppressive but not curative.Medicinal plants are the base of many traditional medicine systems throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide new remedies to mankind.If used appropriately,they are comparatively more effective,less toxic and easily available at affordable prices.Detailed management consisting of single herbs and compound formulations along with other regimes has been mentioned to treat this disease in the classical Unani literature which is safe and effective.Aim of this paper was to delineate the vitiligo disease and search for evidence in the management of the disease through Unani and herbal medicines.展开更多
A male named Anwer Jamal, age 45 years, married, visited Clinic Rafaheaam Dawakhana Ajmali on March 29, 2013, with history of glomerulonephritis, inherited renal diseases, hypertension and previously hooked on voltare...A male named Anwer Jamal, age 45 years, married, visited Clinic Rafaheaam Dawakhana Ajmali on March 29, 2013, with history of glomerulonephritis, inherited renal diseases, hypertension and previously hooked on voltaren 50 (Diclofenic Sodium, 50 mg) and was not on dialysis. Different diagnostic parameters showed the patient was suffering from acute renal failure according to the RIFLE criteria. AKI is life threatening when kidneys suddenly is unable to filter waste products from blood. The patient was treated and managed with herbal medicines according to Unani system of medicine. Reversal of the parameter such as serum creatinine from 7.90 mg/dl (6.58 fold high) to 0.81mg/dl within two weeks clearly shows the remarkable recovery in a short period of time. During this period the other related parameters e.g. blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum albumin, albuminuria, blood pressure were also normalized whereas clinical sign and symptom exhibited improvement.展开更多
Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicine,where drugs of animal,mineral and herbal origin are used for centuries to cure diseases.Unani remedies are now available not only in drug stores,but also in f...Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicine,where drugs of animal,mineral and herbal origin are used for centuries to cure diseases.Unani remedies are now available not only in drug stores,but also in food stores and super markets.Therefore the efficacy and safety of these drugs is very crucial.One of the most serious risks associated with these remedies is,consumer assumes that they are natural,so they are safe.But biological contamination(bacterial,fungal and insect)of herbal medicines is a serious concern.The Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the fungal species that occur naturally,release aflatoxins and is a threat to the natural drugs.The World Health Organization has recommended determination of aflatoxins in natural drugs(Unani)as one of the parameter of their safety studies as Aflatoxin contamination is concerned significantly with health and economic loss affecting humans,animals,and agriculture.Aflatoxin B1 is categorized as a group 1 carcinogen by The International Agency for Research on Cancer that causes a variety of health issues.Thus keeping in mind the deleterious health effects of aflatoxins,here,in this review we have made an attempt to summarize the aflatoxins with respect to their origin,occurrence,structure and properties to generate the awareness among the people dealing mainly with Unani herbal drugs.Besides these their toxicity and effects on health have also been discussed.The analytical methods for their determination and some measures to prevent their contamination are also suggested to improve the efficacy and safety of Unani herbal drugs.展开更多
Qūba(dermatophytoses)is a clinical condition caused by fungal infection of skin in humans.The fungi that cause dermatophytoses feed on keratin,the material found in the outer layer of skin,hair and nails.Many effecti...Qūba(dermatophytoses)is a clinical condition caused by fungal infection of skin in humans.The fungi that cause dermatophytoses feed on keratin,the material found in the outer layer of skin,hair and nails.Many effective synthetic antifungal drugs have been discovered for the treatment of dermatomycoses but their use has remained limited due to various side effects on human systems.Herbal remedies are being used for its treatment.Unani medicines are also being promoted as dermatophytoses treatment.Detailed management consisting of single herbs and compound formulations along with other regimes has been mentioned to treat this disease in the classical Unani literature,which is safe and effective.The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for this notion and to discuss different aspects of Qūba(dermatophytoses).Extensive literature searches were carried out to identify drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Qūba(dermatophytoses).In this review paper author has tried to present few Unani medicines prevalently used for treatment of dermatophytoses.展开更多
Eczema(Nār Fārsī)is characterized by itching,lichenification,scaling,oedema and erythema.Corticosteroids are the mainstay of current management of this disease in modern medicine,which is also limited due to its si...Eczema(Nār Fārsī)is characterized by itching,lichenification,scaling,oedema and erythema.Corticosteroids are the mainstay of current management of this disease in modern medicine,which is also limited due to its side effects.Many herbal remedies are being used for its treatment.Most of the herbal remedies are considered to be very useful and have fewer side effects.Unani medicines are also being promoted as eczema treatment.Detailed management of the disease is mentioned by Unani scholars in their classical literature.These include number of single herbs and compound herbal formulations as well as dieto-therapy and other regimes.The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for this notion and to discuss different aspects of Nār Fārsī.Extensive literature searches were carried out to identify drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Nār Fārsī.In this review paper author has tried to present few herbal/Unani medicines prevalently used for the treatment of eczema.展开更多
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection.Hepatitis B(Serum Hepatitis)is an acute systemic infection.It is transmitted by parenteral route having a long incubation period six weak to six mont...Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection.Hepatitis B(Serum Hepatitis)is an acute systemic infection.It is transmitted by parenteral route having a long incubation period six weak to six months.Hepatitis B virus can form a dangerous alliance with Delta virus.Hepatitis B virus was discovered by Blumberg.It is a complex,42 nm,double stranded DNA virus,originally known as Dane-Particle.Hepatitis B is a blood borne infection.It is transmitted by infected blood products.Here in this paper an attempt is made to review the Unani concept,causes,sign and symptoms,management and treatment of hepatitis B virus.Some successful case studies of the hepatitis B management through unani formulations and particular regimen have been incorporated to showcase the efficacy of the unani system of medicine in this chronic disease.展开更多
Background:Mixed Anxiety Depressive Disorder(MADD)is a prevalent mental health condition affecting overall well-being.Unani medicine offers therapeutic interventions,including Majoon Najah,a polyherbal Unani phar-maco...Background:Mixed Anxiety Depressive Disorder(MADD)is a prevalent mental health condition affecting overall well-being.Unani medicine offers therapeutic interventions,including Majoon Najah,a polyherbal Unani phar-macopoeial formulation with potential anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.Majoon Najah contains several medicinal plants known for their neuroprotective and mood-stabilizing effects,including Terminalia chebula Retz.(Post-e-Halela Kabli),Terminalia bellerica Roxb.(Post-e-Balela),Emblica officinalis Gaertn.(Aamla),and Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.(Aftimoon)etc.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Majoon Najah in patients diagnosed with MADD.Methods:A prospective,open-label,single-arm,before-after study was conducted at Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine,Chennai,India.A total of 76 patients aged 18-60 years with MADD were enrolled.The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee on 18 July 2019 and registered with Clinical Trial Registry-India(CTRI)on 2 February 2020.Participants received polyherbal Unani formulation 5gm orally twice daily with water for 6 weeks.Efficacy was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale(HAM-A)and Hamilton Depres-sion Rating Scale(HAM-D)at baseline and follow-ups.Safety was evaluated through laboratory investigations.Statistical analysis used repeated-measures ANOVA(P<0.05).Results:The results revealed that significant reductions were observed in HAM-A(27.43±8.16 to 6.92±4.26)and HAM-D scores(20.53±5.40 to 5.52±3.38)(P<0.05).No significant biochemical or haematological changes were noted(P>0.05).Treatment response analysis showed 19.73%of participants achieved complete relief,55.26%showed significant relief,and 25%showed partial relief.Conclusion:This finding inferred that polyherbal Unani formulation,Majoon Najah is a safe and effective interven-tion for reducing anxiety and depression symptoms without adverse effects,supporting its safe therapeutic use in Unani medicine for managing MADD.The study was subsequently registered with the Clinical trial Registry-India(CTRI)with CTRI number CTRI/2020/02/023429.展开更多
Background Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)ranks among the most prevalent nutritional disorders,particularly affecting adolescents and women of reproductive age.An estimated 2 billion individuals worldwide suffer from iron...Background Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)ranks among the most prevalent nutritional disorders,particularly affecting adolescents and women of reproductive age.An estimated 2 billion individuals worldwide suffer from iron deficiency.Globally,iron deficiency is responsible for around 50%of all anemia cases and contributes to approximately 841,000 deaths each year.Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of Unani formulation for treating IDA in reproductive age group women.Methods This clinical trial was a single-blind,randomized,standard-controlled study involving 30 women aged 18 to 45 years,all of whom completed the trial.Participants were randomized between two groups of 15 each using block randomization,receiving either 20 mL Sharbat Anar Shireen(juice of Punica granatum Linn.)(test group)or elemental iron 100 mg(control group)once daily after food with water for 30 days.The primary outcomes were evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale,Grading of Pallor,and the Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire,assessed at baseline and at fortnightly follow-ups.The secondary outcome included changes in haemoglobin percentage,measured before and after treatment.An additional follow-up was conducted one-month post-treatment to assess sustained effects.Safety assessments were evaluated through routine clinical evaluations and monitoring of adverse effects.Results This study demonstrated the significant effect of Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum),a Unani formulation in improving both subjective and objective parameters.After one month of treatment,both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements(P<0.001)in the Fatigue Severity Scale,Pallor Grading,and Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire at every assessment point.Intergroup analysis exhibited no significant differences(P>0.05),except for enhanced exercise capacity and reduced fatigue,which showed a statistically significant improvement in the test group compared to the control group(P<0.05).Objective parameters,including haemoglobin percentage,significantly improved in both groups after treatment(P<0.001)with intergroup analysis revealed a statistically significant difference(P<0.005).Conclusion This RCT demonstrated that Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum)is a safe and effective intervention for iron deficiency anemia.Both groups exhibited significant improvements(P<0.001),with the test group exhibiting greater efficacy in reducing fatigue and improving haemoglobin levels(P<0.005).Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm these findings.展开更多
Background:The genus Quercus comprises over 900 species distributed across temperate and subtropical zones,many of which hold a multitude of ecological,agricultural,industrial,and medicinal significance.Among them,Que...Background:The genus Quercus comprises over 900 species distributed across temperate and subtropical zones,many of which hold a multitude of ecological,agricultural,industrial,and medicinal significance.Among them,Quercus incana Roxb.,commonly referred to as Baloot in Unani medicine,is notable for its therapeutic applica-tions.Traditionally,its bark and acorns have been employed for their astringent,haemostatic,and tonic effects.Objective:This review aims to consolidate classical Unani perspectives with contemporary phytochemical and pharmacological evidence on Q.incana,and to highlight its medicinal potential as well as avenues for future research.Methods:Data were compiled through the examination of classical Unani texts and a systematic search using"Quercus incana""Quercus incana Roxb.""Baloot""Quercus AND phytochemistry""Quercus AND pharmacology""Quercus AND Unani""oak AND tannins""quercetin AND Quercus""ellagic acid AND Quercus"as keywords in the electronic databases of PubMed,Scopus,ScienceDirect,and Google Scholar,covering literature published from the year of 2000 to 2025,The inclusion criteria encompassed ethnobotanical,phytochemical,and pharmacolog-ical studies on Quercus species,with a specific focus on Q.incana.Results:Q.incana contains a wide spectrum of bioactive compounds,including tannins,flavonoids,phenolic acids,and triterpenoids.Other species of the Quercus genus have also been reported to produce constituents such as𝛽-sitosterol,friedelin,quercetin,palmitic acid,terpenoids,coumarins,lignoceric acid,leucoanthocyanidins,and reducing sugars.These phytochemicals are associated with diverse biological activities,e.g.,antimicrobial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and wound-healing effects.Evidence from ethnobotanical surveys and pharmaco-logical studies supports the traditional application of Baloot in the treatment of gastrointestinal,dermatological,and haemostatic disorders.Conclusion:Q.incana represents an important medicinal resource in Unani medicine with promising pharmaco-logical activities.While existing data provide preliminary validation of its ethnomedicinal claims,further studies involving standardization of its active ingredients,bioassay-guided isolation,and clinical trials are necessary to establish its therapeutic value and facilitate its integration into evidence-based medicine.展开更多
Background:Shara,commonly known as Urticaria,is a common skin dermatological disorder characterized by the sudden onset of erythematous itchy wheals.It affects approximately 20%of the population at some point in their...Background:Shara,commonly known as Urticaria,is a common skin dermatological disorder characterized by the sudden onset of erythematous itchy wheals.It affects approximately 20%of the population at some point in their lives.It can significantly impair the quality of life of chronic sufferers due to the lack of a permanent cure.Objective:Given the historical efficacy of Unani traditional medicine in addressing chronic diseases,this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Unani pharmacopoeial preparation in managing urticaria by conducting a standard controlled clinical trial.Methods:A Randomized single blinded Controlled Clinical trial was carried out on 60 diagnosed patients of Shara at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital,AMU,Aligarh,India between 2022 and 2023.Patients were allocated into two groups through computer generated randomisation.Patients in standard group were given levocetirizine 5 mg daily while patients of test group were subjected to Nuqu-e-Unnab(c onsisting of Zizyphus jujuba,Prunus domestica,Coriandrum sativum,Fumaria officinalis)7 g with Sikanjabeen-e-sada(made from honey and vinegar)18 mL BD for six weeks.Patients were assessed on day 0,day 14 day,day 28 and day 42.Blood samples were taken before and after the treatment.Urticaria Activity Severity Index(UAS7),dermatology life quality index(DLQI)scores along with common clinical features were assessed to obtain the clinical efficacy of the test drug.After completion of the trial,comparison was made between pre-and post-treatment values and symptoms.Result:Thirty patients in each group were analysed.A significant reduction was seen in UAS7 Score in both the standard and test groups from 22.97±1.25 to 10.13±1.15(P<0.001,55.9%)and 24.9±1.25 to 11.33±1.49(P<0.001,54.5%)respectively.Whereas,DLQI score was also reduced from 16.97±0.98 to 8±0.85 and 16.13±0.92 to 7.9±1.09 respectively.Patients in standard group exhibited headache(4 patients),sedation(6 patients)and drowsiness(12 patients)whereas in test group,patients complained of headache(2 patients),throat irritation(4 patients)and burning stomach(4 patients).Conclusion:The test drug appeared to be as effective as levocetirizine and was found safer than levocetirizine as the incidence of adverse effects was seen higher with levocetirizine as compared to the test drug.The study protocol was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee(IEC),Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College,Aligarh Muslim Uni-versity,Aligarh at its meeting on April 02,2022(registration number 776/FUM dated 23/04/2022).The trial was started after registration on clinical trial registry-India(CTRI)with registration number CTRI/2022/10/046562.展开更多
Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compou...Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compound formulations to address a variety of health conditions.Objective This review aims to highlight the therapeutic applications of chobchini and provide a comprehensive analysis of its pharmacological activities.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and SCOPUS,with search terms including“chobchini”,“Smilax china”,“phytochemical studies”,and“pharmacological studies”.Traditional perspectives were obtained from classical Unani texts,including Risala-i-Chobchini,Muheet Azam,Qarabadeen Ahsani,and Khazainul Advia.Ethnobotanical references were consulted from Indian Materia Medica and Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,alongside Urdu and English research reports and original articles on Smilax china.Results The plant is recognized for its blood-purifying properties and effectiveness in treating phlegmatic and melancholic disorders.Pharmacological studies indicate its antimicrobial,antidiabetic,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-inflammatory activities,among others.Conclusion Despite its versatility and significance in the Unani system of medicine,current scientific studies are inadequate to fully validate chobchini's pharmacological potential.Further research focusing on Unani mechanisms of action is necessary to substantiate its therapeutic claims with robust scientific evidence.展开更多
Background and objectives:Acne vulgaris stands as the prevailing dermatological condition on a global scale,prompting exploration into diverse therapeutic modalities.Hence,this study aimed to assess the efficacy of a ...Background and objectives:Acne vulgaris stands as the prevailing dermatological condition on a global scale,prompting exploration into diverse therapeutic modalities.Hence,this study aimed to assess the efficacy of a formulation comprising Kalonji(Nigella sativa)and Sirka(vinegar)in comparison to benzoyl peroxide 5%for the treatment of acne vulgaris.Methods:In this open-label randomized controlled trial,40 participants with acne in the age bracket of 13–40 years completed the 28-day treatment period.The Unani group received a Nigella sativa seed powder and cane vinegar,while the control group received benzoyl peroxide 5%gel.Both interventions were applied topically at night.Primary outcomes encompassed changes in the Global Acne Grading System(GAGS)and Cook’s Acne Grading Scale using PSAG scores.The secondary outcome was the change in Quality of Life assessed through the Cardiff Acne Disability Index(CADI).Safety evaluations included baseline and post-treatment measurements of hemograms,serum creatinine,serum bilirubin,and random blood sugar levels.Results:The GAGS scores showed a mean difference of−2.600(95%CI:−5.770-0.570,d=0.57,p=0.105),PSAG scores exhibited a mean difference of−0.600(95%CI:−1.793-0.593,d=0.49,p=0.315),and CADI scores displayed a mean difference of−1.500(95%CI:−3.470-0.470,d=0.32,p=0.132)at the trial conclusion.Conclusions:This trial suggests that the formulation may have therapeutic potential as an alternative acne treatment.Further studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are recommended.Clinical trial registration:The clinical trial was registered with Clinical Trial Registry–India under the registration number CTRI/2022/05/042368 on May 4,2022.展开更多
Leg ulcers pose a significant burden on morbidity,healthcare costs,and quality of life,despite rarely resulting in limb loss.This underscores the necessity for safe and effective alternative treatments.Unani medicine ...Leg ulcers pose a significant burden on morbidity,healthcare costs,and quality of life,despite rarely resulting in limb loss.This underscores the necessity for safe and effective alternative treatments.Unani medicine offers various therapeutic options for managing ulcers.This case report details the successful treatment of a non-healing venous ulcer using Unani regimens in a 40-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus and paralytic polio.The patient sought care at the Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine,Silchar,Assam,India,for a chronic ulcer in the gaiter region of his right leg,which was associated with mild pain,itching,and hyperpigmentation but notably lacked any signs of varicose veins.Over the years,the patient had undergone various treatments,including topical care and antibiotics;however,frustration with persistent non-healing led him to explore alternative interventions.The Unani treatment included medicinal leech therapy,followed by the application of a grated unripe papaya bandage for 14 days.By the end of this period,the ulcer had completely healed,allowing the discontinuation of the dressing.By the 21st day,symptom resolution was observed,with complete relief from pain and itching and normalization of hyperpigmentation in the surrounding area.This case highlights the potential of Unani therapeutic approaches in effectively managing non-healing venous ulcers.展开更多
文摘In Unani medicine,Bawl(urine)is recognized as a key diagnostic tool,with humoural imbalances assessed via parameters like color,consistency,sediment,clarity,froth,odor,and volume.This conceptual review explores how these classical diagnostic indicators may be contextualized alongside modern urinalysis markers(e.g.,bilirubin,protein,ketones,and sedimentation)and examined through emerging artificial intelligence(AI)frameworks.Potential applications include ResNet-18 for color classification,You Only Look Once version 8(YOLOv8)for sediment detection,long short-term memory(LSTM)for viscosity estimation,and EfficientDet for froth analysis,with standardized urine images/videos forming the basis of future datasets.Additionally,a comparative ontology is proposed to align Unani perspectives with diagnostic approaches in traditional Chinese medicine,encouraging cross-system integration.By synthesizing classical epistemology with computational intelligence,this review highlights pathways for developing AI-based decision support systems to promote personalized,accessible,and telemedicine-enabled healthcare.
文摘In an era of globalization and increased global demand for herbal medicines, it is essential to ensure the quality and consistency of drugs. Changes in the quality of an herbal product over time should be detectable. The assessments of chemical quality and therapeutic efficacy of herbal drugs are necessary to establish their shelf-lives. Thus, stability testing is needed to establish standards for herbal products. Unani medicine has its own conceptual framework for studying health and disease. The mode of treatment includes Ilaj bit Tadbeer(regimental therapy), Ilaj bil Ghiza(dietotherapy), Ilaj bil Dawa(pharmacotherapy) and Ilaj bil Yad/Jarahat(surgery) as a final option. Ilaj bil Dawa is the most used mode of treatment.The drugs include either crude drugs prepared from plant, animal and mineral sources, called Mufrad(single) drugs or various formulations prepared from these crude drugs, called Murakkab(compound)drugs. To date, stability studies have been carried out on compound drugs, whereas only a few single drugs had had their stability tested. These studies are needed to understand how the quality of an herbal drug varies over the time when it is prepared and consumed. This may also help to standardize procedures for manufacturing compound formulations ab initio. The present study reviews the concept of Aamar-e-Advia(shelf-lives) described in the literature of the Unani system of medicine. Further, various factors that are considered important to assess the shelf-life of Unani drugs are discussed in the context of contemporary protocols for shelf-life assessment.
文摘Hypothyroidism(Qillat-e-Ifraz-e-Darqiyya) is a condition where the thyroid gland is underactive and unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. The description of hypothyroidism as a disease is not directly found in Unani texts. However, the signs and symptom of hypothyroidism resemble the clinical manifestation associated with Su-e-Mizaj Barid Maddi(derangement in cold temperament), such as plethora(Imtila), excessive salivation(Kasrat-e-Luabe-e-Dahan), tiredness(Aa'yan), loss of appetite(Zoaf-e-Ishteha), excessive sleeping(Kasrat-e-Naum) and cold skin(Baroodat-e-Jildia). These signs and symptoms are the result of an excess in abnormal phlegm(Ghair Tabayi Balgham) in the body. This review article identifies the observations from Unani literature that describe derangement in cold temperament and relate them to the clinical presentation of primary hypothyroidism in conventional medicine. We also discuss management of these symptoms in Unani medicine.
文摘Objective:Conventional treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)like 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and invasive surgery are associated with some obvious side effects.Conversely,evidence,though limited,has shown that alternative medicines are safer and have potential to improve the lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)and quality of life in addition to improving sexual dysfunction in patients with BPH.The current article aimed to include an overview of BPH,different ways of its management,and particularly its appreciation in Greco-Arab(Unani)system of medicine,one of the alternative medicinal systems.Methods:PubMed,Scopus,ScienceDirect,Web of Sciences,Google Scholar databases and classical texts of Greco-Arab medicine were searched for data collection.Results:In Unani system of medicine,BPH,traced under the headings of Waram unuq al-mathana(bladder neck swelling)and Insidad majra-i-mathana(bladder outlet obstruction),has been managed for centuries with herbal medicines yet demanding a comprehensive scientific validation.Among the herbs,Cucurbita pepo,Tribulus terrestris,Urtica dioica,and Linum usitatissimum are worth mentioning.Conclusion:For achieving the goal of LUTS-free ageing men,and safer and cost-effective future management of BPH,Unani herbal medicine could hopefully prove beneficial.
文摘Vitiligo is not only a cosmetic problem,but also a social and psychological problem with the prevalence rate between 1–2%and being highest in India.As far as etiopathogenesis of the disease is concerned,out of various theories put forward,some accepted hypothesis is the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes,melanocytes adhesion,neurogenic damage,auto-toxicity.Disease is mainly classified in two forms i.e.segmental vitiligo and non-segmental vitiligo.Treatment of this disease is usually cumbersome and time taking,causing significant impact on quality of life.Moreover,modern treatment is only suppressive but not curative.Medicinal plants are the base of many traditional medicine systems throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide new remedies to mankind.If used appropriately,they are comparatively more effective,less toxic and easily available at affordable prices.Detailed management consisting of single herbs and compound formulations along with other regimes has been mentioned to treat this disease in the classical Unani literature which is safe and effective.Aim of this paper was to delineate the vitiligo disease and search for evidence in the management of the disease through Unani and herbal medicines.
文摘A male named Anwer Jamal, age 45 years, married, visited Clinic Rafaheaam Dawakhana Ajmali on March 29, 2013, with history of glomerulonephritis, inherited renal diseases, hypertension and previously hooked on voltaren 50 (Diclofenic Sodium, 50 mg) and was not on dialysis. Different diagnostic parameters showed the patient was suffering from acute renal failure according to the RIFLE criteria. AKI is life threatening when kidneys suddenly is unable to filter waste products from blood. The patient was treated and managed with herbal medicines according to Unani system of medicine. Reversal of the parameter such as serum creatinine from 7.90 mg/dl (6.58 fold high) to 0.81mg/dl within two weeks clearly shows the remarkable recovery in a short period of time. During this period the other related parameters e.g. blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum albumin, albuminuria, blood pressure were also normalized whereas clinical sign and symptom exhibited improvement.
文摘Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicine,where drugs of animal,mineral and herbal origin are used for centuries to cure diseases.Unani remedies are now available not only in drug stores,but also in food stores and super markets.Therefore the efficacy and safety of these drugs is very crucial.One of the most serious risks associated with these remedies is,consumer assumes that they are natural,so they are safe.But biological contamination(bacterial,fungal and insect)of herbal medicines is a serious concern.The Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the fungal species that occur naturally,release aflatoxins and is a threat to the natural drugs.The World Health Organization has recommended determination of aflatoxins in natural drugs(Unani)as one of the parameter of their safety studies as Aflatoxin contamination is concerned significantly with health and economic loss affecting humans,animals,and agriculture.Aflatoxin B1 is categorized as a group 1 carcinogen by The International Agency for Research on Cancer that causes a variety of health issues.Thus keeping in mind the deleterious health effects of aflatoxins,here,in this review we have made an attempt to summarize the aflatoxins with respect to their origin,occurrence,structure and properties to generate the awareness among the people dealing mainly with Unani herbal drugs.Besides these their toxicity and effects on health have also been discussed.The analytical methods for their determination and some measures to prevent their contamination are also suggested to improve the efficacy and safety of Unani herbal drugs.
文摘Qūba(dermatophytoses)is a clinical condition caused by fungal infection of skin in humans.The fungi that cause dermatophytoses feed on keratin,the material found in the outer layer of skin,hair and nails.Many effective synthetic antifungal drugs have been discovered for the treatment of dermatomycoses but their use has remained limited due to various side effects on human systems.Herbal remedies are being used for its treatment.Unani medicines are also being promoted as dermatophytoses treatment.Detailed management consisting of single herbs and compound formulations along with other regimes has been mentioned to treat this disease in the classical Unani literature,which is safe and effective.The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for this notion and to discuss different aspects of Qūba(dermatophytoses).Extensive literature searches were carried out to identify drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Qūba(dermatophytoses).In this review paper author has tried to present few Unani medicines prevalently used for treatment of dermatophytoses.
文摘Eczema(Nār Fārsī)is characterized by itching,lichenification,scaling,oedema and erythema.Corticosteroids are the mainstay of current management of this disease in modern medicine,which is also limited due to its side effects.Many herbal remedies are being used for its treatment.Most of the herbal remedies are considered to be very useful and have fewer side effects.Unani medicines are also being promoted as eczema treatment.Detailed management of the disease is mentioned by Unani scholars in their classical literature.These include number of single herbs and compound herbal formulations as well as dieto-therapy and other regimes.The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for this notion and to discuss different aspects of Nār Fārsī.Extensive literature searches were carried out to identify drugs reported to be effective in the treatment of Nār Fārsī.In this review paper author has tried to present few herbal/Unani medicines prevalently used for the treatment of eczema.
文摘Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection.Hepatitis B(Serum Hepatitis)is an acute systemic infection.It is transmitted by parenteral route having a long incubation period six weak to six months.Hepatitis B virus can form a dangerous alliance with Delta virus.Hepatitis B virus was discovered by Blumberg.It is a complex,42 nm,double stranded DNA virus,originally known as Dane-Particle.Hepatitis B is a blood borne infection.It is transmitted by infected blood products.Here in this paper an attempt is made to review the Unani concept,causes,sign and symptoms,management and treatment of hepatitis B virus.Some successful case studies of the hepatitis B management through unani formulations and particular regimen have been incorporated to showcase the efficacy of the unani system of medicine in this chronic disease.
基金funded by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine(CCRUM),New Delhi,Ministry of Ayush,Government of India。
文摘Background:Mixed Anxiety Depressive Disorder(MADD)is a prevalent mental health condition affecting overall well-being.Unani medicine offers therapeutic interventions,including Majoon Najah,a polyherbal Unani phar-macopoeial formulation with potential anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.Majoon Najah contains several medicinal plants known for their neuroprotective and mood-stabilizing effects,including Terminalia chebula Retz.(Post-e-Halela Kabli),Terminalia bellerica Roxb.(Post-e-Balela),Emblica officinalis Gaertn.(Aamla),and Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.(Aftimoon)etc.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Majoon Najah in patients diagnosed with MADD.Methods:A prospective,open-label,single-arm,before-after study was conducted at Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine,Chennai,India.A total of 76 patients aged 18-60 years with MADD were enrolled.The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee on 18 July 2019 and registered with Clinical Trial Registry-India(CTRI)on 2 February 2020.Participants received polyherbal Unani formulation 5gm orally twice daily with water for 6 weeks.Efficacy was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale(HAM-A)and Hamilton Depres-sion Rating Scale(HAM-D)at baseline and follow-ups.Safety was evaluated through laboratory investigations.Statistical analysis used repeated-measures ANOVA(P<0.05).Results:The results revealed that significant reductions were observed in HAM-A(27.43±8.16 to 6.92±4.26)and HAM-D scores(20.53±5.40 to 5.52±3.38)(P<0.05).No significant biochemical or haematological changes were noted(P>0.05).Treatment response analysis showed 19.73%of participants achieved complete relief,55.26%showed significant relief,and 25%showed partial relief.Conclusion:This finding inferred that polyherbal Unani formulation,Majoon Najah is a safe and effective interven-tion for reducing anxiety and depression symptoms without adverse effects,supporting its safe therapeutic use in Unani medicine for managing MADD.The study was subsequently registered with the Clinical trial Registry-India(CTRI)with CTRI number CTRI/2020/02/023429.
文摘Background Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)ranks among the most prevalent nutritional disorders,particularly affecting adolescents and women of reproductive age.An estimated 2 billion individuals worldwide suffer from iron deficiency.Globally,iron deficiency is responsible for around 50%of all anemia cases and contributes to approximately 841,000 deaths each year.Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of Unani formulation for treating IDA in reproductive age group women.Methods This clinical trial was a single-blind,randomized,standard-controlled study involving 30 women aged 18 to 45 years,all of whom completed the trial.Participants were randomized between two groups of 15 each using block randomization,receiving either 20 mL Sharbat Anar Shireen(juice of Punica granatum Linn.)(test group)or elemental iron 100 mg(control group)once daily after food with water for 30 days.The primary outcomes were evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale,Grading of Pallor,and the Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire,assessed at baseline and at fortnightly follow-ups.The secondary outcome included changes in haemoglobin percentage,measured before and after treatment.An additional follow-up was conducted one-month post-treatment to assess sustained effects.Safety assessments were evaluated through routine clinical evaluations and monitoring of adverse effects.Results This study demonstrated the significant effect of Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum),a Unani formulation in improving both subjective and objective parameters.After one month of treatment,both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements(P<0.001)in the Fatigue Severity Scale,Pallor Grading,and Exercise Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire at every assessment point.Intergroup analysis exhibited no significant differences(P>0.05),except for enhanced exercise capacity and reduced fatigue,which showed a statistically significant improvement in the test group compared to the control group(P<0.05).Objective parameters,including haemoglobin percentage,significantly improved in both groups after treatment(P<0.001)with intergroup analysis revealed a statistically significant difference(P<0.005).Conclusion This RCT demonstrated that Sharbat Anar Shireen(P.granatum)is a safe and effective intervention for iron deficiency anemia.Both groups exhibited significant improvements(P<0.001),with the test group exhibiting greater efficacy in reducing fatigue and improving haemoglobin levels(P<0.005).Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
文摘Background:The genus Quercus comprises over 900 species distributed across temperate and subtropical zones,many of which hold a multitude of ecological,agricultural,industrial,and medicinal significance.Among them,Quercus incana Roxb.,commonly referred to as Baloot in Unani medicine,is notable for its therapeutic applica-tions.Traditionally,its bark and acorns have been employed for their astringent,haemostatic,and tonic effects.Objective:This review aims to consolidate classical Unani perspectives with contemporary phytochemical and pharmacological evidence on Q.incana,and to highlight its medicinal potential as well as avenues for future research.Methods:Data were compiled through the examination of classical Unani texts and a systematic search using"Quercus incana""Quercus incana Roxb.""Baloot""Quercus AND phytochemistry""Quercus AND pharmacology""Quercus AND Unani""oak AND tannins""quercetin AND Quercus""ellagic acid AND Quercus"as keywords in the electronic databases of PubMed,Scopus,ScienceDirect,and Google Scholar,covering literature published from the year of 2000 to 2025,The inclusion criteria encompassed ethnobotanical,phytochemical,and pharmacolog-ical studies on Quercus species,with a specific focus on Q.incana.Results:Q.incana contains a wide spectrum of bioactive compounds,including tannins,flavonoids,phenolic acids,and triterpenoids.Other species of the Quercus genus have also been reported to produce constituents such as𝛽-sitosterol,friedelin,quercetin,palmitic acid,terpenoids,coumarins,lignoceric acid,leucoanthocyanidins,and reducing sugars.These phytochemicals are associated with diverse biological activities,e.g.,antimicrobial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and wound-healing effects.Evidence from ethnobotanical surveys and pharmaco-logical studies supports the traditional application of Baloot in the treatment of gastrointestinal,dermatological,and haemostatic disorders.Conclusion:Q.incana represents an important medicinal resource in Unani medicine with promising pharmaco-logical activities.While existing data provide preliminary validation of its ethnomedicinal claims,further studies involving standardization of its active ingredients,bioassay-guided isolation,and clinical trials are necessary to establish its therapeutic value and facilitate its integration into evidence-based medicine.
基金support by Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh,India。
文摘Background:Shara,commonly known as Urticaria,is a common skin dermatological disorder characterized by the sudden onset of erythematous itchy wheals.It affects approximately 20%of the population at some point in their lives.It can significantly impair the quality of life of chronic sufferers due to the lack of a permanent cure.Objective:Given the historical efficacy of Unani traditional medicine in addressing chronic diseases,this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Unani pharmacopoeial preparation in managing urticaria by conducting a standard controlled clinical trial.Methods:A Randomized single blinded Controlled Clinical trial was carried out on 60 diagnosed patients of Shara at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital,AMU,Aligarh,India between 2022 and 2023.Patients were allocated into two groups through computer generated randomisation.Patients in standard group were given levocetirizine 5 mg daily while patients of test group were subjected to Nuqu-e-Unnab(c onsisting of Zizyphus jujuba,Prunus domestica,Coriandrum sativum,Fumaria officinalis)7 g with Sikanjabeen-e-sada(made from honey and vinegar)18 mL BD for six weeks.Patients were assessed on day 0,day 14 day,day 28 and day 42.Blood samples were taken before and after the treatment.Urticaria Activity Severity Index(UAS7),dermatology life quality index(DLQI)scores along with common clinical features were assessed to obtain the clinical efficacy of the test drug.After completion of the trial,comparison was made between pre-and post-treatment values and symptoms.Result:Thirty patients in each group were analysed.A significant reduction was seen in UAS7 Score in both the standard and test groups from 22.97±1.25 to 10.13±1.15(P<0.001,55.9%)and 24.9±1.25 to 11.33±1.49(P<0.001,54.5%)respectively.Whereas,DLQI score was also reduced from 16.97±0.98 to 8±0.85 and 16.13±0.92 to 7.9±1.09 respectively.Patients in standard group exhibited headache(4 patients),sedation(6 patients)and drowsiness(12 patients)whereas in test group,patients complained of headache(2 patients),throat irritation(4 patients)and burning stomach(4 patients).Conclusion:The test drug appeared to be as effective as levocetirizine and was found safer than levocetirizine as the incidence of adverse effects was seen higher with levocetirizine as compared to the test drug.The study protocol was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee(IEC),Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College,Aligarh Muslim Uni-versity,Aligarh at its meeting on April 02,2022(registration number 776/FUM dated 23/04/2022).The trial was started after registration on clinical trial registry-India(CTRI)with registration number CTRI/2022/10/046562.
文摘Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compound formulations to address a variety of health conditions.Objective This review aims to highlight the therapeutic applications of chobchini and provide a comprehensive analysis of its pharmacological activities.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and SCOPUS,with search terms including“chobchini”,“Smilax china”,“phytochemical studies”,and“pharmacological studies”.Traditional perspectives were obtained from classical Unani texts,including Risala-i-Chobchini,Muheet Azam,Qarabadeen Ahsani,and Khazainul Advia.Ethnobotanical references were consulted from Indian Materia Medica and Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,alongside Urdu and English research reports and original articles on Smilax china.Results The plant is recognized for its blood-purifying properties and effectiveness in treating phlegmatic and melancholic disorders.Pharmacological studies indicate its antimicrobial,antidiabetic,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-inflammatory activities,among others.Conclusion Despite its versatility and significance in the Unani system of medicine,current scientific studies are inadequate to fully validate chobchini's pharmacological potential.Further research focusing on Unani mechanisms of action is necessary to substantiate its therapeutic claims with robust scientific evidence.
文摘Background and objectives:Acne vulgaris stands as the prevailing dermatological condition on a global scale,prompting exploration into diverse therapeutic modalities.Hence,this study aimed to assess the efficacy of a formulation comprising Kalonji(Nigella sativa)and Sirka(vinegar)in comparison to benzoyl peroxide 5%for the treatment of acne vulgaris.Methods:In this open-label randomized controlled trial,40 participants with acne in the age bracket of 13–40 years completed the 28-day treatment period.The Unani group received a Nigella sativa seed powder and cane vinegar,while the control group received benzoyl peroxide 5%gel.Both interventions were applied topically at night.Primary outcomes encompassed changes in the Global Acne Grading System(GAGS)and Cook’s Acne Grading Scale using PSAG scores.The secondary outcome was the change in Quality of Life assessed through the Cardiff Acne Disability Index(CADI).Safety evaluations included baseline and post-treatment measurements of hemograms,serum creatinine,serum bilirubin,and random blood sugar levels.Results:The GAGS scores showed a mean difference of−2.600(95%CI:−5.770-0.570,d=0.57,p=0.105),PSAG scores exhibited a mean difference of−0.600(95%CI:−1.793-0.593,d=0.49,p=0.315),and CADI scores displayed a mean difference of−1.500(95%CI:−3.470-0.470,d=0.32,p=0.132)at the trial conclusion.Conclusions:This trial suggests that the formulation may have therapeutic potential as an alternative acne treatment.Further studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are recommended.Clinical trial registration:The clinical trial was registered with Clinical Trial Registry–India under the registration number CTRI/2022/05/042368 on May 4,2022.
文摘Leg ulcers pose a significant burden on morbidity,healthcare costs,and quality of life,despite rarely resulting in limb loss.This underscores the necessity for safe and effective alternative treatments.Unani medicine offers various therapeutic options for managing ulcers.This case report details the successful treatment of a non-healing venous ulcer using Unani regimens in a 40-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus and paralytic polio.The patient sought care at the Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine,Silchar,Assam,India,for a chronic ulcer in the gaiter region of his right leg,which was associated with mild pain,itching,and hyperpigmentation but notably lacked any signs of varicose veins.Over the years,the patient had undergone various treatments,including topical care and antibiotics;however,frustration with persistent non-healing led him to explore alternative interventions.The Unani treatment included medicinal leech therapy,followed by the application of a grated unripe papaya bandage for 14 days.By the end of this period,the ulcer had completely healed,allowing the discontinuation of the dressing.By the 21st day,symptom resolution was observed,with complete relief from pain and itching and normalization of hyperpigmentation in the surrounding area.This case highlights the potential of Unani therapeutic approaches in effectively managing non-healing venous ulcers.
