The residual consciousness of unconscious patients can be detected by studying the P300, a wave among event-related potentials. Previous studies have applied tones, the subject＇s name and other names as stimuli. Howe...The residual consciousness of unconscious patients can be detected by studying the P300, a wave among event-related potentials. Previous studies have applied tones, the subject＇s name and other names as stimuli. However, the results were not satisfactory. In this study, we changed the constituent order of subjects＇ two-character names to create derived names. The subject＇s derived names, together with tones and their own names, were used as auditory stimuli in event-related potential experiments. Healthy controls and unconscious patients were included in this study and made to listen to these auditory stimuli. In the two paradigms, a sine tone followed by the subject＇s own name and the subject＇s derived name followed by the subject＇s own name were used as standard and deviant stimuli, respectively. The results showed that all healthy controls had the P300 using both paradigms, and that the P300 in the second paradigm had a longer latency and two peaks. All minimally conscious state patients had the P300 in the first paradigm and the majority of them had the P300 in the second paradigm. Most vegetative state patients had no P300. Patients who showed the P300 in the two paradigms had more residual consciousness, and patients with the two-peak P300 had a higher probability of awakening within a short time. Our experimental findings suggest that the P300 event-related potential could reflect the conscious state of unconscious patients.展开更多
Many studies revealed unconscious effects on conscious processing. However, in this study, we tried to investigate whether unconscious processes could interact with each other by using simultaneously presented face pi...Many studies revealed unconscious effects on conscious processing. However, in this study, we tried to investigate whether unconscious processes could interact with each other by using simultaneously presented face pictures with the same or a different unconscious valence (SUV versus DUV). In the first event-related potential (ERP) study, DUV elicited a smaller N2 as compared with SUV. In the second functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) was activated under DUV condition in comparison to SUV condition. These results support the idea of interactions between unconscious processes (unconscious mismatch detection). The theoretical implications are discussed in the light of the global neuronal workspace theory.展开更多
This article reviews selected neuroscience and psychoanalytic writings about respective concepts regarding unconscious processes. Two objectives are pursued. The first is the modification of an apparent dualistic view...This article reviews selected neuroscience and psychoanalytic writings about respective concepts regarding unconscious processes. Two objectives are pursued. The first is the modification of an apparent dualistic view of the psychoanalytic, dynamic unconscious described by Freud and the implicit, automated unconscious described by neuroscientists into a unified unconscious process concept. Secondly, to examine the functional, structural theory of Freud and to connect it to neuroscience findings via neurodevelopment and the concomitant development of speech and language, an exclusive communicative capacity of the human species. The goal is to illustrate the application of the objectives into clinical settings.展开更多
Individuals frequently generate emotion during the anticipation process and the anticipatory emotion has an important adaptive significance, especially the negative anticipative emotion. Many researches used conscious...Individuals frequently generate emotion during the anticipation process and the anticipatory emotion has an important adaptive significance, especially the negative anticipative emotion. Many researches used conscious emotion regulation strategy and successfully reduced negative anticipatory emotion. However, it is costly for our limited cognition. In the present study, we used sentence unscrambling tasks to prime unconscious emotion control goal and investigated its effect on anticipatory anxiety, including experience and physiological activity. The results showed that 1) relative to anticipating neutral images, participations’ anxiety experience and skin conductance level were higher when anticipating negative and unknown images;2) participants who had a unconscious emotion control goal primed achieved the same decrease in skin conductance as those explicitly instructed to reappraise, compared to a control group;3) heart rate was not affected by experiment condition and anticipation type. Together, these findings suggest that unconscious emotion regulation may provide an effective mean of regulating negative anticipatory emotion.展开更多
The main features of early rehabilitation after severe brain damage are discussed in the article. The most important component for the entire rehabilitation process and the subsequent life of the patient is considered...The main features of early rehabilitation after severe brain damage are discussed in the article. The most important component for the entire rehabilitation process and the subsequent life of the patient is considered restoration of consciousness. Team seems to be a key factor in regaining consciousness along with the restoration of vital functions, movement, cognition, and behavior in these patients. The basic working principle is feedback to any minimal movement, or vegetative signal of a patient, beyond specific professional targets. A network of feedbacks with a patient and between professionals, that is, free flow of information, can be built only through work in a transdisciplinary team mode. The net of feedbacks with the patient and inter-professional ones builds up the team as Non-linear Complex System. Characteristics of “Team-Patient” system status are energy, entropy, and complexity. Teamwork techniques are individualized for resulting optimization of system condition. Increase of complexity is a powerful tool for propulsion of recovery process. Then consciousness may appear as a result of system self-organization. The article reflects the authors’ view on interdisciplinary studies of the phenomenon of consciousness through its impairment and recovery. It focuses on the work of the “proper rehabilitation team”, the mechanisms of its action and methods for researching the occurring phenomena.展开更多
This paper is to explore Maggie＇s dream in The Mill on the Floss （1980） and how it both discloses the complicated inner world of the protagonist and forecasts the plot development. In this episode, Maggie has to be...This paper is to explore Maggie＇s dream in The Mill on the Floss （1980） and how it both discloses the complicated inner world of the protagonist and forecasts the plot development. In this episode, Maggie has to be faced with all the important relations of her life, each making different claims on her conscience. It is also the critical moment when Maggie achieves sober self-knowledge, therefore coming to the hardest decision in the choice between family, love and friendship. It juxtaposes illusion and reality through multiple levels of overlapping in images and scenes, which illustrates how unconscious feelings work effect on Maggie＇s conscious action. This episode is typical of George Eliot＇s literary presentation of unconscious, which not only reveals her keen observation of human psyche, but also demonstrates the general achievement of the 19th century psychologists in the related field.展开更多
Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with t...Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with the potentiality of multiple choices. Thereafter, reductive deliberation is led by determinism to the final decision, which realises only one of the potential choices. The reductive deliberation phase tries to find out the best alternative and simultaneously satisfying vague motivations, contextual conditions and personal preferences. The essential sense of free will is the introduction of personal preferences, which allows a higher diversity of reactions to vague motivations. With an oversimplified model of determinism as a chain of events, incompatibilists define ＂free＂ as ＂undetermined＂ so that determinism becomes incompatible with any free choice between alternatives. In consciousness, free will requires a more complex model of network determinism as well as the consideration of unconsciousness as a causal factor. When ＂free＂ defined as ＂undetermined＂ is applied to the context of consciousness, it should be reinterpreted as ＂unconscious of being determined＂ or not aware of underlying determinism. Lacking information on determinism generates a feeling of ＂free＂ in consciousness and, therefore, gives the impression of indeterminism. Lacking information may be induced by an uncertain future without determined events--an unconscious past with biological reactions suddenly emerging from the unconsciousness or an unknown present unable to distinguish determinism of complex events. Therefore, at the level of human consciousness, the experience of free will is associated with apparent indeterminism although it is based on unconscious determinism. The concepts of compatibilism and incompatibilism are only two different aspects of the same phenomenon and correspond to consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, they can be considered together with a free will concept based on relativity depending on two different reference frames--the first person＇s experience frame or the Laplace＇s demon frame with knowledge on every molecule of the universe. Only relativity of the free will concept avoids the contradiction between ＂free＂ and ＂unfree＂ for the same phenomenon and could be a compromise for considering compatibilism and incompatibilism equally.展开更多
The Great Gatsby written by Fitzgerald is an influential classic in American literature,and its author Fitzgerald is consid ered as a chronicler of the“Jazz Age”.There are three main women characters in the novel an...The Great Gatsby written by Fitzgerald is an influential classic in American literature,and its author Fitzgerald is consid ered as a chronicler of the“Jazz Age”.There are three main women characters in the novel and they all play important roles in re vealing the theme.Undoubtedly,these women are all the victims of the society in American twenties.This paper tries to analyze the contradictory characters in Daisy based on Jung Carl Gustav’s collective unconscious and personal unconscious.展开更多
The Doll's House is one of the most famous representatives of Katherine Mansfield. She makes use of simple words to tell the story, but she vividly depicts the reality that the discrimination to the poor still exi...The Doll's House is one of the most famous representatives of Katherine Mansfield. She makes use of simple words to tell the story, but she vividly depicts the reality that the discrimination to the poor still exists. This phenomenon influences not only the world of adult but also the world of children. Kezia is the protagonist in The Doll's House. She is different from other members in her family. Although she is influenced by the canons in the adult world, she is not totally assimilated by these invisible principles. Kezia's consciousness and unconsciousness play important roles in indicating Katherine Mansfield's attitude towards the discrimination which she doesn't express directly. By analyzing Kezia's these two aspects in her mind, people's attention to the poor can be called and people's kindness and sympathy to them can be aroused.展开更多
Objective To explore quantitative electroencephalography in unconscious patients after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to predict awakening. Methods All cases were divided into two groups(the awake group 19 cases ...Objective To explore quantitative electroencephalography in unconscious patients after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to predict awakening. Methods All cases were divided into two groups(the awake group 19 cases and the unfavourable prognosis group 22 cases).Two weeks after admission the original EEGs were preformed in 41 patients suffering from severe TBI with duration of disturbance of展开更多
Typically developing(TD)individuals can readily orient attention according to others'eye-gaze direction,an ability known as social attention,which involves both innate and acquired components.To distinguish betwee...Typically developing(TD)individuals can readily orient attention according to others'eye-gaze direction,an ability known as social attention,which involves both innate and acquired components.To distinguish between these two components,we used a critical flicker fusion technique to render gaze cues invisible to participants,thereby largely reducing influences from consciously acquired strategies.Results revealed that both visible and invisible gaze cues could trigger attentional orienting in TD adults(aged 20 to 30 years)and children(aged 6 to 12 years).Intriguingly,only the ability to involuntarily respond to invisible gaze cues was negatively correlated with autistic traits among all TD participants.This ability was substantially impaired in adults with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)and in children with high autistic traits.No such association or reduction was observed with visible gaze cues.These findings provide compelling evidence for the functional demarcation of conscious and unconscious gaze-triggered attentional orienting that emerges early in life and develops into adulthood,shedding new light on the differentiation of the innate and acquired aspects of social attention.Moreover,they contribute to a comprehensive understanding of social endophenotypes of ASD.展开更多
A veterinary(兽医的)clinic in Türkiye recently shared the touching story of a stray dog who carried her unconscious puppy in her mouth and left it at the clinic door,as if begging for help.If not for the viral vi...A veterinary(兽医的)clinic in Türkiye recently shared the touching story of a stray dog who carried her unconscious puppy in her mouth and left it at the clinic door,as if begging for help.If not for the viral video footage captured by CCTV cameras,most people would probably think this story too heart⁃warming to be true.A veterinary clinic in the Adnan Kahveci neighborhood of Beylikdüzü,in Türkiye's Istanbul Province,recently reported one of its most incredible cases.On January 13,an animal lover brought a young puppy he had found on the street,claiming it was the only survivor of a stray's litter.The clinic rushed to treat the puppy only to then find that its mother showed up on the doorstep with another unconscious puppy in her mouth.A technician noticed the desperate animal and rushed to tend to her offspring,which suffered from hypothermia(体温过低)and had a very low heart rate.展开更多
In second language teaching methodology, 'real-life' communicative use of language has long receivedmuch attention and conscious learning is thus more or less supposed to be irrelevant. SL learning should bela...In second language teaching methodology, 'real-life' communicative use of language has long receivedmuch attention and conscious learning is thus more or less supposed to be irrelevant. SL learning should belargely unconscious, just as a child learns his native language. However, many SL researchers and teachersdoubt the unconscious learning. This article suggests that while for young children SL learning undercommunicative naturalistic condition may be favorable, consciousness may be more beneficial for adults due totheir intellectual maturity and richer experience.展开更多
This study aims to explore the unconscious motivations underlying migration in Niger, with an emphasis on understanding the phenomenon of pathological travel. Its aim is to identify the unconscious factors of patholog...This study aims to explore the unconscious motivations underlying migration in Niger, with an emphasis on understanding the phenomenon of pathological travel. Its aim is to identify the unconscious factors of pathological travel among migrants. Pathological travel, as discussed in the scientific literature on psychopathology, is characterised by movements initiated under the influence of delusions, hallucinations or other serious psychiatric disorders. The aim of this research is to contribute to our understanding of how these unconscious factors influence migration decisions. Using a retrospective analysis of five cases, this study examines the psychological and psychiatric dimensions of migration, particularly among patients referred to the psychiatry department of the Niamey National Hospital between 2017 and 2018. The five cases analysed, representing 12% of a cohort of 40 migrant patients, suffered from chronic psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and chronic hallucinatory psychosis. By means of diagnostic interviews and categorical sorting, three main unconscious motivations were identified: the delusional state with themes of filiation and persecution, the hallucinations that dictated the travel behaviour, and the dissociative states manifested by depersonalisation and derealisation. It also emerges from this analysis that pathological travel often involves prolonged journeys on foot and without purpose. Thus, untreated mental illness plays a significant role in shaping and influencing individual and social behaviour. The results of this study have important implications for public health and migration policy. They highlight the need to integrate health assessments into migration management systems, particularly in regions serving as transit hubs for migrants. The research also highlights the need for culturally sensitive psychiatric interventions to address the interaction between pre-existing mental disorders and migration. This study contributes to a better understanding of the psychological dimensions of migration by highlighting the importance of addressing mental health as an integral part of humanitarian action. The knowledge gained paves the way for future research to explore this understudied aspect of migration on a broader scale.展开更多
Previous studies indicate that emotion regulation may occur unconsciously, without the cost of cognitive effort, while conscious acceptance may enhance negative experiences despite having potential long-term health be...Previous studies indicate that emotion regulation may occur unconsciously, without the cost of cognitive effort, while conscious acceptance may enhance negative experiences despite having potential long-term health benefits. Thus, it is important to overcome this weakness to boost the efficacy of the acceptance strategy in negative emotion regulation. As unconscious regulation occurs with little cost of cognitive resources, the current study hypothesizes that unconscious acceptance regulates the emotional consequence of negative events more effectively than does conscious acceptance. Subjects were randomly assigned to conscious acceptance, unconscious acceptance and no-regulation conditions. A frustrating arithmetic task was used to induce negative emotion. Emotional experiences were assessed on the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale while emotion-related physiological activation was assessed by heart-rate reactivity. Results showed that conscious acceptance had a significant negative affective consequence, which was absent during unconscious acceptance. That is, unconscious acceptance was linked with little reduction of positive affect during the experience of frustration, while this reduction was prominent in the control and conscious acceptance groups. Instructed, conscious acceptance resulted in a greater reduction of positive affect than found for the control group. In addition, both conscious and unconscious acceptance strategies significantly decreased emotion-related heart-rate activity(to a similar extent) in comparison with the control condition. Moreover, heart-rate reactivity was positively correlated with negative affect and negatively correlated with positive affect during the frustration phase relative to the baseline phase, in both the control and unconscious acceptance groups. Thus, unconscious acceptance not only reduces emotion-related physiological activity but also better protects mood stability compared with conscious acceptance. This suggests that the clinical practice of acceptance therapy may need to consider using the unconscious priming of an accepting attitude, instead of intentionally instructing people to implement such a strategy, to boost the efficacy of acceptance in emotion regulation.展开更多
The neural correlates of the motion priming were examined in normal young subjects using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Visual motion perception can be uncon-sc...The neural correlates of the motion priming were examined in normal young subjects using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Visual motion perception can be uncon-sciously biased in favor of a particular direction by a pre-ceding motion in that direction. Motion priming first in-volved an enhancement of ERP amplitude about 100 ms fol-lowing the onset of motion. The amplitudes of ERP compo-nents after 350 ms were also increased. The fMRI results suggest that the early-latency effect reflects modulation of neural responses in extrastriate cortex. Higher-level visual processing areas, including cortical regions MT/MST and the intraparietal cortices were also activated. The findingsprovide direct evidence that unconscious priming of motion perception is the result of interaction of direction-selective neural responses to motion stimuli. The results cannot be accounted for by refractoriness of neural responses, but in-stead support a theory of motion展开更多
Self-confidence is one of the most important conditions needed for athletes to succeed.The way in which the self-confidence of athletes may be improved is an eternal topic in training and competition.This study aimed ...Self-confidence is one of the most important conditions needed for athletes to succeed.The way in which the self-confidence of athletes may be improved is an eternal topic in training and competition.This study aimed to examine whether uncon-scious goal priming can improve athletes'explicit and implicit self-confidence through three experiments.Experiment 1 was aimed at exploring the effect of unconscious goal priming on athletes'self-confidence.For the purpose of this experiment,120 athletes were randomly divided into a priming group and a control group.Experiment 2 was aimed at examining the training effect of unconscious goal priming on athletes'self-confidence and for the purpose of this experiment 16 rhythmic gymnastics athletes were selected as subjects.Experiment 3 was aimed at checking the replication of the training effect of unconscious goal priming on athletes'self-confidence employing 16 judo athletes as subjects.The results indicated that unconscious goal priming improved athletes'explicit self-confidence but not implicit self-confidence,while unconscious goal priming intervention improved both athletes'explicit and implicit self-confidence.These results provide an economical and convenient alternative for improving athletes'self-confidence.展开更多
Alice Munro,the first short story writer in Canada to receive the Nobel Prize laureate in 2013,applies the unconscious to the portrayal of characters and the construction of engrossing stories.Based on the unconscious...Alice Munro,the first short story writer in Canada to receive the Nobel Prize laureate in 2013,applies the unconscious to the portrayal of characters and the construction of engrossing stories.Based on the unconscious theory of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis,this article focuses on one of Alice Munro’s short stories,Open Secrets,by analyzing the unconscious of representative characters,to explore their power conversion through the conflicts triggered by their unconscious mind.Via uncovering their unique personalities and values,as well as displaying their power against each other through conflict,this article reveals that the relationship between characters is sophisticated and changeable,and their power against each other has been a state of change in continuous conflicts.Behind the unconscious displays a thoroughly different comparison of forces:the strong who behaves violently and arrogantly actually shows weakness;in turn,the obedience and endurance of the weak strongly manifest a tenacious resistance.展开更多
Freud asserts that the unconscious will express its suppressed wishes and desires. The unconscious will then redirect andreshape these concealed wishes into acceptable social activities, presenting them in the form of...Freud asserts that the unconscious will express its suppressed wishes and desires. The unconscious will then redirect andreshape these concealed wishes into acceptable social activities, presenting them in the form of images or symbols in our dreams and/or our writings. Dream is the unconscious which promotes the creative writing.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81371194
文摘The residual consciousness of unconscious patients can be detected by studying the P300, a wave among event-related potentials. Previous studies have applied tones, the subject＇s name and other names as stimuli. However, the results were not satisfactory. In this study, we changed the constituent order of subjects＇ two-character names to create derived names. The subject＇s derived names, together with tones and their own names, were used as auditory stimuli in event-related potential experiments. Healthy controls and unconscious patients were included in this study and made to listen to these auditory stimuli. In the two paradigms, a sine tone followed by the subject＇s own name and the subject＇s derived name followed by the subject＇s own name were used as standard and deviant stimuli, respectively. The results showed that all healthy controls had the P300 using both paradigms, and that the P300 in the second paradigm had a longer latency and two peaks. All minimally conscious state patients had the P300 in the first paradigm and the majority of them had the P300 in the second paradigm. Most vegetative state patients had no P300. Patients who showed the P300 in the two paradigms had more residual consciousness, and patients with the two-peak P300 had a higher probability of awakening within a short time. Our experimental findings suggest that the P300 event-related potential could reflect the conscious state of unconscious patients.
文摘Many studies revealed unconscious effects on conscious processing. However, in this study, we tried to investigate whether unconscious processes could interact with each other by using simultaneously presented face pictures with the same or a different unconscious valence (SUV versus DUV). In the first event-related potential (ERP) study, DUV elicited a smaller N2 as compared with SUV. In the second functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) was activated under DUV condition in comparison to SUV condition. These results support the idea of interactions between unconscious processes (unconscious mismatch detection). The theoretical implications are discussed in the light of the global neuronal workspace theory.
文摘This article reviews selected neuroscience and psychoanalytic writings about respective concepts regarding unconscious processes. Two objectives are pursued. The first is the modification of an apparent dualistic view of the psychoanalytic, dynamic unconscious described by Freud and the implicit, automated unconscious described by neuroscientists into a unified unconscious process concept. Secondly, to examine the functional, structural theory of Freud and to connect it to neuroscience findings via neurodevelopment and the concomitant development of speech and language, an exclusive communicative capacity of the human species. The goal is to illustrate the application of the objectives into clinical settings.
文摘Individuals frequently generate emotion during the anticipation process and the anticipatory emotion has an important adaptive significance, especially the negative anticipative emotion. Many researches used conscious emotion regulation strategy and successfully reduced negative anticipatory emotion. However, it is costly for our limited cognition. In the present study, we used sentence unscrambling tasks to prime unconscious emotion control goal and investigated its effect on anticipatory anxiety, including experience and physiological activity. The results showed that 1) relative to anticipating neutral images, participations’ anxiety experience and skin conductance level were higher when anticipating negative and unknown images;2) participants who had a unconscious emotion control goal primed achieved the same decrease in skin conductance as those explicitly instructed to reappraise, compared to a control group;3) heart rate was not affected by experiment condition and anticipation type. Together, these findings suggest that unconscious emotion regulation may provide an effective mean of regulating negative anticipatory emotion.
文摘The main features of early rehabilitation after severe brain damage are discussed in the article. The most important component for the entire rehabilitation process and the subsequent life of the patient is considered restoration of consciousness. Team seems to be a key factor in regaining consciousness along with the restoration of vital functions, movement, cognition, and behavior in these patients. The basic working principle is feedback to any minimal movement, or vegetative signal of a patient, beyond specific professional targets. A network of feedbacks with a patient and between professionals, that is, free flow of information, can be built only through work in a transdisciplinary team mode. The net of feedbacks with the patient and inter-professional ones builds up the team as Non-linear Complex System. Characteristics of “Team-Patient” system status are energy, entropy, and complexity. Teamwork techniques are individualized for resulting optimization of system condition. Increase of complexity is a powerful tool for propulsion of recovery process. Then consciousness may appear as a result of system self-organization. The article reflects the authors’ view on interdisciplinary studies of the phenomenon of consciousness through its impairment and recovery. It focuses on the work of the “proper rehabilitation team”, the mechanisms of its action and methods for researching the occurring phenomena.
文摘This paper is to explore Maggie＇s dream in The Mill on the Floss （1980） and how it both discloses the complicated inner world of the protagonist and forecasts the plot development. In this episode, Maggie has to be faced with all the important relations of her life, each making different claims on her conscience. It is also the critical moment when Maggie achieves sober self-knowledge, therefore coming to the hardest decision in the choice between family, love and friendship. It juxtaposes illusion and reality through multiple levels of overlapping in images and scenes, which illustrates how unconscious feelings work effect on Maggie＇s conscious action. This episode is typical of George Eliot＇s literary presentation of unconscious, which not only reveals her keen observation of human psyche, but also demonstrates the general achievement of the 19th century psychologists in the related field.
文摘Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with the potentiality of multiple choices. Thereafter, reductive deliberation is led by determinism to the final decision, which realises only one of the potential choices. The reductive deliberation phase tries to find out the best alternative and simultaneously satisfying vague motivations, contextual conditions and personal preferences. The essential sense of free will is the introduction of personal preferences, which allows a higher diversity of reactions to vague motivations. With an oversimplified model of determinism as a chain of events, incompatibilists define ＂free＂ as ＂undetermined＂ so that determinism becomes incompatible with any free choice between alternatives. In consciousness, free will requires a more complex model of network determinism as well as the consideration of unconsciousness as a causal factor. When ＂free＂ defined as ＂undetermined＂ is applied to the context of consciousness, it should be reinterpreted as ＂unconscious of being determined＂ or not aware of underlying determinism. Lacking information on determinism generates a feeling of ＂free＂ in consciousness and, therefore, gives the impression of indeterminism. Lacking information may be induced by an uncertain future without determined events--an unconscious past with biological reactions suddenly emerging from the unconsciousness or an unknown present unable to distinguish determinism of complex events. Therefore, at the level of human consciousness, the experience of free will is associated with apparent indeterminism although it is based on unconscious determinism. The concepts of compatibilism and incompatibilism are only two different aspects of the same phenomenon and correspond to consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, they can be considered together with a free will concept based on relativity depending on two different reference frames--the first person＇s experience frame or the Laplace＇s demon frame with knowledge on every molecule of the universe. Only relativity of the free will concept avoids the contradiction between ＂free＂ and ＂unfree＂ for the same phenomenon and could be a compromise for considering compatibilism and incompatibilism equally.
文摘The Great Gatsby written by Fitzgerald is an influential classic in American literature,and its author Fitzgerald is consid ered as a chronicler of the“Jazz Age”.There are three main women characters in the novel and they all play important roles in re vealing the theme.Undoubtedly,these women are all the victims of the society in American twenties.This paper tries to analyze the contradictory characters in Daisy based on Jung Carl Gustav’s collective unconscious and personal unconscious.
文摘The Doll's House is one of the most famous representatives of Katherine Mansfield. She makes use of simple words to tell the story, but she vividly depicts the reality that the discrimination to the poor still exists. This phenomenon influences not only the world of adult but also the world of children. Kezia is the protagonist in The Doll's House. She is different from other members in her family. Although she is influenced by the canons in the adult world, she is not totally assimilated by these invisible principles. Kezia's consciousness and unconsciousness play important roles in indicating Katherine Mansfield's attitude towards the discrimination which she doesn't express directly. By analyzing Kezia's these two aspects in her mind, people's attention to the poor can be called and people's kindness and sympathy to them can be aroused.
文摘Objective To explore quantitative electroencephalography in unconscious patients after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to predict awakening. Methods All cases were divided into two groups(the awake group 19 cases and the unfavourable prognosis group 22 cases).Two weeks after admission the original EEGs were preformed in 41 patients suffering from severe TBI with duration of disturbance of
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021ZD0203800 and 2021ZD0204200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830037)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong(2023B0303010004)the Interdisciplinary Innovation Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(JCTD-2021-06)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Typically developing(TD)individuals can readily orient attention according to others'eye-gaze direction,an ability known as social attention,which involves both innate and acquired components.To distinguish between these two components,we used a critical flicker fusion technique to render gaze cues invisible to participants,thereby largely reducing influences from consciously acquired strategies.Results revealed that both visible and invisible gaze cues could trigger attentional orienting in TD adults(aged 20 to 30 years)and children(aged 6 to 12 years).Intriguingly,only the ability to involuntarily respond to invisible gaze cues was negatively correlated with autistic traits among all TD participants.This ability was substantially impaired in adults with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)and in children with high autistic traits.No such association or reduction was observed with visible gaze cues.These findings provide compelling evidence for the functional demarcation of conscious and unconscious gaze-triggered attentional orienting that emerges early in life and develops into adulthood,shedding new light on the differentiation of the innate and acquired aspects of social attention.Moreover,they contribute to a comprehensive understanding of social endophenotypes of ASD.
文摘A veterinary(兽医的)clinic in Türkiye recently shared the touching story of a stray dog who carried her unconscious puppy in her mouth and left it at the clinic door,as if begging for help.If not for the viral video footage captured by CCTV cameras,most people would probably think this story too heart⁃warming to be true.A veterinary clinic in the Adnan Kahveci neighborhood of Beylikdüzü,in Türkiye's Istanbul Province,recently reported one of its most incredible cases.On January 13,an animal lover brought a young puppy he had found on the street,claiming it was the only survivor of a stray's litter.The clinic rushed to treat the puppy only to then find that its mother showed up on the doorstep with another unconscious puppy in her mouth.A technician noticed the desperate animal and rushed to tend to her offspring,which suffered from hypothermia(体温过低)and had a very low heart rate.
文摘In second language teaching methodology, 'real-life' communicative use of language has long receivedmuch attention and conscious learning is thus more or less supposed to be irrelevant. SL learning should belargely unconscious, just as a child learns his native language. However, many SL researchers and teachersdoubt the unconscious learning. This article suggests that while for young children SL learning undercommunicative naturalistic condition may be favorable, consciousness may be more beneficial for adults due totheir intellectual maturity and richer experience.
文摘This study aims to explore the unconscious motivations underlying migration in Niger, with an emphasis on understanding the phenomenon of pathological travel. Its aim is to identify the unconscious factors of pathological travel among migrants. Pathological travel, as discussed in the scientific literature on psychopathology, is characterised by movements initiated under the influence of delusions, hallucinations or other serious psychiatric disorders. The aim of this research is to contribute to our understanding of how these unconscious factors influence migration decisions. Using a retrospective analysis of five cases, this study examines the psychological and psychiatric dimensions of migration, particularly among patients referred to the psychiatry department of the Niamey National Hospital between 2017 and 2018. The five cases analysed, representing 12% of a cohort of 40 migrant patients, suffered from chronic psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and chronic hallucinatory psychosis. By means of diagnostic interviews and categorical sorting, three main unconscious motivations were identified: the delusional state with themes of filiation and persecution, the hallucinations that dictated the travel behaviour, and the dissociative states manifested by depersonalisation and derealisation. It also emerges from this analysis that pathological travel often involves prolonged journeys on foot and without purpose. Thus, untreated mental illness plays a significant role in shaping and influencing individual and social behaviour. The results of this study have important implications for public health and migration policy. They highlight the need to integrate health assessments into migration management systems, particularly in regions serving as transit hubs for migrants. The research also highlights the need for culturally sensitive psychiatric interventions to address the interaction between pre-existing mental disorders and migration. This study contributes to a better understanding of the psychological dimensions of migration by highlighting the importance of addressing mental health as an integral part of humanitarian action. The knowledge gained paves the way for future research to explore this understudied aspect of migration on a broader scale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31170989,31371042,31400906)the Special Grant for Postdoctoral Research in Chongqing(Xm2014059)
文摘Previous studies indicate that emotion regulation may occur unconsciously, without the cost of cognitive effort, while conscious acceptance may enhance negative experiences despite having potential long-term health benefits. Thus, it is important to overcome this weakness to boost the efficacy of the acceptance strategy in negative emotion regulation. As unconscious regulation occurs with little cost of cognitive resources, the current study hypothesizes that unconscious acceptance regulates the emotional consequence of negative events more effectively than does conscious acceptance. Subjects were randomly assigned to conscious acceptance, unconscious acceptance and no-regulation conditions. A frustrating arithmetic task was used to induce negative emotion. Emotional experiences were assessed on the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale while emotion-related physiological activation was assessed by heart-rate reactivity. Results showed that conscious acceptance had a significant negative affective consequence, which was absent during unconscious acceptance. That is, unconscious acceptance was linked with little reduction of positive affect during the experience of frustration, while this reduction was prominent in the control and conscious acceptance groups. Instructed, conscious acceptance resulted in a greater reduction of positive affect than found for the control group. In addition, both conscious and unconscious acceptance strategies significantly decreased emotion-related heart-rate activity(to a similar extent) in comparison with the control condition. Moreover, heart-rate reactivity was positively correlated with negative affect and negatively correlated with positive affect during the frustration phase relative to the baseline phase, in both the control and unconscious acceptance groups. Thus, unconscious acceptance not only reduces emotion-related physiological activity but also better protects mood stability compared with conscious acceptance. This suggests that the clinical practice of acceptance therapy may need to consider using the unconscious priming of an accepting attitude, instead of intentionally instructing people to implement such a strategy, to boost the efficacy of acceptance in emotion regulation.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30070262) Multi-disciplinary Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (Grant No. KJCX1-07) the Hundred Talents Program of CAS and American NIH (AG
文摘The neural correlates of the motion priming were examined in normal young subjects using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Visual motion perception can be uncon-sciously biased in favor of a particular direction by a pre-ceding motion in that direction. Motion priming first in-volved an enhancement of ERP amplitude about 100 ms fol-lowing the onset of motion. The amplitudes of ERP compo-nents after 350 ms were also increased. The fMRI results suggest that the early-latency effect reflects modulation of neural responses in extrastriate cortex. Higher-level visual processing areas, including cortical regions MT/MST and the intraparietal cortices were also activated. The findingsprovide direct evidence that unconscious priming of motion perception is the result of interaction of direction-selective neural responses to motion stimuli. The results cannot be accounted for by refractoriness of neural responses, but in-stead support a theory of motion
基金Funding was provided by The National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaResearch and Demonstration of Key Technologies for the International Training Platform for Winter Developing and Undeveloped Sports(Grant No.2018YFF0300900).
文摘Self-confidence is one of the most important conditions needed for athletes to succeed.The way in which the self-confidence of athletes may be improved is an eternal topic in training and competition.This study aimed to examine whether uncon-scious goal priming can improve athletes'explicit and implicit self-confidence through three experiments.Experiment 1 was aimed at exploring the effect of unconscious goal priming on athletes'self-confidence.For the purpose of this experiment,120 athletes were randomly divided into a priming group and a control group.Experiment 2 was aimed at examining the training effect of unconscious goal priming on athletes'self-confidence and for the purpose of this experiment 16 rhythmic gymnastics athletes were selected as subjects.Experiment 3 was aimed at checking the replication of the training effect of unconscious goal priming on athletes'self-confidence employing 16 judo athletes as subjects.The results indicated that unconscious goal priming improved athletes'explicit self-confidence but not implicit self-confidence,while unconscious goal priming intervention improved both athletes'explicit and implicit self-confidence.These results provide an economical and convenient alternative for improving athletes'self-confidence.
文摘Alice Munro,the first short story writer in Canada to receive the Nobel Prize laureate in 2013,applies the unconscious to the portrayal of characters and the construction of engrossing stories.Based on the unconscious theory of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis,this article focuses on one of Alice Munro’s short stories,Open Secrets,by analyzing the unconscious of representative characters,to explore their power conversion through the conflicts triggered by their unconscious mind.Via uncovering their unique personalities and values,as well as displaying their power against each other through conflict,this article reveals that the relationship between characters is sophisticated and changeable,and their power against each other has been a state of change in continuous conflicts.Behind the unconscious displays a thoroughly different comparison of forces:the strong who behaves violently and arrogantly actually shows weakness;in turn,the obedience and endurance of the weak strongly manifest a tenacious resistance.
文摘Freud asserts that the unconscious will express its suppressed wishes and desires. The unconscious will then redirect andreshape these concealed wishes into acceptable social activities, presenting them in the form of images or symbols in our dreams and/or our writings. Dream is the unconscious which promotes the creative writing.
