Objective: To investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant and larvicidal property of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula against Aedes aegypti.Methods: Antioxidant capacit...Objective: To investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant and larvicidal property of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula against Aedes aegypti.Methods: Antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of the plants was studied by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate(DPPH) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) assay(ABTS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) assay, superoxide anion scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity assay following standard protocol.Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, carbohydrate, and plant protein were also estimated following standard protocols.Larvicidal property of plant extracts were determined following World Health Organization standard protocol.Additionally, glutathione-s-transferase(GST) and acetylcholinesterase(AchE) inhibitory property was also tested biochemically.Results: Phytochemically, high protein, carbohydrate and phenolic were found in Terminalia chebula, while Cynodon dactylon showed high flavonoid contents.Similarly, high antioxidant activity was found in Terminalia chebula with IC_(50) values at 13.7, 2.9, 45.2 and 46.0 μg/mL in DPPH, ABTS, TBARS and superoxide anion scavenging activity, respectively.Larvicidal study showed strongest activity in Spilanthes acmella followed by Cynodon dactylon, and Clerodendrum viscosum and Terminalia chebula.GST and AchE of Aedes aegypti larvae showed reduced enzyme activity when pre-incubated with Cynadon dactylon and Spilanthes acmella.Conclusions: The methanolic crude extracts of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula possess strong antioxidant and larvicidal property against Aedes aegypti and therefore, may be further investigated for the molecular mode of action.展开更多
Background:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India.As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk,the present study was ...Background:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India.As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk,the present study was conducted to assess the influence of demographic factors,the socio-economic status,and knowledge,awareness and education on malaria occurrence.Methods:Demographics,malaria knowledge and socio-economic variables were collected in four randomly selected health sub-centres of the Orang primary health centre in the Udalguri district,Assam and the association of malaria occurrence with different variables were analysed.The trend of malaria occurrence for different income groups,proximity to health centres and number of mosquito bites per day was also determined using the chi-square test.Relative risk(RR)for gender,house type,knowledge and use of bed nets was determined using Katz approximation.Results:Out of the 71 household heads interviewed,70.4%(50/71)were males.About half(54.9%,39/71)of the participants had a history of malaria in the last two years,of which 64.1%(25/39)were males,while 35.9%(14/39)were females(χ^(2)=5.13;p=0.02;RR=1.79).Of the total population surveyed,49.3%lived in bamboo houses and 35.2%lived at a distance of>3 km from the nearest health centre.The number of participants who had a history of malaria decreased with an increasing monthly income(p<0.0001).Malaria occurrence was higher among the households living in bamboo houses(69.2%),as compared to Kucha houses(20.5%)and Pucca houses(10.3%).No significant association was observed between education level and malaria occurrence(p=0.93).The participants who did not use bed nets regularly reported a high occurrence of malaria infection as compared to those who used bed nets everyday(p<0.0001).Conclusions:Lower income,house type,distance to health sub-centre,knowledge and awareness about malaria,number of mosquito bites per day and use of bed nets were positively associated with malaria occurrence.Increasing the number of health sub-centres close to rural areas,improving the economic status and increasing awareness about malaria prevention measures will thus help to reduce malaria-associated morbidities.展开更多
文摘Objective: To investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant and larvicidal property of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula against Aedes aegypti.Methods: Antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of the plants was studied by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate(DPPH) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) assay(ABTS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) assay, superoxide anion scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity assay following standard protocol.Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, carbohydrate, and plant protein were also estimated following standard protocols.Larvicidal property of plant extracts were determined following World Health Organization standard protocol.Additionally, glutathione-s-transferase(GST) and acetylcholinesterase(AchE) inhibitory property was also tested biochemically.Results: Phytochemically, high protein, carbohydrate and phenolic were found in Terminalia chebula, while Cynodon dactylon showed high flavonoid contents.Similarly, high antioxidant activity was found in Terminalia chebula with IC_(50) values at 13.7, 2.9, 45.2 and 46.0 μg/mL in DPPH, ABTS, TBARS and superoxide anion scavenging activity, respectively.Larvicidal study showed strongest activity in Spilanthes acmella followed by Cynodon dactylon, and Clerodendrum viscosum and Terminalia chebula.GST and AchE of Aedes aegypti larvae showed reduced enzyme activity when pre-incubated with Cynadon dactylon and Spilanthes acmella.Conclusions: The methanolic crude extracts of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula possess strong antioxidant and larvicidal property against Aedes aegypti and therefore, may be further investigated for the molecular mode of action.
文摘Background:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India.As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk,the present study was conducted to assess the influence of demographic factors,the socio-economic status,and knowledge,awareness and education on malaria occurrence.Methods:Demographics,malaria knowledge and socio-economic variables were collected in four randomly selected health sub-centres of the Orang primary health centre in the Udalguri district,Assam and the association of malaria occurrence with different variables were analysed.The trend of malaria occurrence for different income groups,proximity to health centres and number of mosquito bites per day was also determined using the chi-square test.Relative risk(RR)for gender,house type,knowledge and use of bed nets was determined using Katz approximation.Results:Out of the 71 household heads interviewed,70.4%(50/71)were males.About half(54.9%,39/71)of the participants had a history of malaria in the last two years,of which 64.1%(25/39)were males,while 35.9%(14/39)were females(χ^(2)=5.13;p=0.02;RR=1.79).Of the total population surveyed,49.3%lived in bamboo houses and 35.2%lived at a distance of>3 km from the nearest health centre.The number of participants who had a history of malaria decreased with an increasing monthly income(p<0.0001).Malaria occurrence was higher among the households living in bamboo houses(69.2%),as compared to Kucha houses(20.5%)and Pucca houses(10.3%).No significant association was observed between education level and malaria occurrence(p=0.93).The participants who did not use bed nets regularly reported a high occurrence of malaria infection as compared to those who used bed nets everyday(p<0.0001).Conclusions:Lower income,house type,distance to health sub-centre,knowledge and awareness about malaria,number of mosquito bites per day and use of bed nets were positively associated with malaria occurrence.Increasing the number of health sub-centres close to rural areas,improving the economic status and increasing awareness about malaria prevention measures will thus help to reduce malaria-associated morbidities.
