When an explosion occurs close to or partially within the face of a concrete structure, fragments are rapidly launched from the opposite face of the structure owing to concrete spalling, posing a significant risk to n...When an explosion occurs close to or partially within the face of a concrete structure, fragments are rapidly launched from the opposite face of the structure owing to concrete spalling, posing a significant risk to nearby personnel and equipment. To study the lead fragment velocity of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC), partially embedded explosion experiments were performed on UHPC slabs of limited thickness using a cylindrical trinitrotoluene charge. The launch angles and velocities of the resulting fragments were the determined using images collected by high-speed camera to document the concrete spalling and fragment launching process. The results showed that UHPC slabs without fiber reinforcement had a fragment velocity distribution of 0-118.3 m/s, which are largely identical to that for a normal-strength concrete(NSC) slab. In addition, the fragment velocity was negatively correlated to the angle between the velocity vector and vertical direction. An empirical Eq. for the lead spall velocity of UHPC and NSC slabs was then proposed based on a large volume of existing experimental data.展开更多
Objective:The absorbed prototypes and metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines in vivo are crucial for identifying their biological functions.However,comprehensive profiling of constituents in vivo is difficult ow...Objective:The absorbed prototypes and metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines in vivo are crucial for identifying their biological functions.However,comprehensive profiling of constituents in vivo is difficult owing to endogenous interference and low metabolite abundance.Therefore,a systematic strategy was proposed for screening and profiling exogenous components in biological matrices based on the mass differences between prototypes and the products of their metabolic reactions.Materials and Methods:Two hundred and forty-seven previously reported metabolic reactions were collected from the relevant literature on the Huangqi-Danshen(HD)herb pair,and a metabolic reaction-based mass difference database was created.The preprocessed data from experimental MS1based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry were automatically calculated mass differences by R programming and matched with the database to screen potential constituents.Finally,the components were annotated across the MS2data.Results:A total of 164 components were annotated in the plasma samples from the rats after oral administration of HD,of which 20 were confirmed using the reference standards.The major metabolic pathways include methylation,dehydration,cysteine S-binding,glucuronidation,sulfation,and multistep reactions.Conclusions:This study revealed the metabolic characteristics and biotransformation regulation of HD and laid the foundation for elucidating its therapeutic effects.The proposed approach provides advantageous resources for evaluating the metabolites in the complex systems.展开更多
An analytical method was established for the determination of 24 food safety risk factors(18 heterocyclic aromatic amines and six mycotoxins)in synthetic meat and synthetic protein samples,and four microcystins in mic...An analytical method was established for the determination of 24 food safety risk factors(18 heterocyclic aromatic amines and six mycotoxins)in synthetic meat and synthetic protein samples,and four microcystins in microalgae samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographyquadrupole/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS).The novel synthetic food was extracted using 50%methanol solution and purified with 3 mL of n-hexane saturated with 50%(volume fraction)methanol solution.For the microalgae samples,extraction was performed with 80%(volume fraction)acetonitrile solution and purified using a PRiME HLB solid-phase extraction column.An ACQUITY HSS T3 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)was used for analyte separation,with 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate containing 0.01%(volume fraction)formic acid and methanol selected as the mobile phase.Gradient elution was adopted.Data acquisition was conducted in both positive and negative modes in full-scan data-dependent secondary scan mode(full MS-ddMS2).Matrix-matched standards were employed for quantification in the external standard method.Additionally,mzVault and TraceFinder were used to establish a screening database for 28 food safety risk factors.The results showed that the relative deviation of the exact mass of 28 food safety risk factors was less than 5×10^(-6),with good linearity in the range of 1-100μg/kg,and a correlation coefficient(r^(2))of≥0.9978.The detection limit ranged from 0.5 to 4μg/kg,and the quantification limit ranged from 1 to 10μg/kg.The method recovery ranged from 70.0%to 119.6%with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.4%to 14.6%(n=6).The method is simple,sensitive,accurate,and suitable for rapid screening of 28 food safety risk factors in novel foods.展开更多
To effectively assess the extent of the mycotoxin contamination of grapes,a method was developed to analyze 22 mycotoxins by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolutio...To effectively assess the extent of the mycotoxin contamination of grapes,a method was developed to analyze 22 mycotoxins by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).Samples were extracted and purified using the QuEChERS(quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,and safe)procedure.The extracts were separated on a BEH Shield C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),using methanol and water with 0.1%formic acid solution and 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate as the mobile phases.The quantification was performed according to a matrix-matched external standard method.There was a good linear relationship within the respective mass concentration ranges of 22 mycotoxins;the correlation coefficients were not less than 0.9981.The limit of quantification was 0.3-10.0μg/kg.Mycotoxin recovery ranged from 68.6%to 109.0%,with a relative standard deviation of 1.28%-12.80%.The method is simple,rapid,highly sensitive,and accurate,making it useful for screening grapes for common and emerging mycotoxins.展开更多
The ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)and fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)are well-accepted high-performance materials in the field of civil engineering.The combination of these advanced materials could contribute to ...The ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)and fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)are well-accepted high-performance materials in the field of civil engineering.The combination of these advanced materials could contribute to improvement of structural performance and corrosion resistance.Unfortunately,only limited studies are available for shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with FRP bars,and few suggestions exist for prediction methods for shear capacity.This paper presents an experimental investigation on the shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with glass FRP(GFRP)and prestressed with external carbon FRP(CFRP)tendons.The failure mode of all specimens with various shear span to depth ratios from 1.7 to 4.5 was diagonal tension failure.The shear span to depth ratio had a significant influence on the shear capacity,and the effective prestressing stress affected the crack propagation.The experimental results were then applied to evaluate the equations given in different codes/recommendations for FRPreinforced concrete structures or UHPC structures.The comparison results indicate that NF P 18-710 and JSCE CES82 could appropriately estimate shear capacity of the slender specimens with a shear span to depth ratio of 4.5.Further,a new shear design equation was proposed to take into account the effect of the shear span to depth ratio and the steel fiber content on shear capacity.展开更多
Objective:The study objective was to determine phenolic components for the quality control(QC)of cultivated Sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)Makino(S.glabra).Materials and Methods:A sensitive,ultra-high-performance liquid chro...Objective:The study objective was to determine phenolic components for the quality control(QC)of cultivated Sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)Makino(S.glabra).Materials and Methods:A sensitive,ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of 12 phenolic components has been developed.Six caffeoylquinic acids,two caffeoylshikimic acids,and four flavanonol glucosides were selected for the comprehensive analysis of distribution in different parts(root,stem,and leaf).Results:Twelve phenolic components were linear in the concentration range of 0.005–5.0μg/mL(R^(2)>0.995).The relative standard deviation of intra-day and inter-day precision across three validation runs over the entire concentration range was<5%.The recovery determined was within 5%in terms of relative error.Our results showed that the 12 phenolic compounds were mainly distributed in leaves and stems far more than those in roots.Conclusions:This study provided an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer quantitative method of 12 phenolic components for the QC of cultivated S.glabra.It was found that the phenolic components were significantly accumulated in the aerial parts(stems and leaves)of cultivated S.glabra.展开更多
Split-cylinder fracture of fiber-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)was examined using two complementary techniques:X-ray computed tomography (CT)and acoustic emission (AE).Fifty-mm-diameter specimens of...Split-cylinder fracture of fiber-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)was examined using two complementary techniques:X-ray computed tomography (CT)and acoustic emission (AE).Fifty-mm-diameter specimens of two different fiber types were scanned both before and after load testing.From the CT images,fiber orientation was evaluated to establish optimum and pessimum specimen orientations,at which fibers would have maximum and minimum effect,respectively.As expected,fiber orientation affected both the peak load and the toughness of the specimen,with the optimum toughness being between 20% and 30%higher than the pessimum.Cumulative AE energy was also affected commensurately.Posttest CT scans of the specimens were used to measure internal damage. Damage was quantified in terms of internal energy dissipation due to both matrix cracking and fiber pullout by using calibration measurements for each.The results showed that fiber pullout was the dominant energy dissipation mechanism;however,the sum of the internal energy dissipation measured amounted to only 60% of the total energy dissipated by the specimens as measured by the net work of load.It is postulated that localized compaction of the UHPC matrix as well as internal friction between fractured fragments makes up the balance of internal energy dissipation.展开更多
Efficient seismic vulnerability and resilience assessment is essential for ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)bridges,given their distinctive mechanical and structural properties.However,existing single-parameter-ba...Efficient seismic vulnerability and resilience assessment is essential for ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)bridges,given their distinctive mechanical and structural properties.However,existing single-parameter-based probabilistic seismic demand(PSD)models overlook critical bridge‐specific characteristics and uncertainties.Besides,studies on seismic vulnerability and resilience assessment of UHPC bridges are scarce.Thus,this study proposes a hybrid machine learning(ML)-enabled multivariate bridge-specific seismic vulnerability and resilience assessment framework for UHPC bridges.Key design parameters and associated uncertainties are identified,and a Latin Hypercube Sampling(LHS)technique is employed to establish a representative UHPC bridge database,which is used to develop a hybrid ML model-based multivariate PSD model.A comparative analysis with the conventional PSD model,as well as widely used ML algorithms,demonstrated that the proposed PSD model achieves the highest predictive performance,characterized by the highest coefficient of determination and lowest prediction errors.Additionally,SHapley Additive exPlanation(SHAP)analysis is used to investigate the effect of different parameters on the PSD of UHPC bridges.The results of SHAP show the peak ground acceleration(PGA)as the most important factor,followed by bridge span and column diameter.The hybrid ML-enabled multi-variate bridge-specific fragility analysis results are used to investigate the functionality recovery and resilience of the bridge,which demonstrate the reduction in the residual functionality and overall bridge resilience with the increase in the ground motion intensity.展开更多
The design principles for conventional reinforced concrete structures have gradually transitioned to seismic-resistant design since the 1970s.However,until recently,the implementation of strength capacity and ductilit...The design principles for conventional reinforced concrete structures have gradually transitioned to seismic-resistant design since the 1970s.However,until recently,the implementation of strength capacity and ductility design has not been rigorously enforced inmany developing countries that are prone to seismic risks.Numerous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of joint behavior based on both ductile and non-ductile designs under cyclic loading.Previous research has demonstrated that enhancing joint regions with Ultra-High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete(UHPSFRC)significantly improves the seismic resistance of structural components.This paper presents a detailed analysis of the considerable improvements in energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation observed in both reinforced test samples compared to the control sample.Furthermore,assessing the effective performance of enhanced reinforced concrete joints is a critical parameter for evaluating the feasibility of this approach.The findings highlight the potential for UHPSFRC to enhance the resilience of concrete structures under seismic loads,providing a viable solution to improve the safety and durability of infrastructure in earthquake-prone regions.This study aims to inform future design methodologies and standards in seismic-resistant construction in developing nations,emphasizing the importance of adopting innovative materials to mitigate earthquake risks effectively.展开更多
In this study,we developed a novel on-line solid phase extraction(SPE)-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)-based analytical method for simultaneously quantifying 12 illic...In this study,we developed a novel on-line solid phase extraction(SPE)-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)-based analytical method for simultaneously quantifying 12 illicit drugs and metabolites(methamphetamine,amphetamine,morphine,codeine,6-monoacetylmorphine,benzoylecgonine,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine,cocaine,ketamine,norketamine,and methcathinone)and cotinine(COT)in wastewater samples.The analysis was performed by loading 2 m L of the sample onto an Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridge and using a cleanup step(5%methanol)to eliminate interference with a total run time of 13 min.The isotope-labeled internal standard method was used to quantify the target substances and correct for unavoidable losses and matrix effects during the on-line SPE process.Typical analytical characteristics used for method validation were sensitivity,linearity,precision,repeatability,recovery,and matrix effects.The limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)of each target were set at 0.20 ng/L and 0.50 ng/L,respectively.The linearity was between 0.5 ng/L and250 ng/L,except for that of COT.The intra-and inter-day precisions were<10.45%and 25.64%,respectively,and the relative recovery ranged from 83.74%to 162.26%.The method was used to analyze various wastewater samples from 33 cities in China,and the results were compared with the experimental results of identical samples analyzed using off-line SPE.The difference rate was between 19.91%and-20.44%,and the error range could be considered acceptable.These findings showed that on-line SPE is a suitable alternative to off-line SPE for the analysis of illicit drugs in samples.展开更多
Eco-friendly Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with green aqueous-organic mobile phase was applied for the simultaneous determination of febuxostat (FEB) and diclofenac (DIC) with the composition of...Eco-friendly Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with green aqueous-organic mobile phase was applied for the simultaneous determination of febuxostat (FEB) and diclofenac (DIC) with the composition of water:ethanol (85:15<span> </span>v/v) utilizing phenomenex Kinetex C<sub>18</sub> column (4.6 × 100 mm 2.6 μm), flow rate 1 ml/min and<b><span> </span></b>UV detection at 280 nm<b><span> </span></b>with linear ranges of 0.4 - 4.0 μg/mL and 0.5 - 5.0 μg/mL for FEB and DIC, respectively. The proposed method was also successfully applied to analyze the two drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form and human plasma. The results obtained were validated and statistically analyzed and found to be in accordance with those given by reported methods. Moreover, the greenness of the developed method is assessed using suitable analytical Eco-Scale and GAPI tools<b><span> </span></b>and comparison with the previously published methods have been carried out to indicate the priority of the proposed method. UHPLC is considered eco-friendly method regarding uses of safe solvents, simple, accurate and short time of analysis.展开更多
Bridge widening involves phased construction of adjacent structures to maintain uninterrupted traffic flow.This process exposes freshly placed longitudinal joints between staged deck constructions to vehicle-induced v...Bridge widening involves phased construction of adjacent structures to maintain uninterrupted traffic flow.This process exposes freshly placed longitudinal joints between staged deck constructions to vehicle-induced vibrations,potentially compromising their mechanical integrity.This study investigates the flexural behavior of ultra-highperformance concrete(UHPC)longitudinal joints under such vibrations through model tests.To simulate actual site conditions,we developed a novel vibration test setup that replicates the dynamic environment experienced by these joints during construction.Micro-and meso-scale tests were conducted to examine the flexural behavior of longitudinal joints following vibration exposure.Results revealed that vibration amplitude significantly influences fiber orientation and flexural strength of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)wet joint specimens.Low-amplitude vibrations(3 Hz at 1 mm and 3 mm)enhanced fiber orientation,increasing flexural strength by 11.5%to 19.8%and ultimate load capacity by 17%compared to non-vibrated specimens.Conversely,high-amplitude vibrations(3 Hz at 5 mm)adversely affected fiber orientation,decreasing flexural strength by 23.9%and ultimate load capacity by 19%relative to non-vibrated specimens.展开更多
Transverse confinement is important in enhancing the mechanical performance of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)columns under axial compressive loads.This research offers a detailed review of the axial compression...Transverse confinement is important in enhancing the mechanical performance of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)columns under axial compressive loads.This research offers a detailed review of the axial compression behaviour(ACB)of UHPC columns confined by transverse steel bars,steel tubes,and fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)sheets,respectively.The findings indicate that using a combination of transverse steel bars,steel tubes,and FRP sheets significantly boosts the bearing capacity and ductility of UHPC columns,leading to increased peak stress and enhanced peak strain in the confined concrete.The ACB of UHPC columns restrained by transverse steel bars is influenced by the strength and volumetric ratio of the stirrups;higher strength and greater stirrup volume result a lot in enhanced performance.Similarly,the strength and thickness of the steel tube are key factors in the ACB of UHPC confined by steel tubes,with performance improving proportionally to these attributes.For FRP sheet-confined UHPC,the mechanical properties,thickness,and winding configuration of the FRP sheets critically affect the ACB.Thicker sheets and increased winding layers correlate with better mechanical properties.The insights provided in this study offer valuable guidance for engineers considering the implementation of UHPC in construction projects,providing a reliable foundation for optimizing ACB through appropriate transverse confinement strategies.展开更多
Abscisic acid(ABA)is an important carotenoid-derived phytohormone that plays essential roles in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in various physiological and developmental processes.In Arabidop...Abscisic acid(ABA)is an important carotenoid-derived phytohormone that plays essential roles in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in various physiological and developmental processes.In Arabidopsis,ABA biosynthesis starts with the epoxidation of zeaxanthin by the ABA DEFICIENT 1(ABA1)enzyme,leading to epoxycarotenoids;e.g.,violaxanthin.The oxidative cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycaro-tenoids,a key regulatory step catalyzed by 9-C/S-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE,forms xanthoxin,which is converted in further rea.ctions mediated by ABA DEFICIENT 2(ABA2),ABA DEFICIENT 3(ABA3),and ABSCISIC ALDEHYDE OXIDASE 3(AAO3)into ABA.By combining genetic and biochemical approaches,we unravel here an ABA1-independent ABA biosynthetic pathway starting upstream of zeaxanthin.We iden-tified the carotenoid cleavage products(i.e.,apocarotenoids,β-apo-11-carotenal,9-cis-β-apo-11-carotenal,3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal,and 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal)as intermediates of this ABA1-independent ABA biosynthetic pathway.Using labeled compounds,we showed thatβ-apo-11-carotenal,9-cis-β-apo-11-carotenal,and 3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal are successively converted into 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal,xanthoxin,and finally into ABA in both Arabidopsis and rice.When applied to Arabidopsis,theseβ-apo-11-carotenoids exert ABA biological functions,such as maintaining seed dormancy and inducing the expression of ABA-responsive genes.Moreover,the transcdptomic analysis revealed a high overlap of differentially expressed genes regulated byβ-apo-11-carotenoids and ABA,suggesting thatβ-apo-11-carot-enoids exert ABA-independent regulatory activities.Taken together,our study identifies a biological function for the common plant metabolites,β-apo-11-carotenoids,extends our knowledge about ABA biosynthesis,and provides new insights into plant apocarotenoid metabolic networks.展开更多
This research investigated a pavement system on steel bridge decks that use epoxy resin(EP)bonded ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC).Through FEM analysis and static and dynamic bending fatigue tests of the composit...This research investigated a pavement system on steel bridge decks that use epoxy resin(EP)bonded ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC).Through FEM analysis and static and dynamic bending fatigue tests of the composite structure,the influences of the interface of the pavement layer,reinforcement,and different paving materials on the structural performance were compared and analyzed.The results show that the resin bonded UHPC pavement structure can reduce the weld strain in the steel plate by about 32%and the relative deflection between ribs by about 52%under standard axial load conditions compared to traditional pavements.The EP bonding layer can nearly double the drawing strength of the pavement interface from 1.3 MPa,and improve the bending resistance of the UHPC structure on steel bridge decks by about 50%;the bending resistance of reinforced UHPC structures is twice that of unreinforced UHPC structure,and the dynamic deflection of the UHPC pavement structure increases exponentially with increasing fatigue load.The fatigue life is about 1.2×10^(7) cycles under a fixed force of 9 kN and a dynamic deflection of 0.35 mm,which meets the requirements for fatigue performance of pavements on steel bridge decks under traffic conditions of large flow and heavy load.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to explore safflower injection(SI)for constituents with activity against ischemic stroke using a combination of chemical analysis and a network pharmacology strategy.Materials and Methods:Th...Objective:This study aimed to explore safflower injection(SI)for constituents with activity against ischemic stroke using a combination of chemical analysis and a network pharmacology strategy.Materials and Methods:The main ingredients of SI were comprehensively identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry,and the core targets and pathways associated with stroke were predicted using PharmMapper and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis.Cytoscape software was used to visualize and analyze the active compound-target-pathway network of SI regulating ischemic stroke.Results:A total of76 chemical compounds were identified from the SI sample,including 63,which regulated 88 targets that were ultimately enriched in 12 key ischemia stroke-related signaling pathways.Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,carthamoside B6,neoeriocitrin,and6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-rutinoside-6-O-glucoside were determined to be important for stroke treatment because they had a higher degree value in the network than other constituents did.Moreover,the characteristic components isolated from SI showed protective effect mainly by acting on multiple targets including AKT1,epidermal growth factor receptor,transforming growth factor-beta receptor(TGFBR),Ras homolog,mTORC1 binding,caspase 3,and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,which were involved in different signaling pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt,mitogen-activated protein kinase,neurotrophin,ErbB,mechanistic target of rapamycin,and tumor necrosis factor.Conclusions:This study proposed a network pharmacology and chemical component profiling strategy for the systematic understanding of the therapeutic material basis of using SI against ischemic stroke.展开更多
Objective:To simultaneously investigate the pharmacokinetics of gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin,which are constituents of Gentianella acuta,by developing and validating a simple,sensitive,and fast ultra-hig...Objective:To simultaneously investigate the pharmacokinetics of gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin,which are constituents of Gentianella acuta,by developing and validating a simple,sensitive,and fast ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method.Materials and Methods:Blood samples were collected from the forward limb veins of six beagle dogs following oral gavage with G.acuta,the whole plant extract(39.90 mg/kg).Plasma samples were processed using liquid–liquid extraction.The analytes and paeoniflorin(internal standard[IS])were separated using an Acquity?UPLC ethylene bridged hybrid amide column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)with isocratic elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1%formic acid in water(80:20,v/v)at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min.Quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring of the fragmentation transitions at m/z 401.1→179.0,403.1→195.0,419.1→179.0,and 525.2→449.1 for gentiopicroside,sweroside,swertiamarin,and the IS,respectively.Results:The linearity of the analytical response was good and the calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 1.20–192.0,0.40–159.0,and 0.20–209.3 ng/mL for gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin,respectively.The extraction recovery was in the range of 84.72%–91.34%,84.58%–93.43%,and 82.75%–91.37%for gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin,respectively.Conclusions:The method was successfully used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin in beagle dogs.展开更多
Chinese dwarf cherry(Ouli)is a native shrub in northwest China with high ecological value,but the nutritive potential remains to be explored.In this study,the total content of polyphenols,flavonoids,proanthocyanidins,...Chinese dwarf cherry(Ouli)is a native shrub in northwest China with high ecological value,but the nutritive potential remains to be explored.In this study,the total content of polyphenols,flavonoids,proanthocyanidins,and anthocyanins of Ouli from 30 germplasms were measured,and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by FRAP and ABTS assays.The polyphenol profile was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.Grey relational analysis and partial least squares were utilized to build chemometrics models for selecting antioxidant compounds.The contents of total flavonoids,proanthocyanidins,phenols and total anthocyanidins of 30 germplasms of Ouli were 119.92-668.76 mg/100 g fresh weight(FW),90.81-555.44 mg/100 g FW,148.42-390.43 mg/100 g FW,0.02-17.26 mg/100 g FW,respectively.A total of 61 compounds were identified,including 40 flavonoids(26 flavonols,4 anthocyanins,6 dihydroflavonols,2 dihydrochalcones,and 2 flavones),12 proanthocyanidins,6 phenolic acids,and 3 types of other class compounds(one stilbene and two phenols).The proanthocyanidin compounds in Ouli contributes most to the total antioxidant capacity with the antioxidant rank that procyanidin trimer>tetramer>dimer≈monomer.Catechin and procyanidin B1 were the most abundant compounds and were 18.45-162.50μg/g FW and 30.52-149.42μg/g FW,respectively.Shanxi(SX)2 and SX10 could be considered as potential germplasms,and proanthocyanidins could be chosen as a characteristic nutrient evaluation index of Ouli.This study not only takes a key step to lay the groundwork for further research of Ouli but also provides a reference for the discovery of the functional ingredients of other foods.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.51978166]。
文摘When an explosion occurs close to or partially within the face of a concrete structure, fragments are rapidly launched from the opposite face of the structure owing to concrete spalling, posing a significant risk to nearby personnel and equipment. To study the lead fragment velocity of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC), partially embedded explosion experiments were performed on UHPC slabs of limited thickness using a cylindrical trinitrotoluene charge. The launch angles and velocities of the resulting fragments were the determined using images collected by high-speed camera to document the concrete spalling and fragment launching process. The results showed that UHPC slabs without fiber reinforcement had a fragment velocity distribution of 0-118.3 m/s, which are largely identical to that for a normal-strength concrete(NSC) slab. In addition, the fragment velocity was negatively correlated to the angle between the velocity vector and vertical direction. An empirical Eq. for the lead spall velocity of UHPC and NSC slabs was then proposed based on a large volume of existing experimental data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82173963)。
文摘Objective:The absorbed prototypes and metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines in vivo are crucial for identifying their biological functions.However,comprehensive profiling of constituents in vivo is difficult owing to endogenous interference and low metabolite abundance.Therefore,a systematic strategy was proposed for screening and profiling exogenous components in biological matrices based on the mass differences between prototypes and the products of their metabolic reactions.Materials and Methods:Two hundred and forty-seven previously reported metabolic reactions were collected from the relevant literature on the Huangqi-Danshen(HD)herb pair,and a metabolic reaction-based mass difference database was created.The preprocessed data from experimental MS1based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry were automatically calculated mass differences by R programming and matched with the database to screen potential constituents.Finally,the components were annotated across the MS2data.Results:A total of 164 components were annotated in the plasma samples from the rats after oral administration of HD,of which 20 were confirmed using the reference standards.The major metabolic pathways include methylation,dehydration,cysteine S-binding,glucuronidation,sulfation,and multistep reactions.Conclusions:This study revealed the metabolic characteristics and biotransformation regulation of HD and laid the foundation for elucidating its therapeutic effects.The proposed approach provides advantageous resources for evaluating the metabolites in the complex systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program for Young Scientists of China(No.2022YFF1102900).
文摘An analytical method was established for the determination of 24 food safety risk factors(18 heterocyclic aromatic amines and six mycotoxins)in synthetic meat and synthetic protein samples,and four microcystins in microalgae samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographyquadrupole/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS).The novel synthetic food was extracted using 50%methanol solution and purified with 3 mL of n-hexane saturated with 50%(volume fraction)methanol solution.For the microalgae samples,extraction was performed with 80%(volume fraction)acetonitrile solution and purified using a PRiME HLB solid-phase extraction column.An ACQUITY HSS T3 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)was used for analyte separation,with 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate containing 0.01%(volume fraction)formic acid and methanol selected as the mobile phase.Gradient elution was adopted.Data acquisition was conducted in both positive and negative modes in full-scan data-dependent secondary scan mode(full MS-ddMS2).Matrix-matched standards were employed for quantification in the external standard method.Additionally,mzVault and TraceFinder were used to establish a screening database for 28 food safety risk factors.The results showed that the relative deviation of the exact mass of 28 food safety risk factors was less than 5×10^(-6),with good linearity in the range of 1-100μg/kg,and a correlation coefficient(r^(2))of≥0.9978.The detection limit ranged from 0.5 to 4μg/kg,and the quantification limit ranged from 1 to 10μg/kg.The method recovery ranged from 70.0%to 119.6%with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.4%to 14.6%(n=6).The method is simple,sensitive,accurate,and suitable for rapid screening of 28 food safety risk factors in novel foods.
基金supported by Science and Technology Program of the State Administration for Market Regulation of China (2020MK014).
文摘To effectively assess the extent of the mycotoxin contamination of grapes,a method was developed to analyze 22 mycotoxins by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).Samples were extracted and purified using the QuEChERS(quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,and safe)procedure.The extracts were separated on a BEH Shield C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),using methanol and water with 0.1%formic acid solution and 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate as the mobile phases.The quantification was performed according to a matrix-matched external standard method.There was a good linear relationship within the respective mass concentration ranges of 22 mycotoxins;the correlation coefficients were not less than 0.9981.The limit of quantification was 0.3-10.0μg/kg.Mycotoxin recovery ranged from 68.6%to 109.0%,with a relative standard deviation of 1.28%-12.80%.The method is simple,rapid,highly sensitive,and accurate,making it useful for screening grapes for common and emerging mycotoxins.
基金The authors sincerely appreciate the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51938012).The authors would sincerely acknowledge Miss Wei Zhang and Dr.Wang Qiwu for their language editing and insightful comments.
文摘The ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)and fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)are well-accepted high-performance materials in the field of civil engineering.The combination of these advanced materials could contribute to improvement of structural performance and corrosion resistance.Unfortunately,only limited studies are available for shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with FRP bars,and few suggestions exist for prediction methods for shear capacity.This paper presents an experimental investigation on the shear behavior of UHPC beams reinforced with glass FRP(GFRP)and prestressed with external carbon FRP(CFRP)tendons.The failure mode of all specimens with various shear span to depth ratios from 1.7 to 4.5 was diagonal tension failure.The shear span to depth ratio had a significant influence on the shear capacity,and the effective prestressing stress affected the crack propagation.The experimental results were then applied to evaluate the equations given in different codes/recommendations for FRPreinforced concrete structures or UHPC structures.The comparison results indicate that NF P 18-710 and JSCE CES82 could appropriately estimate shear capacity of the slender specimens with a shear span to depth ratio of 4.5.Further,a new shear design equation was proposed to take into account the effect of the shear span to depth ratio and the steel fiber content on shear capacity.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(File no.0023/2019/AKP)Guangxi Science and Technology Department Fund(File no.AD17195002)。
文摘Objective:The study objective was to determine phenolic components for the quality control(QC)of cultivated Sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)Makino(S.glabra).Materials and Methods:A sensitive,ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of 12 phenolic components has been developed.Six caffeoylquinic acids,two caffeoylshikimic acids,and four flavanonol glucosides were selected for the comprehensive analysis of distribution in different parts(root,stem,and leaf).Results:Twelve phenolic components were linear in the concentration range of 0.005–5.0μg/mL(R^(2)>0.995).The relative standard deviation of intra-day and inter-day precision across three validation runs over the entire concentration range was<5%.The recovery determined was within 5%in terms of relative error.Our results showed that the 12 phenolic compounds were mainly distributed in leaves and stems far more than those in roots.Conclusions:This study provided an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer quantitative method of 12 phenolic components for the QC of cultivated S.glabra.It was found that the phenolic components were significantly accumulated in the aerial parts(stems and leaves)of cultivated S.glabra.
文摘Split-cylinder fracture of fiber-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)was examined using two complementary techniques:X-ray computed tomography (CT)and acoustic emission (AE).Fifty-mm-diameter specimens of two different fiber types were scanned both before and after load testing.From the CT images,fiber orientation was evaluated to establish optimum and pessimum specimen orientations,at which fibers would have maximum and minimum effect,respectively.As expected,fiber orientation affected both the peak load and the toughness of the specimen,with the optimum toughness being between 20% and 30%higher than the pessimum.Cumulative AE energy was also affected commensurately.Posttest CT scans of the specimens were used to measure internal damage. Damage was quantified in terms of internal energy dissipation due to both matrix cracking and fiber pullout by using calibration measurements for each.The results showed that fiber pullout was the dominant energy dissipation mechanism;however,the sum of the internal energy dissipation measured amounted to only 60% of the total energy dissipated by the specimens as measured by the net work of load.It is postulated that localized compaction of the UHPC matrix as well as internal friction between fractured fragments makes up the balance of internal energy dissipation.
文摘Efficient seismic vulnerability and resilience assessment is essential for ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)bridges,given their distinctive mechanical and structural properties.However,existing single-parameter-based probabilistic seismic demand(PSD)models overlook critical bridge‐specific characteristics and uncertainties.Besides,studies on seismic vulnerability and resilience assessment of UHPC bridges are scarce.Thus,this study proposes a hybrid machine learning(ML)-enabled multivariate bridge-specific seismic vulnerability and resilience assessment framework for UHPC bridges.Key design parameters and associated uncertainties are identified,and a Latin Hypercube Sampling(LHS)technique is employed to establish a representative UHPC bridge database,which is used to develop a hybrid ML model-based multivariate PSD model.A comparative analysis with the conventional PSD model,as well as widely used ML algorithms,demonstrated that the proposed PSD model achieves the highest predictive performance,characterized by the highest coefficient of determination and lowest prediction errors.Additionally,SHapley Additive exPlanation(SHAP)analysis is used to investigate the effect of different parameters on the PSD of UHPC bridges.The results of SHAP show the peak ground acceleration(PGA)as the most important factor,followed by bridge span and column diameter.The hybrid ML-enabled multi-variate bridge-specific fragility analysis results are used to investigate the functionality recovery and resilience of the bridge,which demonstrate the reduction in the residual functionality and overall bridge resilience with the increase in the ground motion intensity.
文摘The design principles for conventional reinforced concrete structures have gradually transitioned to seismic-resistant design since the 1970s.However,until recently,the implementation of strength capacity and ductility design has not been rigorously enforced inmany developing countries that are prone to seismic risks.Numerous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of joint behavior based on both ductile and non-ductile designs under cyclic loading.Previous research has demonstrated that enhancing joint regions with Ultra-High Performance Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete(UHPSFRC)significantly improves the seismic resistance of structural components.This paper presents a detailed analysis of the considerable improvements in energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation observed in both reinforced test samples compared to the control sample.Furthermore,assessing the effective performance of enhanced reinforced concrete joints is a critical parameter for evaluating the feasibility of this approach.The findings highlight the potential for UHPSFRC to enhance the resilience of concrete structures under seismic loads,providing a viable solution to improve the safety and durability of infrastructure in earthquake-prone regions.This study aims to inform future design methodologies and standards in seismic-resistant construction in developing nations,emphasizing the importance of adopting innovative materials to mitigate earthquake risks effectively.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.:2018YFC0807402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:82073810)。
文摘In this study,we developed a novel on-line solid phase extraction(SPE)-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)-based analytical method for simultaneously quantifying 12 illicit drugs and metabolites(methamphetamine,amphetamine,morphine,codeine,6-monoacetylmorphine,benzoylecgonine,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine,cocaine,ketamine,norketamine,and methcathinone)and cotinine(COT)in wastewater samples.The analysis was performed by loading 2 m L of the sample onto an Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridge and using a cleanup step(5%methanol)to eliminate interference with a total run time of 13 min.The isotope-labeled internal standard method was used to quantify the target substances and correct for unavoidable losses and matrix effects during the on-line SPE process.Typical analytical characteristics used for method validation were sensitivity,linearity,precision,repeatability,recovery,and matrix effects.The limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)of each target were set at 0.20 ng/L and 0.50 ng/L,respectively.The linearity was between 0.5 ng/L and250 ng/L,except for that of COT.The intra-and inter-day precisions were<10.45%and 25.64%,respectively,and the relative recovery ranged from 83.74%to 162.26%.The method was used to analyze various wastewater samples from 33 cities in China,and the results were compared with the experimental results of identical samples analyzed using off-line SPE.The difference rate was between 19.91%and-20.44%,and the error range could be considered acceptable.These findings showed that on-line SPE is a suitable alternative to off-line SPE for the analysis of illicit drugs in samples.
文摘Eco-friendly Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with green aqueous-organic mobile phase was applied for the simultaneous determination of febuxostat (FEB) and diclofenac (DIC) with the composition of water:ethanol (85:15<span> </span>v/v) utilizing phenomenex Kinetex C<sub>18</sub> column (4.6 × 100 mm 2.6 μm), flow rate 1 ml/min and<b><span> </span></b>UV detection at 280 nm<b><span> </span></b>with linear ranges of 0.4 - 4.0 μg/mL and 0.5 - 5.0 μg/mL for FEB and DIC, respectively. The proposed method was also successfully applied to analyze the two drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form and human plasma. The results obtained were validated and statistically analyzed and found to be in accordance with those given by reported methods. Moreover, the greenness of the developed method is assessed using suitable analytical Eco-Scale and GAPI tools<b><span> </span></b>and comparison with the previously published methods have been carried out to indicate the priority of the proposed method. UHPLC is considered eco-friendly method regarding uses of safe solvents, simple, accurate and short time of analysis.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52278147,52208302,52278293,U20A20314)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJZD-M202300706)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0019)the Chongqing Science and Technology Project(CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0205)the China Railway Major Project(2022-ZD-11)the Guangxi key research and development plan project(Grant No.GuikeAB22036007)the Research and Innovation Program for Graduate Students in Chongqing(Grant Nos.CYB23245).
文摘Bridge widening involves phased construction of adjacent structures to maintain uninterrupted traffic flow.This process exposes freshly placed longitudinal joints between staged deck constructions to vehicle-induced vibrations,potentially compromising their mechanical integrity.This study investigates the flexural behavior of ultra-highperformance concrete(UHPC)longitudinal joints under such vibrations through model tests.To simulate actual site conditions,we developed a novel vibration test setup that replicates the dynamic environment experienced by these joints during construction.Micro-and meso-scale tests were conducted to examine the flexural behavior of longitudinal joints following vibration exposure.Results revealed that vibration amplitude significantly influences fiber orientation and flexural strength of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)wet joint specimens.Low-amplitude vibrations(3 Hz at 1 mm and 3 mm)enhanced fiber orientation,increasing flexural strength by 11.5%to 19.8%and ultimate load capacity by 17%compared to non-vibrated specimens.Conversely,high-amplitude vibrations(3 Hz at 5 mm)adversely affected fiber orientation,decreasing flexural strength by 23.9%and ultimate load capacity by 19%relative to non-vibrated specimens.
文摘Transverse confinement is important in enhancing the mechanical performance of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)columns under axial compressive loads.This research offers a detailed review of the axial compression behaviour(ACB)of UHPC columns confined by transverse steel bars,steel tubes,and fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)sheets,respectively.The findings indicate that using a combination of transverse steel bars,steel tubes,and FRP sheets significantly boosts the bearing capacity and ductility of UHPC columns,leading to increased peak stress and enhanced peak strain in the confined concrete.The ACB of UHPC columns restrained by transverse steel bars is influenced by the strength and volumetric ratio of the stirrups;higher strength and greater stirrup volume result a lot in enhanced performance.Similarly,the strength and thickness of the steel tube are key factors in the ACB of UHPC confined by steel tubes,with performance improving proportionally to these attributes.For FRP sheet-confined UHPC,the mechanical properties,thickness,and winding configuration of the FRP sheets critically affect the ACB.Thicker sheets and increased winding layers correlate with better mechanical properties.The insights provided in this study offer valuable guidance for engineers considering the implementation of UHPC in construction projects,providing a reliable foundation for optimizing ACB through appropriate transverse confinement strategies.
基金This work was supported by baseline funding and the Research Grants Prog ram-Round 4(CRG4)baseline funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology to S.A.-B.National Natural Science Foundation of China(funds 31900245 and 32170271)given to K.-P.J.
文摘Abscisic acid(ABA)is an important carotenoid-derived phytohormone that plays essential roles in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in various physiological and developmental processes.In Arabidopsis,ABA biosynthesis starts with the epoxidation of zeaxanthin by the ABA DEFICIENT 1(ABA1)enzyme,leading to epoxycarotenoids;e.g.,violaxanthin.The oxidative cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycaro-tenoids,a key regulatory step catalyzed by 9-C/S-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE,forms xanthoxin,which is converted in further rea.ctions mediated by ABA DEFICIENT 2(ABA2),ABA DEFICIENT 3(ABA3),and ABSCISIC ALDEHYDE OXIDASE 3(AAO3)into ABA.By combining genetic and biochemical approaches,we unravel here an ABA1-independent ABA biosynthetic pathway starting upstream of zeaxanthin.We iden-tified the carotenoid cleavage products(i.e.,apocarotenoids,β-apo-11-carotenal,9-cis-β-apo-11-carotenal,3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal,and 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal)as intermediates of this ABA1-independent ABA biosynthetic pathway.Using labeled compounds,we showed thatβ-apo-11-carotenal,9-cis-β-apo-11-carotenal,and 3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal are successively converted into 9-cis-3-OH-β-apo-11-carotenal,xanthoxin,and finally into ABA in both Arabidopsis and rice.When applied to Arabidopsis,theseβ-apo-11-carotenoids exert ABA biological functions,such as maintaining seed dormancy and inducing the expression of ABA-responsive genes.Moreover,the transcdptomic analysis revealed a high overlap of differentially expressed genes regulated byβ-apo-11-carotenoids and ABA,suggesting thatβ-apo-11-carot-enoids exert ABA-independent regulatory activities.Taken together,our study identifies a biological function for the common plant metabolites,β-apo-11-carotenoids,extends our knowledge about ABA biosynthesis,and provides new insights into plant apocarotenoid metabolic networks.
基金This work is jointly supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20180113 and BK20181112)the Jiangsu Provincial Programme for High-Level Talents in Six Areas(No.XCL-CXTD-007)+1 种基金the Youth Programme of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51908285)the Transformation Project of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Qinghai Province(No.2017-SF-134).
文摘This research investigated a pavement system on steel bridge decks that use epoxy resin(EP)bonded ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC).Through FEM analysis and static and dynamic bending fatigue tests of the composite structure,the influences of the interface of the pavement layer,reinforcement,and different paving materials on the structural performance were compared and analyzed.The results show that the resin bonded UHPC pavement structure can reduce the weld strain in the steel plate by about 32%and the relative deflection between ribs by about 52%under standard axial load conditions compared to traditional pavements.The EP bonding layer can nearly double the drawing strength of the pavement interface from 1.3 MPa,and improve the bending resistance of the UHPC structure on steel bridge decks by about 50%;the bending resistance of reinforced UHPC structures is twice that of unreinforced UHPC structure,and the dynamic deflection of the UHPC pavement structure increases exponentially with increasing fatigue load.The fatigue life is about 1.2×10^(7) cycles under a fixed force of 9 kN and a dynamic deflection of 0.35 mm,which meets the requirements for fatigue performance of pavements on steel bridge decks under traffic conditions of large flow and heavy load.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81503241,81861168039)。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to explore safflower injection(SI)for constituents with activity against ischemic stroke using a combination of chemical analysis and a network pharmacology strategy.Materials and Methods:The main ingredients of SI were comprehensively identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry,and the core targets and pathways associated with stroke were predicted using PharmMapper and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis.Cytoscape software was used to visualize and analyze the active compound-target-pathway network of SI regulating ischemic stroke.Results:A total of76 chemical compounds were identified from the SI sample,including 63,which regulated 88 targets that were ultimately enriched in 12 key ischemia stroke-related signaling pathways.Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,carthamoside B6,neoeriocitrin,and6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-rutinoside-6-O-glucoside were determined to be important for stroke treatment because they had a higher degree value in the network than other constituents did.Moreover,the characteristic components isolated from SI showed protective effect mainly by acting on multiple targets including AKT1,epidermal growth factor receptor,transforming growth factor-beta receptor(TGFBR),Ras homolog,mTORC1 binding,caspase 3,and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta,which were involved in different signaling pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt,mitogen-activated protein kinase,neurotrophin,ErbB,mechanistic target of rapamycin,and tumor necrosis factor.Conclusions:This study proposed a network pharmacology and chemical component profiling strategy for the systematic understanding of the therapeutic material basis of using SI against ischemic stroke.
基金supported by the Research Project of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine“Supporting Plan for Excellent Innovative Talents”(2018RCD03)Heilongjiang Provincial Science Fund Project(H2018056)+2 种基金Heilongjiang Post-doctoral Research Start Fund Project(LBH-Q16214)General Projects of NSFC(81973439,81872979,and 81803686)Research Fund of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine(201504)
文摘Objective:To simultaneously investigate the pharmacokinetics of gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin,which are constituents of Gentianella acuta,by developing and validating a simple,sensitive,and fast ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method.Materials and Methods:Blood samples were collected from the forward limb veins of six beagle dogs following oral gavage with G.acuta,the whole plant extract(39.90 mg/kg).Plasma samples were processed using liquid–liquid extraction.The analytes and paeoniflorin(internal standard[IS])were separated using an Acquity?UPLC ethylene bridged hybrid amide column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)with isocratic elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1%formic acid in water(80:20,v/v)at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min.Quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring of the fragmentation transitions at m/z 401.1→179.0,403.1→195.0,419.1→179.0,and 525.2→449.1 for gentiopicroside,sweroside,swertiamarin,and the IS,respectively.Results:The linearity of the analytical response was good and the calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 1.20–192.0,0.40–159.0,and 0.20–209.3 ng/mL for gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin,respectively.The extraction recovery was in the range of 84.72%–91.34%,84.58%–93.43%,and 82.75%–91.37%for gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin,respectively.Conclusions:The method was successfully used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of gentiopicroside,sweroside,and swertiamarin in beagle dogs.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation[grant number 5212014]Key Research and Development Program in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,PR China[grant number 2020BBF02027].
文摘Chinese dwarf cherry(Ouli)is a native shrub in northwest China with high ecological value,but the nutritive potential remains to be explored.In this study,the total content of polyphenols,flavonoids,proanthocyanidins,and anthocyanins of Ouli from 30 germplasms were measured,and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by FRAP and ABTS assays.The polyphenol profile was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.Grey relational analysis and partial least squares were utilized to build chemometrics models for selecting antioxidant compounds.The contents of total flavonoids,proanthocyanidins,phenols and total anthocyanidins of 30 germplasms of Ouli were 119.92-668.76 mg/100 g fresh weight(FW),90.81-555.44 mg/100 g FW,148.42-390.43 mg/100 g FW,0.02-17.26 mg/100 g FW,respectively.A total of 61 compounds were identified,including 40 flavonoids(26 flavonols,4 anthocyanins,6 dihydroflavonols,2 dihydrochalcones,and 2 flavones),12 proanthocyanidins,6 phenolic acids,and 3 types of other class compounds(one stilbene and two phenols).The proanthocyanidin compounds in Ouli contributes most to the total antioxidant capacity with the antioxidant rank that procyanidin trimer>tetramer>dimer≈monomer.Catechin and procyanidin B1 were the most abundant compounds and were 18.45-162.50μg/g FW and 30.52-149.42μg/g FW,respectively.Shanxi(SX)2 and SX10 could be considered as potential germplasms,and proanthocyanidins could be chosen as a characteristic nutrient evaluation index of Ouli.This study not only takes a key step to lay the groundwork for further research of Ouli but also provides a reference for the discovery of the functional ingredients of other foods.
