随着电动汽车和分布式电源接入电网的比例不断提升,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)为有效解决电动汽车、分布式电源并网提供了新思路。针对VPP独立运行时面临的运行成本高、电价和源荷不确定性大等挑战,文中提出了一种基于纳什三阶...随着电动汽车和分布式电源接入电网的比例不断提升,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)为有效解决电动汽车、分布式电源并网提供了新思路。针对VPP独立运行时面临的运行成本高、电价和源荷不确定性大等挑战,文中提出了一种基于纳什三阶段鲁棒优化的多VPP协同运行的优化方法。为协调VPP运营商与电动汽车用户的经济利益冲突,采用主从博弈理论刻画VPP运营商和电动汽车上下层之间的互动关系,上层VPP运营商充分考虑到电力市场购售电价以及源荷功率波动带来的不确定性影响,由三阶段鲁棒优化模型构造上层主体,三阶段鲁棒优化模型较以往的传统模型不同,文中采用了min-maxmin-maxmin的构造刻画模型内部关系;构建了基于纳什谈判理论的多VPP协同优化模型,为解决复杂非凸非线性优化的求解问题,将模型等效转化为多VPP合作成本最小化和电能谈判支付两个子问题;考虑到各VPP间信息隐私安全,采用交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM)对上述两个子问题进行分布式求解。算例验证表明,所提方法不仅在多重不确定性影响的情况下为参与合作的各VPP提供了可行且鲁棒性强的调度方案,而且为各VPP制定了合理的能源交互策略和利益分配方案,参与合作的各VPP均实现了经济效益的提升。展开更多
Before emancipation, most balck women worked for the whites as domestic slaves; After emancipation, most balck women, as domestic emloyees, still had to do hard domestic work for survival, though they had a little fre...Before emancipation, most balck women worked for the whites as domestic slaves; After emancipation, most balck women, as domestic emloyees, still had to do hard domestic work for survival, though they had a little freedom and property. Balck women's identities changed literally, but the social hierarchy of whites'supremacy to blacks and men's supremacy to women still unchanged.展开更多
文摘随着电动汽车和分布式电源接入电网的比例不断提升,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)为有效解决电动汽车、分布式电源并网提供了新思路。针对VPP独立运行时面临的运行成本高、电价和源荷不确定性大等挑战,文中提出了一种基于纳什三阶段鲁棒优化的多VPP协同运行的优化方法。为协调VPP运营商与电动汽车用户的经济利益冲突,采用主从博弈理论刻画VPP运营商和电动汽车上下层之间的互动关系,上层VPP运营商充分考虑到电力市场购售电价以及源荷功率波动带来的不确定性影响,由三阶段鲁棒优化模型构造上层主体,三阶段鲁棒优化模型较以往的传统模型不同,文中采用了min-maxmin-maxmin的构造刻画模型内部关系;构建了基于纳什谈判理论的多VPP协同优化模型,为解决复杂非凸非线性优化的求解问题,将模型等效转化为多VPP合作成本最小化和电能谈判支付两个子问题;考虑到各VPP间信息隐私安全,采用交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM)对上述两个子问题进行分布式求解。算例验证表明,所提方法不仅在多重不确定性影响的情况下为参与合作的各VPP提供了可行且鲁棒性强的调度方案,而且为各VPP制定了合理的能源交互策略和利益分配方案,参与合作的各VPP均实现了经济效益的提升。
文摘Before emancipation, most balck women worked for the whites as domestic slaves; After emancipation, most balck women, as domestic emloyees, still had to do hard domestic work for survival, though they had a little freedom and property. Balck women's identities changed literally, but the social hierarchy of whites'supremacy to blacks and men's supremacy to women still unchanged.
