The redefinition of the U.S.policy toward China since Barack Obama’s election has been based on a compromise between elements of hard power(military,economy) and soft power(influence,dialogue,persuasion).This new pos...The redefinition of the U.S.policy toward China since Barack Obama’s election has been based on a compromise between elements of hard power(military,economy) and soft power(influence,dialogue,persuasion).This new posture has been defined by several experts and policymakers as a"smart policy".However,considering the rise of China and its implications both at economic and political levels,what is the real margin of Washington in its relation with Beijing,and what are the long term implications of the smart policy? If the China policy is a priority for the Obama administration,the challenges for Washington are particularly sensitive, considering the consequences of a failure in implementing comprehensive China-U.S.relations.展开更多
本文对美国联邦政府“Department of Justice”(DOJ)现行汉译名“司法部”的恰当性提出质疑。通过研究发现,其概念内涵与我国同名机构存在显著差异,二者在职权范围上重合度极低,现行译名容易导致认知混淆。为寻求更精准的译名,本文运用...本文对美国联邦政府“Department of Justice”(DOJ)现行汉译名“司法部”的恰当性提出质疑。通过研究发现,其概念内涵与我国同名机构存在显著差异,二者在职权范围上重合度极低,现行译名容易导致认知混淆。为寻求更精准的译名,本文运用概念史研究方法进行系统辨析。在历时维度上,追溯其自1789年设立以来的历史演变,明确其核心内涵;在共时维度上,通过比较日本“法务省”与韩国“法务部”的机构性质与职能,发现它们与美国DOJ高度对应,均为涵盖检察、侦查等职能的综合性行政机构,这为译名选择提供了重要参照。如果语符所指概念内涵重合度高,概念所指语符有一个被普遍接受的译名,则该译名较为准确。基于以上分析,本文认为DOJ应译为“法务部”,更能准确反映该机构的实质内涵与职权范围。本研究不仅为特定术语正名,也为处理类似政治法律术语的翻译提供了基于概念史分析的方法论示例。展开更多
At present,the caries rate of deciduous teeth in Chinese children remains high,and there is a huge gap with the actual consultation rate,indicating that children’s oral health management has a long way to go.Against ...At present,the caries rate of deciduous teeth in Chinese children remains high,and there is a huge gap with the actual consultation rate,indicating that children’s oral health management has a long way to go.Against this background,doctors should comply with the development of the“digital intelligence”era and actively explore the innovative application of digital intelligence technology in children’s oral health management to solve the practical dilemmas of children’s oral health.Based on this,this paper will briefly analyze the importance of children’s oral health management in the era of“digital intelligence”and the current status of children’s oral health management,and discuss the improvement strategies of children’s oral health management in the era of“digital intelligence”.展开更多
N^(6)-methyladenosine RNA methylation,an essential post-transcriptional modification,dynamically regulates RNA metabolism and plays a crucial role in neuronal function.Growing evidence suggests that dysregulated N^(6)...N^(6)-methyladenosine RNA methylation,an essential post-transcriptional modification,dynamically regulates RNA metabolism and plays a crucial role in neuronal function.Growing evidence suggests that dysregulated N^(6)-methyladenosine modification contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.However,the precise mechanisms by which N^(6)-methyladenosine modification influences these conditions remain unclear.This review summarizes the role of m6A modification and its associated regulators in neurodegeneration,focusing on their involvement in key pathological processes.In Alzheimer’s disease,m6A modification contributes to synaptic dysfunction,mitochondrial damage,and neuronal apoptosis.Evidence from APP/PS1,5xFAD,tau transgenic,and Drosophila models demonstrates that regulators such as methyltransferase-like 3 and fat mass and obesity-associated protein influence Alzheimer’s disease progression through neuroinflammation,circular RNAs dysregulation,and autophagy-related mechanisms.In Parkinson’s disease,altered N^(6)-methyladenosine regulator expression affects dopaminergic neuron survival and stress responses by modulating mRNA stability and autophagy-related lncRNAs.In multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,N^(6)-methyladenosine affects immune activation,myelin repair,and the regulation of disease-associated genes such as TDP-43.Beyond N^(6)-methyladenosine,other RNA methylation modifications-such as m1A,m5C,m7G,uracil,and pseudouridine-are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases through their regulation of mitochondrial function,RNA metabolism,and neuronal stress responses.Additionally,N^(6)-methyladenosine exhibits cell type-specific functions:in microglia,it regulates inflammatory activation and phagocytic function;in astrocytes,it modulates metabolic homeostasis and glutamate-associated neurotoxicity;in neurons,it affects synaptic function and neurodegeneration-related gene expression;and in adult neural stem cells,it controls differentiation,neurogenesis,and cognitive plasticity.Recently,several small-molecule inhibitors targeting methyltransferase-like 3 or fat mass and obesity-associated protein have been developed to modulate N^(6)-methyladenosine modification,providing new opportunities for disease intervention,with the targeting of N⁶-methyladenosine-related pathways emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy.However,challenges persist in optimizing the specificity and delivery of these therapeutic approaches.展开更多
Wolfram syndrome(WS)is a rare autosomal rece s s i ve disease characte r i zed by the development of diabetes insipidus,diabetes mellitus,optic atrophy,and deafness(often referred to as DIDMOAD),and overall severe neu...Wolfram syndrome(WS)is a rare autosomal rece s s i ve disease characte r i zed by the development of diabetes insipidus,diabetes mellitus,optic atrophy,and deafness(often referred to as DIDMOAD),and overall severe neurodegenerative fallback.The global prevalence of this disease is estimated at 1 in 770,000(Lee et al.,2023).It is most commonly caused by biallelic(point)mutations in the Wolframin endoplasmic reticulum(ER)transmembrane glycoprotein(WFS1)gene(in case of WS type 1),but mutations in the CDGSH Iron Sulfur Domain 2(CISD2)are also linked to WS(type 2).The latter,however,often present with less severe pathological manifestations(Lee et al.,2023).WFS1 is located on chromosome 4p16.1 and spans over 33 kilobases.Many mutation variants have been identified in WFS1,encompassing missense,nonsense,and frameshift mutations.These mutations are spread across the coding region of WFS1,but certain regions,such as exon 8,the largest exon,appear particularly mutation-prone and associated with the classical WS type 1 phenotype(Lee et al.,2023).展开更多
China’s role as a key player in shaping global development and trends stood out at the recently concluded World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland.In contrast to the incomprehensible threats is...China’s role as a key player in shaping global development and trends stood out at the recently concluded World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland.In contrast to the incomprehensible threats issued by U.S. President Donald Trump before,during, and after the Forum, China’s Vice Premier He Lifeng addressed the assembly of 65 heads of state and over 1,000 CEOs with a sober,substantive presentation.展开更多
文摘The redefinition of the U.S.policy toward China since Barack Obama’s election has been based on a compromise between elements of hard power(military,economy) and soft power(influence,dialogue,persuasion).This new posture has been defined by several experts and policymakers as a"smart policy".However,considering the rise of China and its implications both at economic and political levels,what is the real margin of Washington in its relation with Beijing,and what are the long term implications of the smart policy? If the China policy is a priority for the Obama administration,the challenges for Washington are particularly sensitive, considering the consequences of a failure in implementing comprehensive China-U.S.relations.
文摘本文对美国联邦政府“Department of Justice”(DOJ)现行汉译名“司法部”的恰当性提出质疑。通过研究发现,其概念内涵与我国同名机构存在显著差异,二者在职权范围上重合度极低,现行译名容易导致认知混淆。为寻求更精准的译名,本文运用概念史研究方法进行系统辨析。在历时维度上,追溯其自1789年设立以来的历史演变,明确其核心内涵;在共时维度上,通过比较日本“法务省”与韩国“法务部”的机构性质与职能,发现它们与美国DOJ高度对应,均为涵盖检察、侦查等职能的综合性行政机构,这为译名选择提供了重要参照。如果语符所指概念内涵重合度高,概念所指语符有一个被普遍接受的译名,则该译名较为准确。基于以上分析,本文认为DOJ应译为“法务部”,更能准确反映该机构的实质内涵与职权范围。本研究不仅为特定术语正名,也为处理类似政治法律术语的翻译提供了基于概念史分析的方法论示例。
文摘At present,the caries rate of deciduous teeth in Chinese children remains high,and there is a huge gap with the actual consultation rate,indicating that children’s oral health management has a long way to go.Against this background,doctors should comply with the development of the“digital intelligence”era and actively explore the innovative application of digital intelligence technology in children’s oral health management to solve the practical dilemmas of children’s oral health.Based on this,this paper will briefly analyze the importance of children’s oral health management in the era of“digital intelligence”and the current status of children’s oral health management,and discuss the improvement strategies of children’s oral health management in the era of“digital intelligence”.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(General Program),Nos.82271237,82071218(both to JC),and 82230042(to ZY)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Neurology,Hebei Medical University,Ministry of Education,China,No.2023001(to JC).
文摘N^(6)-methyladenosine RNA methylation,an essential post-transcriptional modification,dynamically regulates RNA metabolism and plays a crucial role in neuronal function.Growing evidence suggests that dysregulated N^(6)-methyladenosine modification contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.However,the precise mechanisms by which N^(6)-methyladenosine modification influences these conditions remain unclear.This review summarizes the role of m6A modification and its associated regulators in neurodegeneration,focusing on their involvement in key pathological processes.In Alzheimer’s disease,m6A modification contributes to synaptic dysfunction,mitochondrial damage,and neuronal apoptosis.Evidence from APP/PS1,5xFAD,tau transgenic,and Drosophila models demonstrates that regulators such as methyltransferase-like 3 and fat mass and obesity-associated protein influence Alzheimer’s disease progression through neuroinflammation,circular RNAs dysregulation,and autophagy-related mechanisms.In Parkinson’s disease,altered N^(6)-methyladenosine regulator expression affects dopaminergic neuron survival and stress responses by modulating mRNA stability and autophagy-related lncRNAs.In multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,N^(6)-methyladenosine affects immune activation,myelin repair,and the regulation of disease-associated genes such as TDP-43.Beyond N^(6)-methyladenosine,other RNA methylation modifications-such as m1A,m5C,m7G,uracil,and pseudouridine-are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases through their regulation of mitochondrial function,RNA metabolism,and neuronal stress responses.Additionally,N^(6)-methyladenosine exhibits cell type-specific functions:in microglia,it regulates inflammatory activation and phagocytic function;in astrocytes,it modulates metabolic homeostasis and glutamate-associated neurotoxicity;in neurons,it affects synaptic function and neurodegeneration-related gene expression;and in adult neural stem cells,it controls differentiation,neurogenesis,and cognitive plasticity.Recently,several small-molecule inhibitors targeting methyltransferase-like 3 or fat mass and obesity-associated protein have been developed to modulate N^(6)-methyladenosine modification,providing new opportunities for disease intervention,with the targeting of N⁶-methyladenosine-related pathways emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy.However,challenges persist in optimizing the specificity and delivery of these therapeutic approaches.
基金Research into Wolfram syndrome in the De Groef team has been supported by the Eye Hope Foundation(Belgium),Wolfram UK(UK)and The Snow Foundation(USA).
文摘Wolfram syndrome(WS)is a rare autosomal rece s s i ve disease characte r i zed by the development of diabetes insipidus,diabetes mellitus,optic atrophy,and deafness(often referred to as DIDMOAD),and overall severe neurodegenerative fallback.The global prevalence of this disease is estimated at 1 in 770,000(Lee et al.,2023).It is most commonly caused by biallelic(point)mutations in the Wolframin endoplasmic reticulum(ER)transmembrane glycoprotein(WFS1)gene(in case of WS type 1),but mutations in the CDGSH Iron Sulfur Domain 2(CISD2)are also linked to WS(type 2).The latter,however,often present with less severe pathological manifestations(Lee et al.,2023).WFS1 is located on chromosome 4p16.1 and spans over 33 kilobases.Many mutation variants have been identified in WFS1,encompassing missense,nonsense,and frameshift mutations.These mutations are spread across the coding region of WFS1,but certain regions,such as exon 8,the largest exon,appear particularly mutation-prone and associated with the classical WS type 1 phenotype(Lee et al.,2023).
文摘China’s role as a key player in shaping global development and trends stood out at the recently concluded World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland.In contrast to the incomprehensible threats issued by U.S. President Donald Trump before,during, and after the Forum, China’s Vice Premier He Lifeng addressed the assembly of 65 heads of state and over 1,000 CEOs with a sober,substantive presentation.
