Potassium Manganese Nickel Sulphate Hexahydrate (KMNSH) crystals have been successfully grown by using traditional slow evaporation method. The empirical formula of KMNNSH is K2Mn0.1Ni0.9 (SO4)2?6H2O with formula weig...Potassium Manganese Nickel Sulphate Hexahydrate (KMNSH) crystals have been successfully grown by using traditional slow evaporation method. The empirical formula of KMNNSH is K2Mn0.1Ni0.9 (SO4)2?6H2O with formula weight 430.7698. KMNNSH crystal revealed monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, a = 6.12(4) ?, b = 12.19(9) ?, c = 8.96(7) ?, α = γ = 90?, β = 105.3(2), V = 645(1)?3, Z = 2, Dc = 2.2281 g/cm3 with deep green color. IR confirms that there is strong interaction between free water molecules. The thermal analysis indicates that the water molecules are present in the KMNNSH crystals. The transmission spectrometry of KMNNSH in the range from UV to near IR wavelengths is reported. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy also have been studied and discussed.展开更多
Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes harm to the eye and skin in human. There are many ways to protect one from UVR. Umbrella is widely used due to its convenience as well as its ability to protect one from ...Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes harm to the eye and skin in human. There are many ways to protect one from UVR. Umbrella is widely used due to its convenience as well as its ability to protect one from rain. However, there are limited numbers of studies on UVR protection of different types of umbrellas. Objective of study: To determine UVR protection efficacy of different umbrella designs. Methods: The experimental study was performed on five sunny days. Six manikins were placed in an open area, five of which were equipped with five different types of black canopy umbrellas. One manikin was placed without an umbrella as a control sample. Polysulfone film badges were attached in six different areas in each manikin for measuring the UVR from 10 am - 3 pm Results: All types of umbrellas provides 64.5% - 92.3% UVR photo protection efficacy. An umbrella with UV-filter coating on the inner surface provides maximum UVR photo protection efficacy. However, UVR proto protection efficacies of an umbrella with UV-filter coating on the inner surface and one with UV-filter coating on the outer surface and one without UV-filter coating are not statistically significant (p-value = 0.37). Umbrellas with a diameter of 122 cm and 152 cm provide comparable UVR photo protection efficacy while an umbrella with a diameter of 112 cm provides the least UVR photo protection efficacy. However, UVR photo protection efficacies of umbrellas with different diameter are not statistically significant (p-value = 0.36). The area of the body that received the most UVR photo protection is the forehead which is statistically significant when compared with other areas of the body (p-value < 0.001). The areas of the body that received the least UVR photo protection are the left ear and the back of the neck, which are statistically significant when compared with other areas of the body (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: All types of umbrellas provide UVR photo protection efficacy. The study shows that umbrellas with different canvas material including both the UV-filter coating and different diameter of umbrellas could effectively protect the user from UVR without significant group difference in this study.展开更多
Benzophenone ultraviolet light filters(BPs)are high-production-volume chemicals extensively used in personal care products,leading to widespread human exposure.Given their estrogenic properties,the potential health ri...Benzophenone ultraviolet light filters(BPs)are high-production-volume chemicals extensively used in personal care products,leading to widespread human exposure.Given their estrogenic properties,the potential health risks associated with exposure to BPs have become a public health concern.This review aims to summarize sources and pathways of exposure to BPs and associated health risks.Dermal exposure,primarily through the use of sunscreens,constitutes a major pathway for BP exposure.At a recommended application rate,dermal exposure of BP-3 via the application of sunscreens may reach or exceed the suggested reference dose.Other exposure pathways to BPs,such as drinking water,seafood,and packaged foods,contribute minimal to the overall dose.Inhalation is a minor pathway of exposure;however,its contribution cannot be ignored.Human exposure to BPs is an order of magnitude higher in North America than in Asia and Europe.Studies conducted on laboratory animals and cells have consistently demonstrated the toxic effects of BP exposure.BPs are estrogenic and elicit reproductive and developmental toxicities.Furthermore,neurotoxicity,hepatotoxicity,nephrotoxicity,and carcinogenicity have been reported from chronic BP exposure.In addition to animal and cell studies,epidemiological investigations have identified associations between BPs and couples'fecundity and other reproductive disorders,as well as adverse birth outcomes.Further studies are urgently needed to understand the risks posed by BPs on human health.展开更多
文摘Potassium Manganese Nickel Sulphate Hexahydrate (KMNSH) crystals have been successfully grown by using traditional slow evaporation method. The empirical formula of KMNNSH is K2Mn0.1Ni0.9 (SO4)2?6H2O with formula weight 430.7698. KMNNSH crystal revealed monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, a = 6.12(4) ?, b = 12.19(9) ?, c = 8.96(7) ?, α = γ = 90?, β = 105.3(2), V = 645(1)?3, Z = 2, Dc = 2.2281 g/cm3 with deep green color. IR confirms that there is strong interaction between free water molecules. The thermal analysis indicates that the water molecules are present in the KMNNSH crystals. The transmission spectrometry of KMNNSH in the range from UV to near IR wavelengths is reported. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy also have been studied and discussed.
文摘Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes harm to the eye and skin in human. There are many ways to protect one from UVR. Umbrella is widely used due to its convenience as well as its ability to protect one from rain. However, there are limited numbers of studies on UVR protection of different types of umbrellas. Objective of study: To determine UVR protection efficacy of different umbrella designs. Methods: The experimental study was performed on five sunny days. Six manikins were placed in an open area, five of which were equipped with five different types of black canopy umbrellas. One manikin was placed without an umbrella as a control sample. Polysulfone film badges were attached in six different areas in each manikin for measuring the UVR from 10 am - 3 pm Results: All types of umbrellas provides 64.5% - 92.3% UVR photo protection efficacy. An umbrella with UV-filter coating on the inner surface provides maximum UVR photo protection efficacy. However, UVR proto protection efficacies of an umbrella with UV-filter coating on the inner surface and one with UV-filter coating on the outer surface and one without UV-filter coating are not statistically significant (p-value = 0.37). Umbrellas with a diameter of 122 cm and 152 cm provide comparable UVR photo protection efficacy while an umbrella with a diameter of 112 cm provides the least UVR photo protection efficacy. However, UVR photo protection efficacies of umbrellas with different diameter are not statistically significant (p-value = 0.36). The area of the body that received the most UVR photo protection is the forehead which is statistically significant when compared with other areas of the body (p-value < 0.001). The areas of the body that received the least UVR photo protection are the left ear and the back of the neck, which are statistically significant when compared with other areas of the body (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: All types of umbrellas provide UVR photo protection efficacy. The study shows that umbrellas with different canvas material including both the UV-filter coating and different diameter of umbrellas could effectively protect the user from UVR without significant group difference in this study.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22022612,and No.21677184)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2020A0104006 and No.2021A1515010243)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiessupported,in part,by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences(NIEHS)under award number U2CES026542(KK).
文摘Benzophenone ultraviolet light filters(BPs)are high-production-volume chemicals extensively used in personal care products,leading to widespread human exposure.Given their estrogenic properties,the potential health risks associated with exposure to BPs have become a public health concern.This review aims to summarize sources and pathways of exposure to BPs and associated health risks.Dermal exposure,primarily through the use of sunscreens,constitutes a major pathway for BP exposure.At a recommended application rate,dermal exposure of BP-3 via the application of sunscreens may reach or exceed the suggested reference dose.Other exposure pathways to BPs,such as drinking water,seafood,and packaged foods,contribute minimal to the overall dose.Inhalation is a minor pathway of exposure;however,its contribution cannot be ignored.Human exposure to BPs is an order of magnitude higher in North America than in Asia and Europe.Studies conducted on laboratory animals and cells have consistently demonstrated the toxic effects of BP exposure.BPs are estrogenic and elicit reproductive and developmental toxicities.Furthermore,neurotoxicity,hepatotoxicity,nephrotoxicity,and carcinogenicity have been reported from chronic BP exposure.In addition to animal and cell studies,epidemiological investigations have identified associations between BPs and couples'fecundity and other reproductive disorders,as well as adverse birth outcomes.Further studies are urgently needed to understand the risks posed by BPs on human health.
