The Turpan-Hami(Tuha)Basin of China,a critical region on the Silk Road Economic Belt and a major national energy base,occupies a significant position in energy security and in the major industrial clusters in Xinjiang...The Turpan-Hami(Tuha)Basin of China,a critical region on the Silk Road Economic Belt and a major national energy base,occupies a significant position in energy security and in the major industrial clusters in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.Understanding spatial and temporal evolution of human activities in this area is essential for harmonizing ecological protection with energy development,safeguarding the ecological security of the Silk Road Economic Belt,and promoting the sustainable development of the area.However,despite rapid socioeconomic advances,the trajectories of human activity intensity and the principal driving mechanisms over the past three decades remain inadequately understood.To address these gaps,this study constructed a land use dataset for the Tuha Basin from 1990 to 2020,utilizing Google Earth Engine(GEE)and random forest classification algorithm.We assessed the intensity of human activities and their spatial autocorrelation patterns and further identified key drivers influencing spatial and temporal variations using the Geodetector model.Our findings indicated that the intensity of human activities in the Tuha Basin has exhibited a"first decline and then recovery"trend over the past 30 a,accompanied by significant spatial clustering.In recent years,the aggregation of hot spots has diminished,while clustering of cold spots has intensified,suggesting a dispersion of human activity centers.Nevertheless,urban areas in the Hami and Turpan cities,along with their surrounding areas,continued to serve as core areas of human activities.Topographic features(slope gradient and aspect)and their interactions with economic variables emerged as dominant determinants shaping the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of human activity intensity.This result provides critical insights into fostering sustainable regional development and ecological conservation in the Tuha Basin and offers valuable methodological and empirical references for studies on land use dynamics and human activity intensity in similar arid areas.展开更多
The coal-bearing source rocks in the Jurassic Shuixigou Group have received widespread attention as the primary source rocks in the Turpan-Hami Basin of China,but the hydrocarbon generation potential and process of th...The coal-bearing source rocks in the Jurassic Shuixigou Group have received widespread attention as the primary source rocks in the Turpan-Hami Basin of China,but the hydrocarbon generation potential and process of the mudstone in the Shuixigou Group,especially the mudstone at the top of the Sangonghe Formation,are unclear.Taking the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation and the Sangonghe Formation as objectives,this study conducted rock pyrolysis and gold tube simulation experiment to investigate their hydrocarbon generation characteristics and differences.Our results indicate that the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation include mudstone,carbonaceous mudstone and coal,and the quality of the source rocks is highly heterogeneous;the source rocks of the Sangonghe Formation are mainly composed of mudstone,and it is a good gas source rock.Simulation experiments found that the activation energy required for the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is lower than that by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation.The hydrocarbon generation process can be divided into three stages for both formations,but the gas generation potential of the Xishanyao Formation mudstone is higher than that of the Sangonghe Formation mudstone.A large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation when entering late thermal evolution,of which methane is dominant,mainly from the demethylation reaction of mature kerogen.On the other hand,a large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation in the early stage of thermal evolution,of which light hydrocarbon and wet gas are dominant,mainly from the early cracking stage of kerogen.This difference may be attributed to the structure of kerogen.The mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation is conducive to the formation of highly mature dry gas reservoirs,while the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is conducive to the formation of low maturity condensate gas and volatile oil reservoirs.The research result provides a scientific basis for the comparison of oil and gas sources and the evaluation of oil and gas resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin.展开更多
Permian volcanic rocks are widely distributed in the Turpan-Hami Basin, which is part of the Central Asian orogenic belt. Here we present SHRIMP zircon data for the rhyolite in Well Baocan 1, one of the deepest wells ...Permian volcanic rocks are widely distributed in the Turpan-Hami Basin, which is part of the Central Asian orogenic belt. Here we present SHRIMP zircon data for the rhyolite in Well Baocan 1, one of the deepest wells in the basin. The 283.9±2.7 Ma reported in our study provides the best precise age determination for the Yierxitu Formation, the oldest Permian layer of Hami Depression, one of the three substructural units of the Turpan-Hami Basin, and a potential hydrocarbon reservoir in this basin. Our data refines earlier imprecise 39^Ar-40^Ar ages and shows that the volcanic rocks both inside the Turpan-Hami Basin and along its margin are almost coeval. We delineate a collisional orogenesis, and the new age of 283.9±2.7 Ma may limit the latest time of the collision orogenesis.展开更多
The Turpan-Hami Basin in eastern Xinjiang is one of the driest regions on Earth and a premier environment to form and preserve nitrate.A large nitrate ore field in this basin was found recently.It is estimated there a...The Turpan-Hami Basin in eastern Xinjiang is one of the driest regions on Earth and a premier environment to form and preserve nitrate.A large nitrate ore field in this basin was found recently.It is estimated there are about 2.5 billion tons of resources of nitrate,and the amount is as much as the Atacama Desert super-scale nitrate deposit in Chile.Nitrate is one of a few minerals with mass-independent fractionation（MIF）,and the oxygen isotope MIF is an effective method to determine the source of nitrate.Theδ^（17）O,δ^（18）O of nitrate were measured by fluorination and thermal decomposition method.The date indicated that this is the first time that oxygen isotope MIF has been located in inland nitrate minerals.The results obtained by two methods are similar,⊿^（17）=δ^（17）O-0.52×δ^（18）O=12‰-17‰.The experiment and observation data proved that oxygen isotope MIF of nitrate are the result of photochemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere.Thus, evidence from MIF oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that long term atmospheric deposition of nitrate aerosol particles produced by photochemical reactions is the source of the deposits.展开更多
This paper discusses the enviromental characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone and mudstone (coal-measure mudstone in short) of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Turpan-Hami basin, which were formed in swamps. Thro...This paper discusses the enviromental characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone and mudstone (coal-measure mudstone in short) of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Turpan-Hami basin, which were formed in swamps. Through the organic facies study of the coal-measure mudstone in this area, the authors clarify that the flowing-water swamp is the most advanced organic facies belt. Furthermore, according to the practical materials of coal-measure mudstone in the area and with the evaluation criteria of lacustrine mudstone in the past, the authors have established the integrated symbol systems from the abundance of organic matter and the type of organic matter, which can be used in the source rock evaluation of the coal-measure mudstone.展开更多
The rich coal-bed methane resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin are mainly located in the Shisanjianfang,Hami,Shanshan,Sha'erhu,Kekeya,Kerjian,Aidinghu inclines and the Dananhu coal-bed methane reservoirs. The big-ge...The rich coal-bed methane resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin are mainly located in the Shisanjianfang,Hami,Shanshan,Sha'erhu,Kekeya,Kerjian,Aidinghu inclines and the Dananhu coal-bed methane reservoirs. The big-ger coal-bed reservoirs are sitting at a depth of less than 1500 m. The coalbed methane generation,storage and confin-ing conditions of the Turpan-Hami basin can be indicated by eight key parameters. They are coal-bed thickness,coal rank,missing period,permeability,Langmuir volume,rock covering ability,structural confinement and hydrodynamic sealing environment. These parameters constitute a comprehensive appraisal index system of the coal-bed methane res-ervoir characteristics of the Turpan-Hami basin. In these parameters,the missing period of coal-bed methane is indi-cated by a stratum missing intensity factor. It reflects the relative exposure period of coal series. The results of a fuzzy comprehensive judgment showed that the Shisanjianfang coal-bed methane reservoir has the best prospects for exploita-tion and the Sha'erhu,Shanshan,Hami coal-bed methane reservoirs are next in line.展开更多
Massive nitrate deposits have been discovered in the Turpan-Hami basin in northwestern China.Previously,large ore grade nitrate minerals were thought only to exist in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.Estimates of the
The Lukeqin structural belt is the main heavy oil accumulation zone in the Turpan-Hami Basin. The recent discovery of light oil in the Triassic indicates that there may be multiple source kitchens contributing to the ...The Lukeqin structural belt is the main heavy oil accumulation zone in the Turpan-Hami Basin. The recent discovery of light oil in the Triassic indicates that there may be multiple source kitchens contributing to the oil accumulation. According to oil geochemical analysis and oil-source correlation, the oil in deep and shallow reservoirs of the Lukeqin Oilfield presents different physical and saturated hydrocarbon mass spectrum characteristics. The Triassic heavy oil is from the northern Upper Permian lacustrine source rocks, and the light oil represented by the Yudong-9 Well is from the northwestern Lower Jurassic coal-measure source rocks. The timing of oil charging was determined by K/Ar isotope dating, reservoir fluid inclusion analysis and the evolution history of different source rocks. In summary, the accumulation process consists of two stages. From the end of Triassic to early Jurassic, the northern Permian source kitchen generated a considerable amount of oil, which was finally degraded to heavy oil, migrated to the south and then accumulated. The northwestern Jurassic coal-measure source kitchen began to generate oil at the end of Cretaceous, while the northern source kitchen could only generate a little hydrocarbon. The heavy oil and the light oil have different source rock locations, migration directions and accumulation times. The migration of hydrocarbon source kitchens affects the distribution of heavy oil and light oil reservoirs at the present time.展开更多
The positive structure belts surrounding the Taibei Sag,Turpan-Hami Basin,have been the main targets for oil and gas exploration for years and are now left with remaining resources scattering in reservoirs adjacent to...The positive structure belts surrounding the Taibei Sag,Turpan-Hami Basin,have been the main targets for oil and gas exploration for years and are now left with remaining resources scattering in reservoirs adjacent to source rocks in the sag,where the Shuixigou Group with substantial oil and gas potential constitutes the primary focus for near-source exploration.Consequently,characterization of development and key controlling factors of reservoir space becomes a must for future exploration in the area.This study investigates the development traits,genesis,and controlling factors of the Xishanyao and Sangonghe formations in the Shengbei and Qiudong Sub-sags of the Taibei Sag with techniques such as cast thin-section observation,porosity and permeability tests,high-pressure mercury injection,and saturation fluid NMR analysis of reservoir rocks.The findings reveal that the Shuixigou Group in the Taibei Sag consists of lithic sandstone.Reservoirs in the group are mostly poor in terms of physical properties,with undeveloped primary pores dominated by intergranular dissolved pores as a result of a strong compaction.Comparative analysis of key controlling factors of the Sangonghe Formation reveals significant distinctions in sandstone particle size,sand body thickness,genesis and distribution,provenance location,and source rock type between the Qiudong area and Shengbei area.Vertically,the coal seams of the Xishanyao Formation exhibit heightened development with shallower burial depth and lower maturity compared to those of the Sangonghe Formation.Consequently,this environment fosters the formation of organic acids,which have a stronger dissolution effect on minerals to develop secondary dissolution pores,and ultimately resulting in better reservoir physical properties.Overall,the reservoirs within the Qiudong area of the Taibei Sag demonstrate superior characteristics compared to those in the Shengbei area.Furthermore,the reservoir physical properties of the Xishanyao Formation are better than those of the Sangonghe Formation.The research findings will provide valuable guidance for the exploration and development of lithological oil and gas reservoirs within the Taibei Sag.展开更多
The Turpan-Hami oil basin is well known for its Jurassic oil-prone coal. The palaeogeograpbical units or the Early and Middle Jurassic coal measures iuclude braided chaunel-alluvial plain, meandering channel-alluvial ...The Turpan-Hami oil basin is well known for its Jurassic oil-prone coal. The palaeogeograpbical units or the Early and Middle Jurassic coal measures iuclude braided chaunel-alluvial plain, meandering channel-alluvial plain, upper delta plain, lower delta plain, subaqueous delta, inter-deltaic bay,lacustrine bay and sballow lake euvironments. The beneficial environments for coal accumulation were tke inter-delta bay and the lower delta plain where intermediate subsidence was maintaiued and there was little input of coarse graiued ediments.展开更多
The Turpan-Hami(Tuha)Basin in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China,holds significant strategic importance as a key economic artery of the ancient Silk Road and the Belt and Road Initiative,necessitating a holisti...The Turpan-Hami(Tuha)Basin in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China,holds significant strategic importance as a key economic artery of the ancient Silk Road and the Belt and Road Initiative,necessitating a holistic understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of land use/land cover(LULC)to foster sustainable planning that is tailored to the region's unique resource endowments.However,existing LULC classification methods demonstrate inadequate accuracy,hindering effective regional planning.In this study,we established a two-level LULC classification system(8 primary types and 22 secondary types)for the Tuha Basin.By employing Landsat 5/7/8 imagery at 5-a intervals,we developed the LULC dataset of the Tuha Basin from 1990 to 2020,conducted the accuracy assessment and spatiotemporal evolution analysis,and simulated the future LULC under various scenarios via the Markov-Future Land Use Simulation(Markov-FLUS)model.The results revealed that the average overall accuracy values of our LULC dataset were 0.917 and 0.864 for the primary types and secondary types,respectively.Compared with the seven mainstream LULC products(GlobeLand30,Global 30-meter Land Cover with Fine Classification System(GLC_FCS30),Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover PLUS(FROM_GLC PLUS),ESA Global Land Cover(ESA_LC),Esri Land Cover(ESRI_LC),China Multi-Period Land Use Land Cover Change Remote Sensing Monitoring Dataset(CNLUCC),and China Annual Land Cover Dataset(CLCD))in 2020,our LULC data exhibited dramatically elevated overall accuracy and provided more precise delineations for land features,thereby yielding high-quality data backups for land resource analyses within the basin.In 2020,unused land(78.0%of the study area)and grassland(18.6%)were the dominant LULC types of the basin;although cropland and construction land constituted less than 1.0%of the total area,they played a vital role in arid land development and primarily situated within oases that form the urban cores of the cities of Turpan and Hami.Between 1990 and 2020,cropland and construction land exhibited a rapid expansion,and the total area of water body decreased yet resurging after 2015 due to an increase in areas of reservoir and pond.In future scenario simulations,significant increases in areas of construction land and cropland are anticipated under the business-as-usual scenario,whereas the wetland area will decrease,suggesting the need for ecological attention under this development pathway.In contrast,the economic development scenario underscores the fast-paced expansion of construction land,primarily from the conversion of unused land,highlighting the significant developmental potential of unused land with a slowing increase in cropland.Special attention should thus be directed toward ecological and cropland protection during development.This study provides data supports and policy recommendations for the sustainable development goals of Tuha Basin and other similar arid areas.展开更多
The central structure belt in Turpan-Hami basin is composed of the Huoyanshan structure and Qiketai structure formed in late Triassic-early Jurassic, and is characterized by extensional tectonics. The thickness of str...The central structure belt in Turpan-Hami basin is composed of the Huoyanshan structure and Qiketai structure formed in late Triassic-early Jurassic, and is characterized by extensional tectonics. The thickness of strata in the hanging wall of the growth fault is obviously larger than that in the footwall,and a deposition center was evolved in the Taibei sag where the hanging wall of the fault is located. In late Jurassic the collision between Lhasa block and Eurasia continent resulted in the transformation of the Turpan-Hami basin from an extensional structure into a compressional structure, and consequently in the tectonic inversion of the central structure belt of the Turpan-Hami basin from the extensional normal fault in the earlier stage to the compressive thrust fault in the later stage. The Tertiary collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate occurred around 55Ma, and this Himalayan orogenic event has played a profound role in shaping the Tianshan area, only the effect of the collision to this area was delayed since it culminated here approximately in late Oligocene-early Miocene. The central structure belt was strongly deformed and thrusted above the ground as a result of this tectonic event.展开更多
This paper analyses the sequence stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Early and early Middle Jurassic coal measures in the Turpan-Hami Basin, northwestern China.The controls of the palaeogeography and sequence stra...This paper analyses the sequence stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Early and early Middle Jurassic coal measures in the Turpan-Hami Basin, northwestern China.The controls of the palaeogeography and sequence stratigraphy on the coal accumulation in this basin have been discussed.The results show that the coal measures were formed in a fluvial-delta-lacustrine sedimentary system,and a total of 4 third-order sequences were developed,展开更多
The origin of the Jurassic low maturity natural gas in the Turpan-Hami Basin has attracted scientists’attention for some time,and it is known that radiogenesis may have played a role.However,little has been done on t...The origin of the Jurassic low maturity natural gas in the Turpan-Hami Basin has attracted scientists’attention for some time,and it is known that radiogenesis may have played a role.However,little has been done on the uranium-rich background of the whole basin.Based on plentiful logging and geological data for the Jurassic strata in the Turpan-Hami Basin,this research examined the features and factors controlling the distribution of rocks with high gamma reading.The results show that 70%-100%of the rocks with high gamma readings correspond to mudstones in the prodelta subfacies rather than those in semideep-deep lacustrine subfacies rich in mudstones.Therefore,we propose that the distribution of rocks with high gamma readings is mainly controlled by sedimentary facies rather than by lithology.Further analysis of the gamma spectrometry logging data shows that high gamma values are more strongly correlated with U content than with Th or K content.By comparing the U and Th contents of felsic rocks in peripheral provenances,we find that the Jueluotage Mountain and Harlik Mountain were the dominant uranium sources for the Jurassic Turpan-Hami Basin.Radiolysis due to high-level uranium in the prodelta subfacies can make the low maturity source rocks generate H2 and CH4,thus contributing to the production of low maturity natural gas in the Turpan-Hami Basin.展开更多
Turpan-Hami Basin is a major petroliferous basin in China. To date the natural gas exploration is concentrated in the Taibei sag. The origin and source of natural gas in the Taibei sag has long been controversial. To ...Turpan-Hami Basin is a major petroliferous basin in China. To date the natural gas exploration is concentrated in the Taibei sag. The origin and source of natural gas in the Taibei sag has long been controversial. To further investigate the origin and source of the natural gas in the Taibei sag, combined with previous studies and the local geological backgrounds, this study collected 23 gas samples from the Baka, Qiuling, Shanshan and Wenmi oil fields in the Taibei sag and analyzed the sample composition, stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of all the gas samples. The results show that, gases from the four oil fields in the Taibei sag are dominated by hydrocarbon gas and belong to wet gas. Methane accounts for 65.84% to 97.94%, the content of heavy hydrocarbon (C2-5) can be up to 34.98%, while the content of nonhydrocarbon (CO2, N2) is trace. The δ13C1 value is –44.9‰ to –40.4‰,δ13C2 is –28.2‰ to –24.9‰,δ13C3 is –27.1‰ to –18.0‰ and δ13C4 is –26.7‰ to –22.1;while the variation of δD1 is not significant from –272‰ to –252‰,δD2 is –236‰ to –200‰ and δD3 is –222‰ to –174‰. Methane and its homologues (C2-5) are characterized by normal stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic distribution pattern, i.e., with the increase of carbon number, methane and its homologues become more and more enriched in 13C or D (δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4<δ13C5,δD1<δD2<δD3), which is consistent with the carbon and hydrogen isotopic features of typical thermogenic gas. All these results show that the natural gases in the four oil fields are coal-derived gas with low maturity (Ro averaged at 0.7%), and are sourced from the Middle-Lower Jurassic coal measure. The hydrogen isotopic data of natural gas are affected by both thermal maturity and the water medium of the environment where source rocks are formed. The hydrogen isotopic data indicate that the source rocks are formed in terrestrial limnetic facies with freshwater. Natural gases from Well Ba23 and Well Ke19 experienced biodegradation in the late stage.展开更多
The Turpan-Hami basin, rich in coal and petroleum, is a superimposed basin of three types basins in different tectonic environments. This coal, oil and gas basin has undergone a complex tectonic-sedimentary evolution,...The Turpan-Hami basin, rich in coal and petroleum, is a superimposed basin of three types basins in different tectonic environments. This coal, oil and gas basin has undergone a complex tectonic-sedimentary evolution, in which two important stages were the negative inversion from a foredeep to a extensional basin during Early Mesozoic and the positive inversion to a thrust foreland basin in Late MesozoicEarly Cenozoic. The early normal faults residues are recognized with the addition of tectonic-sedimentary analysis to confirm the basin extension during Jurassic time and its tectonic inversion subsequently.展开更多
A comprehensive study on geothermal history of the Turpan-HamiBasin by vitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion geothermometry, apatite fission track and 40Ar-39Ar dating displays that the main effects influencing geote...A comprehensive study on geothermal history of the Turpan-HamiBasin by vitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion geothermometry, apatite fission track and 40Ar-39Ar dating displays that the main effects influencing geotemperature distribution are burial depth of the basement, heat flow, magmatic activities, as well as tectonic movement, having a rugulation to be higher in the east and north, lower in the west and south, as well as higher in the past and lower at the present. The heat of the mantle source and the Indo-China tectonic thermal event have extremely influenced matura-tion of source rocks of the upper Lower Permian and the Middle and Upper Triassic in the lndo-China epoch. While, the geothermal gradient and the weak tectonic geothermal event of the Early Yanshan Movement provided necessary heat for the maturation of source rock in coal-bearing strata of the Middle and Lower Jurassic.展开更多
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2022xjkk1205)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377461).
文摘The Turpan-Hami(Tuha)Basin of China,a critical region on the Silk Road Economic Belt and a major national energy base,occupies a significant position in energy security and in the major industrial clusters in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.Understanding spatial and temporal evolution of human activities in this area is essential for harmonizing ecological protection with energy development,safeguarding the ecological security of the Silk Road Economic Belt,and promoting the sustainable development of the area.However,despite rapid socioeconomic advances,the trajectories of human activity intensity and the principal driving mechanisms over the past three decades remain inadequately understood.To address these gaps,this study constructed a land use dataset for the Tuha Basin from 1990 to 2020,utilizing Google Earth Engine(GEE)and random forest classification algorithm.We assessed the intensity of human activities and their spatial autocorrelation patterns and further identified key drivers influencing spatial and temporal variations using the Geodetector model.Our findings indicated that the intensity of human activities in the Tuha Basin has exhibited a"first decline and then recovery"trend over the past 30 a,accompanied by significant spatial clustering.In recent years,the aggregation of hot spots has diminished,while clustering of cold spots has intensified,suggesting a dispersion of human activity centers.Nevertheless,urban areas in the Hami and Turpan cities,along with their surrounding areas,continued to serve as core areas of human activities.Topographic features(slope gradient and aspect)and their interactions with economic variables emerged as dominant determinants shaping the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of human activity intensity.This result provides critical insights into fostering sustainable regional development and ecological conservation in the Tuha Basin and offers valuable methodological and empirical references for studies on land use dynamics and human activity intensity in similar arid areas.
基金supported by the China Petroleum Science and Technology Major Project(No.2023ZZ18-03).
文摘The coal-bearing source rocks in the Jurassic Shuixigou Group have received widespread attention as the primary source rocks in the Turpan-Hami Basin of China,but the hydrocarbon generation potential and process of the mudstone in the Shuixigou Group,especially the mudstone at the top of the Sangonghe Formation,are unclear.Taking the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation and the Sangonghe Formation as objectives,this study conducted rock pyrolysis and gold tube simulation experiment to investigate their hydrocarbon generation characteristics and differences.Our results indicate that the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation include mudstone,carbonaceous mudstone and coal,and the quality of the source rocks is highly heterogeneous;the source rocks of the Sangonghe Formation are mainly composed of mudstone,and it is a good gas source rock.Simulation experiments found that the activation energy required for the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is lower than that by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation.The hydrocarbon generation process can be divided into three stages for both formations,but the gas generation potential of the Xishanyao Formation mudstone is higher than that of the Sangonghe Formation mudstone.A large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation when entering late thermal evolution,of which methane is dominant,mainly from the demethylation reaction of mature kerogen.On the other hand,a large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation in the early stage of thermal evolution,of which light hydrocarbon and wet gas are dominant,mainly from the early cracking stage of kerogen.This difference may be attributed to the structure of kerogen.The mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation is conducive to the formation of highly mature dry gas reservoirs,while the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is conducive to the formation of low maturity condensate gas and volatile oil reservoirs.The research result provides a scientific basis for the comparison of oil and gas sources and the evaluation of oil and gas resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin.
基金supported by the Chinese MOST 973 Program (No. 2009CB219302)
文摘Permian volcanic rocks are widely distributed in the Turpan-Hami Basin, which is part of the Central Asian orogenic belt. Here we present SHRIMP zircon data for the rhyolite in Well Baocan 1, one of the deepest wells in the basin. The 283.9±2.7 Ma reported in our study provides the best precise age determination for the Yierxitu Formation, the oldest Permian layer of Hami Depression, one of the three substructural units of the Turpan-Hami Basin, and a potential hydrocarbon reservoir in this basin. Our data refines earlier imprecise 39^Ar-40^Ar ages and shows that the volcanic rocks both inside the Turpan-Hami Basin and along its margin are almost coeval. We delineate a collisional orogenesis, and the new age of 283.9±2.7 Ma may limit the latest time of the collision orogenesis.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No:40543013, 40873003)and Key Laboratory of Isotope Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources
文摘The Turpan-Hami Basin in eastern Xinjiang is one of the driest regions on Earth and a premier environment to form and preserve nitrate.A large nitrate ore field in this basin was found recently.It is estimated there are about 2.5 billion tons of resources of nitrate,and the amount is as much as the Atacama Desert super-scale nitrate deposit in Chile.Nitrate is one of a few minerals with mass-independent fractionation（MIF）,and the oxygen isotope MIF is an effective method to determine the source of nitrate.Theδ^（17）O,δ^（18）O of nitrate were measured by fluorination and thermal decomposition method.The date indicated that this is the first time that oxygen isotope MIF has been located in inland nitrate minerals.The results obtained by two methods are similar,⊿^（17）=δ^（17）O-0.52×δ^（18）O=12‰-17‰.The experiment and observation data proved that oxygen isotope MIF of nitrate are the result of photochemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere.Thus, evidence from MIF oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that long term atmospheric deposition of nitrate aerosol particles produced by photochemical reactions is the source of the deposits.
文摘This paper discusses the enviromental characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone and mudstone (coal-measure mudstone in short) of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Turpan-Hami basin, which were formed in swamps. Through the organic facies study of the coal-measure mudstone in this area, the authors clarify that the flowing-water swamp is the most advanced organic facies belt. Furthermore, according to the practical materials of coal-measure mudstone in the area and with the evaluation criteria of lacustrine mudstone in the past, the authors have established the integrated symbol systems from the abundance of organic matter and the type of organic matter, which can be used in the source rock evaluation of the coal-measure mudstone.
基金Projects 2002CB211702 supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China2006AA06Z235 by the High Technology Research and Development Program of China
文摘The rich coal-bed methane resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin are mainly located in the Shisanjianfang,Hami,Shanshan,Sha'erhu,Kekeya,Kerjian,Aidinghu inclines and the Dananhu coal-bed methane reservoirs. The big-ger coal-bed reservoirs are sitting at a depth of less than 1500 m. The coalbed methane generation,storage and confin-ing conditions of the Turpan-Hami basin can be indicated by eight key parameters. They are coal-bed thickness,coal rank,missing period,permeability,Langmuir volume,rock covering ability,structural confinement and hydrodynamic sealing environment. These parameters constitute a comprehensive appraisal index system of the coal-bed methane res-ervoir characteristics of the Turpan-Hami basin. In these parameters,the missing period of coal-bed methane is indi-cated by a stratum missing intensity factor. It reflects the relative exposure period of coal series. The results of a fuzzy comprehensive judgment showed that the Shisanjianfang coal-bed methane reservoir has the best prospects for exploita-tion and the Sha'erhu,Shanshan,Hami coal-bed methane reservoirs are next in line.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Award 40972062)the national ‘973 Project’ of China (No. 2011CB403007)
文摘Massive nitrate deposits have been discovered in the Turpan-Hami basin in northwestern China.Previously,large ore grade nitrate minerals were thought only to exist in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.Estimates of the
基金supported by the Basic Research Development Program of China "Accumulation mechanisms and distribution patterns of hydrocarbon intypical superimposed basins of west China" (973 Program,No.2006CB202303)
文摘The Lukeqin structural belt is the main heavy oil accumulation zone in the Turpan-Hami Basin. The recent discovery of light oil in the Triassic indicates that there may be multiple source kitchens contributing to the oil accumulation. According to oil geochemical analysis and oil-source correlation, the oil in deep and shallow reservoirs of the Lukeqin Oilfield presents different physical and saturated hydrocarbon mass spectrum characteristics. The Triassic heavy oil is from the northern Upper Permian lacustrine source rocks, and the light oil represented by the Yudong-9 Well is from the northwestern Lower Jurassic coal-measure source rocks. The timing of oil charging was determined by K/Ar isotope dating, reservoir fluid inclusion analysis and the evolution history of different source rocks. In summary, the accumulation process consists of two stages. From the end of Triassic to early Jurassic, the northern Permian source kitchen generated a considerable amount of oil, which was finally degraded to heavy oil, migrated to the south and then accumulated. The northwestern Jurassic coal-measure source kitchen began to generate oil at the end of Cretaceous, while the northern source kitchen could only generate a little hydrocarbon. The heavy oil and the light oil have different source rock locations, migration directions and accumulation times. The migration of hydrocarbon source kitchens affects the distribution of heavy oil and light oil reservoirs at the present time.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22B6002)the“14th Five-Year”Forward-looking Basic Science and Technology Project of China National Petroleum Company Limited(No.2022DJ2107).
文摘The positive structure belts surrounding the Taibei Sag,Turpan-Hami Basin,have been the main targets for oil and gas exploration for years and are now left with remaining resources scattering in reservoirs adjacent to source rocks in the sag,where the Shuixigou Group with substantial oil and gas potential constitutes the primary focus for near-source exploration.Consequently,characterization of development and key controlling factors of reservoir space becomes a must for future exploration in the area.This study investigates the development traits,genesis,and controlling factors of the Xishanyao and Sangonghe formations in the Shengbei and Qiudong Sub-sags of the Taibei Sag with techniques such as cast thin-section observation,porosity and permeability tests,high-pressure mercury injection,and saturation fluid NMR analysis of reservoir rocks.The findings reveal that the Shuixigou Group in the Taibei Sag consists of lithic sandstone.Reservoirs in the group are mostly poor in terms of physical properties,with undeveloped primary pores dominated by intergranular dissolved pores as a result of a strong compaction.Comparative analysis of key controlling factors of the Sangonghe Formation reveals significant distinctions in sandstone particle size,sand body thickness,genesis and distribution,provenance location,and source rock type between the Qiudong area and Shengbei area.Vertically,the coal seams of the Xishanyao Formation exhibit heightened development with shallower burial depth and lower maturity compared to those of the Sangonghe Formation.Consequently,this environment fosters the formation of organic acids,which have a stronger dissolution effect on minerals to develop secondary dissolution pores,and ultimately resulting in better reservoir physical properties.Overall,the reservoirs within the Qiudong area of the Taibei Sag demonstrate superior characteristics compared to those in the Shengbei area.Furthermore,the reservoir physical properties of the Xishanyao Formation are better than those of the Sangonghe Formation.The research findings will provide valuable guidance for the exploration and development of lithological oil and gas reservoirs within the Taibei Sag.
文摘The Turpan-Hami oil basin is well known for its Jurassic oil-prone coal. The palaeogeograpbical units or the Early and Middle Jurassic coal measures iuclude braided chaunel-alluvial plain, meandering channel-alluvial plain, upper delta plain, lower delta plain, subaqueous delta, inter-deltaic bay,lacustrine bay and sballow lake euvironments. The beneficial environments for coal accumulation were tke inter-delta bay and the lower delta plain where intermediate subsidence was maintaiued and there was little input of coarse graiued ediments.
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program (2022xjkk1100)the Tianchi Talent Project
文摘The Turpan-Hami(Tuha)Basin in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China,holds significant strategic importance as a key economic artery of the ancient Silk Road and the Belt and Road Initiative,necessitating a holistic understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of land use/land cover(LULC)to foster sustainable planning that is tailored to the region's unique resource endowments.However,existing LULC classification methods demonstrate inadequate accuracy,hindering effective regional planning.In this study,we established a two-level LULC classification system(8 primary types and 22 secondary types)for the Tuha Basin.By employing Landsat 5/7/8 imagery at 5-a intervals,we developed the LULC dataset of the Tuha Basin from 1990 to 2020,conducted the accuracy assessment and spatiotemporal evolution analysis,and simulated the future LULC under various scenarios via the Markov-Future Land Use Simulation(Markov-FLUS)model.The results revealed that the average overall accuracy values of our LULC dataset were 0.917 and 0.864 for the primary types and secondary types,respectively.Compared with the seven mainstream LULC products(GlobeLand30,Global 30-meter Land Cover with Fine Classification System(GLC_FCS30),Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover PLUS(FROM_GLC PLUS),ESA Global Land Cover(ESA_LC),Esri Land Cover(ESRI_LC),China Multi-Period Land Use Land Cover Change Remote Sensing Monitoring Dataset(CNLUCC),and China Annual Land Cover Dataset(CLCD))in 2020,our LULC data exhibited dramatically elevated overall accuracy and provided more precise delineations for land features,thereby yielding high-quality data backups for land resource analyses within the basin.In 2020,unused land(78.0%of the study area)and grassland(18.6%)were the dominant LULC types of the basin;although cropland and construction land constituted less than 1.0%of the total area,they played a vital role in arid land development and primarily situated within oases that form the urban cores of the cities of Turpan and Hami.Between 1990 and 2020,cropland and construction land exhibited a rapid expansion,and the total area of water body decreased yet resurging after 2015 due to an increase in areas of reservoir and pond.In future scenario simulations,significant increases in areas of construction land and cropland are anticipated under the business-as-usual scenario,whereas the wetland area will decrease,suggesting the need for ecological attention under this development pathway.In contrast,the economic development scenario underscores the fast-paced expansion of construction land,primarily from the conversion of unused land,highlighting the significant developmental potential of unused land with a slowing increase in cropland.Special attention should thus be directed toward ecological and cropland protection during development.This study provides data supports and policy recommendations for the sustainable development goals of Tuha Basin and other similar arid areas.
文摘The central structure belt in Turpan-Hami basin is composed of the Huoyanshan structure and Qiketai structure formed in late Triassic-early Jurassic, and is characterized by extensional tectonics. The thickness of strata in the hanging wall of the growth fault is obviously larger than that in the footwall,and a deposition center was evolved in the Taibei sag where the hanging wall of the fault is located. In late Jurassic the collision between Lhasa block and Eurasia continent resulted in the transformation of the Turpan-Hami basin from an extensional structure into a compressional structure, and consequently in the tectonic inversion of the central structure belt of the Turpan-Hami basin from the extensional normal fault in the earlier stage to the compressive thrust fault in the later stage. The Tertiary collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate occurred around 55Ma, and this Himalayan orogenic event has played a profound role in shaping the Tianshan area, only the effect of the collision to this area was delayed since it culminated here approximately in late Oligocene-early Miocene. The central structure belt was strongly deformed and thrusted above the ground as a result of this tectonic event.
文摘This paper analyses the sequence stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Early and early Middle Jurassic coal measures in the Turpan-Hami Basin, northwestern China.The controls of the palaeogeography and sequence stratigraphy on the coal accumulation in this basin have been discussed.The results show that the coal measures were formed in a fluvial-delta-lacustrine sedimentary system,and a total of 4 third-order sequences were developed,
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 41330315,41402093)。
文摘The origin of the Jurassic low maturity natural gas in the Turpan-Hami Basin has attracted scientists’attention for some time,and it is known that radiogenesis may have played a role.However,little has been done on the uranium-rich background of the whole basin.Based on plentiful logging and geological data for the Jurassic strata in the Turpan-Hami Basin,this research examined the features and factors controlling the distribution of rocks with high gamma reading.The results show that 70%-100%of the rocks with high gamma readings correspond to mudstones in the prodelta subfacies rather than those in semideep-deep lacustrine subfacies rich in mudstones.Therefore,we propose that the distribution of rocks with high gamma readings is mainly controlled by sedimentary facies rather than by lithology.Further analysis of the gamma spectrometry logging data shows that high gamma values are more strongly correlated with U content than with Th or K content.By comparing the U and Th contents of felsic rocks in peripheral provenances,we find that the Jueluotage Mountain and Harlik Mountain were the dominant uranium sources for the Jurassic Turpan-Hami Basin.Radiolysis due to high-level uranium in the prodelta subfacies can make the low maturity source rocks generate H2 and CH4,thus contributing to the production of low maturity natural gas in the Turpan-Hami Basin.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41472120)China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05007-01)
文摘Turpan-Hami Basin is a major petroliferous basin in China. To date the natural gas exploration is concentrated in the Taibei sag. The origin and source of natural gas in the Taibei sag has long been controversial. To further investigate the origin and source of the natural gas in the Taibei sag, combined with previous studies and the local geological backgrounds, this study collected 23 gas samples from the Baka, Qiuling, Shanshan and Wenmi oil fields in the Taibei sag and analyzed the sample composition, stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of all the gas samples. The results show that, gases from the four oil fields in the Taibei sag are dominated by hydrocarbon gas and belong to wet gas. Methane accounts for 65.84% to 97.94%, the content of heavy hydrocarbon (C2-5) can be up to 34.98%, while the content of nonhydrocarbon (CO2, N2) is trace. The δ13C1 value is –44.9‰ to –40.4‰,δ13C2 is –28.2‰ to –24.9‰,δ13C3 is –27.1‰ to –18.0‰ and δ13C4 is –26.7‰ to –22.1;while the variation of δD1 is not significant from –272‰ to –252‰,δD2 is –236‰ to –200‰ and δD3 is –222‰ to –174‰. Methane and its homologues (C2-5) are characterized by normal stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic distribution pattern, i.e., with the increase of carbon number, methane and its homologues become more and more enriched in 13C or D (δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4<δ13C5,δD1<δD2<δD3), which is consistent with the carbon and hydrogen isotopic features of typical thermogenic gas. All these results show that the natural gases in the four oil fields are coal-derived gas with low maturity (Ro averaged at 0.7%), and are sourced from the Middle-Lower Jurassic coal measure. The hydrogen isotopic data of natural gas are affected by both thermal maturity and the water medium of the environment where source rocks are formed. The hydrogen isotopic data indicate that the source rocks are formed in terrestrial limnetic facies with freshwater. Natural gases from Well Ba23 and Well Ke19 experienced biodegradation in the late stage.
文摘The Turpan-Hami basin, rich in coal and petroleum, is a superimposed basin of three types basins in different tectonic environments. This coal, oil and gas basin has undergone a complex tectonic-sedimentary evolution, in which two important stages were the negative inversion from a foredeep to a extensional basin during Early Mesozoic and the positive inversion to a thrust foreland basin in Late MesozoicEarly Cenozoic. The early normal faults residues are recognized with the addition of tectonic-sedimentary analysis to confirm the basin extension during Jurassic time and its tectonic inversion subsequently.
文摘A comprehensive study on geothermal history of the Turpan-HamiBasin by vitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion geothermometry, apatite fission track and 40Ar-39Ar dating displays that the main effects influencing geotemperature distribution are burial depth of the basement, heat flow, magmatic activities, as well as tectonic movement, having a rugulation to be higher in the east and north, lower in the west and south, as well as higher in the past and lower at the present. The heat of the mantle source and the Indo-China tectonic thermal event have extremely influenced matura-tion of source rocks of the upper Lower Permian and the Middle and Upper Triassic in the lndo-China epoch. While, the geothermal gradient and the weak tectonic geothermal event of the Early Yanshan Movement provided necessary heat for the maturation of source rock in coal-bearing strata of the Middle and Lower Jurassic.
