Olfactory receptors(ORs),the largest vertebrate multigene family,exhibit wide copy number variation among taxa,ranging from~100 to 4000.The ecological importance of smell has been suggested to positively correlate wit...Olfactory receptors(ORs),the largest vertebrate multigene family,exhibit wide copy number variation among taxa,ranging from~100 to 4000.The ecological importance of smell has been suggested to positively correlate with OR gene number,though debate exists on whether the number of total ORs,functional ORs,or the percentage of pseudogenes matters most.While olfaction has been poorly studied in most birds,Turkey Vultures(Cathartes aura)demonstrate keen olfactory ability,capable of foraging using smell alone.In contrast,Black Vultures(Coragyps atratus)have been thought to primarily use vision to locate food.Comparison of the OR genes in these two New World vultures presents an opportunity to examine the dynamics of OR evolution in related avian species that may differ in olfactory abilities.Using a PCR and cloning approach with degenerate primers,we sampled the OR subgenome in Turkey and Black Vultures,as well as Red-tailed Hawks(Buteo jamaicensis)and the distantly related Chicken(Gallus gallus),neither of which are thought to use olfaction extensively.Our results indicate that Turkey Vultures have many more OR genes than Red-tailed Hawks or chickens.Surprisingly,Black Vultures had an intermediate number of OR genes.The number of OR genes we estimated in the Turkey Vulture was much greater than previously reported in studies that used short-read sequencing.Additionally,we found that OR genes from New World vultures and Red-tailed Hawks form clades that were distinct from the clade that included most chicken OR genes,indicating that chickens share few OR orthologs with New World vultures or hawks.As previously observed in other animal groups,pseudogenes appeared throughout all clades and their percentage varied among taxa.These findings suggest the OR gene family is highly dynamic,changing rapidly over evolutionary time,and that taxa may have distinct suites of ORs in their genomes.展开更多
The Turkish model, which has had the power of example, was beset with crises in recent years. The increasingly authoritarianization of Erdo^an, lasting economic stall and unsolved diplomacy dilemma have largely underm...The Turkish model, which has had the power of example, was beset with crises in recent years. The increasingly authoritarianization of Erdo^an, lasting economic stall and unsolved diplomacy dilemma have largely undermined dynamics of the Turkish model. Faded democracy coupled with stalled economy and diplomatic dilemma, led to the decline and even crisis of the Turkish model. Crisis of the model has impacts on Turkey＇s international influence and its accession to the EU as well. The foundation of the bilateral relationship between Turkey and the EU has been negatively influenced internally and their contradictions have also been intensified by crises such as refugees externally. Currently, the relationship between Turkey and the EU is at the crossroad of adjustments and reconstructions.展开更多
AIM: To investigate and compare frequencies of serum positive cagA in patients from two separate regions of Turkey who were grouped according to the presence of peptic ulcer disease or non-ulcer dyspepsia.METHODS: One...AIM: To investigate and compare frequencies of serum positive cagA in patients from two separate regions of Turkey who were grouped according to the presence of peptic ulcer disease or non-ulcer dyspepsia.METHODS: One hundred and eighty Helicobacter pyloripositive patients with peptic ulcer disease or non-ulcer dyspepsia were included in the study. One hundred and fourteen patients had non-ulcer dyspepsia and 66 had peptic ulcer disease (32 with gastric ulcers and/or erosions and 34with duodenal ulcers). Each patient was tested for serum antibody to H. pylori cagA protein by enzyme immunoassay.RESULTS: The total frequency of serum positive cagA in the study group was 97.2 %. The rates in the patients with peptic ulcers and in those with non-ulcer dyspepsia were 100% and 95.6%, respectively. These results were similar to those reported in Asian studies, but higher than those that have been noted in other studies from Turkey and Western countries.CONCLUSION: The high rates of serum positive cagA in these patients with peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia were similar to results reported in Asia. The fact that there was high seroum prevalence regardless of ulcer status suggests that factors other than cagA might be responsible for ulceration or other types of severe pathology in H. pylori-positive individuals.展开更多
On February 6,2023,an M_(w)7.8 earthquake hit the south of Kahramanmaras prefecture,Turkey,followed by another M_(w)7.5 earthquake after nine hours in the middle region of the Kahramanmaras prefecture.More than 84,000...On February 6,2023,an M_(w)7.8 earthquake hit the south of Kahramanmaras prefecture,Turkey,followed by another M_(w)7.5 earthquake after nine hours in the middle region of the Kahramanmaras prefecture.More than 84,000 buildings collapsed or were severely damaged,and more than 50,000 lives were lost in Turkey and Syria.Some of the authors,as members of Chinese rescue team,entered Antakya,Hatay prefecture,and investigated the damaged buildings.This paper first summarizes the damage patterns of buildings and provides three reasons for the massive number of collapsed buildings;i.e.,the lack of seismic measures for better ductility,site effects such as liquefaction and surface rupture,and pronounced low-frequency components of the ground motions.Next,the seismic responses of two typical buildings are calculated based on the geometric data estimated by visual inspection.The results imply that the resonance of the whole structure and the poorer ductility of key members resulted in the collapse of buildings.Finally,some conclusions are drawn.Note that although a large number of buildings were seriously damaged to collapse,the majority of buildings in the areas of extreme shaking were lightly or moderately damaged,which implies that well designed and constructed buildings were able to survive and protect human lives even in over-design earthquakes.展开更多
The Eastern Pontides orogenic belt in the Black Sea region of Turkey offers a critical window to plate kinematics and subduction polarity during the closure of the Paleotethys. Here we provide a brief synthesis on rec...The Eastern Pontides orogenic belt in the Black Sea region of Turkey offers a critical window to plate kinematics and subduction polarity during the closure of the Paleotethys. Here we provide a brief synthesis on recent information from this belt. We infer a southward subduction for the origin of the Eastern Pontides orogenic belt and its associated late Mesozoic--Cenozoic magmatism based on clear spatial and temporal variations in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic arc magmatism, together with the exis- tence of a prominent south-dipping reverse fault system along the entire southern coast of the Black Sea. Our model is at variance with some recent proposals favoring a northward subduction polarity, and illus- trates the importance of arc magmatism in evaluating the geodynamic milieu associated with convergent margin orocesses.展开更多
The most parts of the Earth experience precipitation variability as a part of their normal climates over both short- and long-time periods. These variations of precipitation will have unpredictable and perhaps unexpec...The most parts of the Earth experience precipitation variability as a part of their normal climates over both short- and long-time periods. These variations of precipitation will have unpredictable and perhaps unexpectedly extreme consequences（such as drought and flood） with respect to frequency and intensity for many regions of the Earth. Because of high precipitation fluctuations, the Mediterranean region is also the areas of the world sensitive to precipitation changes which often involve frequent drought conditions in Turkey. In this study, drought conditions at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales over the period of 1975–2010 were examined for Antakya-Kahramanmara？ Graben which is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Application of appropriate measures to analyze and monitor droughts is recognized as a major challenge to scientists involved in atmospheric studies. Standardized Precipitation Index（SPI） and cumulative deviation curve techniques were used to determine drought conditions. Results indicated that the study area presented a cyclic pattern of variations with alternating drier and wetter years. From analyses of annual, seasonal and monthly drought series it can be seen that precipitation characteristic of the area is changing. By the results, apparent wet and dry periods can be distinguished. This study also indicated that precipitation totals of winter, spring and summer seasons were slightly decreased during the study period. Drought frequency was increased especially for the northern part of the area in the last ten years. Drought periods were divided into 1982–1985, 1999–2002 and 2004–2008, respectively. According to our analyses, the time scale of 1999–2002 was the driest period in the most of the graben area. The study area, which covers agriculturally important fertile alluvial plains, will experience increasing pressure on its water resources because of its growing population and industry, ever-larger demands for intensive agricultural activities, and frequent drought events.展开更多
Forest structure changes continuously by natural and anthropogenic effects. Because the level of goods and services provided by forest ecosystems are related to this structure, some attributes have to be controlled wh...Forest structure changes continuously by natural and anthropogenic effects. Because the level of goods and services provided by forest ecosystems are related to this structure, some attributes have to be controlled while they are being managed. In this paper we describe the long-term temporal changes in land area and landscape metrics related to different land uses of a managed forest in Turkey. The study was carried out for the Daday Forest Planning Unit located in the west Black Sea region of northern Turkey. The total area is 16,813 ha and besides wood production, it is managed for erosion control, public health, aesthetics, and recreation. Stand type maps that were constructed in 1970,1989, 1999, and 2010 were used in this analysis. Transition matrixes that illustrate area changes among cover types and temporal changes on some landscape metrics were obtained using Geographic Information Systems. Stands were separated into small patches, and thus the number of patches increased nearly two-fold between 1970 and 2010. The total forest edge increased and through the associated fragmentation, the amount of core forest area decreased at the landscape scale. Landscape metrics were applied to digitized versions of historical maps to assess how forest area changed. Human use of the land has changed, forest management practices have evolved, and these along with natural forest growth have contributed to interesting changes in landscape character.展开更多
Balantidium coli is the only parasitic ciliate of man. It is a flattened oval organism covered with cilia, and a gullet at the anterior end. It is infrequently pathogenic for man,although epidemic buds in tropical zon...Balantidium coli is the only parasitic ciliate of man. It is a flattened oval organism covered with cilia, and a gullet at the anterior end. It is infrequently pathogenic for man,although epidemic buds in tropical zones have been described. The infection fundamentally affects the colon and causes variable clinic pictures, from asymptomatic to serious dysenteric forms. We present a case of parasitologically diagnosed as causes of diarrhea in a patient with non Hodgkin's lymphoma from Turkey.In order to find out the causative etiologic agent of diarrhea,stool samples were examined by native,lugol and flotation methods and we detected moving trophozoites, which were approximately 60μm long and 35μm wide.These bodies were diagnosed as Balantidium coli This case underlines that Balantidium coli should also be considered as a possible pathogen in immunocompromised patients with diarrhea.展开更多
The Kop ophiolite in NE Turkey,representing a forearc fragment of Neo-Tethys ocean,mainly consists of a paleoMoho transition zone(MTZ)and a harzburgitic upper mantle unit.The Kop MTZ locally contains cumulate
Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each...Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past I0 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） microbialites and their ecosystems （including ostraeodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades）. The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonatiou. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist （thecamoebians） that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8-14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the long- est record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more compre- hensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.展开更多
The Kop ophiolite in NE Turkey is a fragment of Neo-Tethyan forearc.It can be mainly divided into a paleo-Moho transition zone(MTZ)in the North and a harzburgitic mantle sequence in the South.Dunites are predominant i...The Kop ophiolite in NE Turkey is a fragment of Neo-Tethyan forearc.It can be mainly divided into a paleo-Moho transition zone(MTZ)in the North and a harzburgitic mantle sequence in the South.Dunites are predominant in the MTZ of the Kop ophiolite,and they are locally interlayered with chromitites and enclose minor bodies of harzburgites near the petrological Moho boundary.Large Fe isotopic variations were observed for magnesiochromite(-0.14‰to 0.06‰)and olivine(-0.12‰to 0.14‰)from the MTZ chromitites,dunites and harzburgites.In individual dunite samples,magnesiochromite usually has lighter Fe isotopic compositions than olivine,which was probably caused by subsolidus Mg-Fe exchange between the two mineral phases.Both magnesiochromite and olivine display an increasing trend ofδ56Fe along a profile from chromitite todunite.This trend reflects continuous fractional crystallization in a magma chamber,which resulted in heavier Fe isotopes concentrated in the evolved magmas.In each cumulative cycle of chromitite and dunite,dunite was formed from relatively evolved melts after massive precipitation of magnesiochromite.Mixing of more primitive and evolved melts in the magma chamber was a potential mechanism for triggering the crystallization of magnesiochromite,generating chromitite layers in the cumulate pile.Before mixing happened,the primitive melts had reacted with mantle harzburgites during their ascendance;whereas the evolved melts may lie on the olivine-chromite cotectic near the liquidus field of pyroxene.Variable degrees of magma mixing and differentiation are expected to generate melts with differentδ56Fe values,accounting for the Fe isotopic variations of the Kop MTZ.展开更多
Turkey,containing three of the world’s biodiversity hotspots,is a hub for genetic biodiversity.However,the vegetation cover has drastically changed in recent decades as a result of substantial transformations in land...Turkey,containing three of the world’s biodiversity hotspots,is a hub for genetic biodiversity.However,the vegetation cover has drastically changed in recent decades as a result of substantial transformations in landuse practices.A map of the potential natural vegetation can be used to represent the biodiversity of a country,and therefore a reference to effectively develop conservation strategies.The multinomial logistic regression is used to simulate the probability of different biomes occurring in the country using elevation,climatological data and natural vegetation data.A correlation test was applied to the climatological data to determine which predictors influence vegetation the most.These were temperature,precipitation,relative humidity and cloudiness.The Ordinary Kriging method was employed to transform the data into the format for the multinomial logistic regression model.The model showed that temperature was the most influencing factor with respect to Turkey’s vegetation and distribution follows a similar distribution as the various macroclimates.Broadleaf forests are mostly found in the Black Sea region,which is also the wettest region of the country.The Marmara region is the only other region where there are broadleaf forests.Mixed forests and shrublands are mostly located in Central Anatolia due to the region’s low humidity which favours herbaceous flora.Coniferous forests were dominant in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions,attributed to high temperatures.展开更多
Brassica taxa occur naturally and are also cultivated in Turkey.Due to their economic importance,several cultivars have been extensively cultivated in certain regions of the country.Alongside extensive cultivation for...Brassica taxa occur naturally and are also cultivated in Turkey.Due to their economic importance,several cultivars have been extensively cultivated in certain regions of the country.Alongside extensive cultivation for vegetable production of the other species of the genus,Brassica juncea has very limited cultivation.Five native species of Brassica are known from restricted locations in Turkey with only a few collections.Among them,Brassica elongata is distributed all over the Central and Eastern parts of the country and it prefers unfertile soils on hillsides.Highlighting the current data about the Brassica taxa would lead to new initiatives for Brassica research dealing with both the genetic structure and the origin of the taxa.Diagnostic characters of the genera closely related to Brassica have been discussed under the relevant genera.Additionally,an overview for the Turkish Brassiceae tribe,both native and cultivated,has been presented and the relevant identification keys have been supplied for updating.展开更多
During the Late Cretaceous in the Eastern Mediterranean, the northern branch of the southern Neotethys was closed by multiple northward subductions. Of these, the most northerly located subduction created the Baskil c...During the Late Cretaceous in the Eastern Mediterranean, the northern branch of the southern Neotethys was closed by multiple northward subductions. Of these, the most northerly located subduction created the Baskil continental arc at around 82–84 Ma. The more southerly and intra-oceanic subduction, on the other hand, produced an arc-basin system,the Yüksekova Complex, as early as the late Cenomanian–early Turonian. The abundant and relatively well-studied basaltic rocks of this complex were intruded by dykes, sills and small stocks of felsic–intermediate rocks, not previously studied in detail. The intrusives collected from five different localities in the Elazig region of eastern Turkey are all subalkaline, with low Nb/Y values. Most of them have been chemically classified as rhyodacites/dacites, whereas a small number appear to be andesites. In normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt(N-MORB)-normalised plots, the intrusives are characterised by relative enrichments in Th and La over Nb, Zr, Hf, Ti and high field strength elements(HREEs), indicating their derivation from a subduction-modified source. While their relatively high, positive εN d(i) values(+6.4 and +7.2) might suggest a depleted mantle source for their ultimate origin, somewhat radiogenic Pb values indicate a sedimentary contribution to the source of the rocks. The overall geochemical characteristics indicate their generation in an oceanic arc setting. The zircon U-Pb Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) data obtained from five felsic-intermediate rock samples yielded intrusion dates of 80–88 Ma. This suggests that the Elazig oceanic arc-related intrusives are slightly younger than those of the Yüksekova arc-basin system, but coeval with the Baskil continental arc. However, the felsic–intermediate intrusives show different geochemical characteristics(oceanic arc-type, with a lack of crustal contamination)to those of the Baskil continental arc. This indicates that these two igneous systems are unrelated and likely developed in different tectonic settings. This, in turn, supports a geodynamic model in which the northern strand of the southern Neotethys was consumed by multiple northward subductions.展开更多
AIM:The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) shows variation among countries and regimens of treatment. We aimed to study the eradication rates of different regimens in our region and some factors affect...AIM:The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) shows variation among countries and regimens of treatment. We aimed to study the eradication rates of different regimens in our region and some factors affecting the rate of eradication. METHODS:One hundred and sixty-four H pylori positive patients (68 males,96 females;mean age:48±12 years) with duodenal or gastric ulcer without a smoking history were included in the study.The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment regimens.Omeprazole 20mg,clarithromycin 500mg,amoxicillin 1g were given twice daily for 1 week (Group Ⅰ) and 2 weeks (Group Ⅱ). Patients in Group Ⅲ received bismuth subsitrate 300mg, tetracyline 500mg and metronidazole 500mg four times daily in addition to Omeprazole 20mg twice daily.Two biopsies each before and after treatment were obtained from antrum and corpus,and histopathologically evaluated. Eradication was assumed to be successful if no H pylorus was detected from four biopsy specimens taken after treatment.The effects of factors like age,sex,H pylori density on antrum and corpus before treatment,the total H pylori density,and the inflammation scores on the rate of H pylori eradication were evaluated. RESULTS:The overall eradication rate was 42%.The rates in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were statistically higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05).The rates of eradication were 24.5%, 40.7% and 61.5% in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ,respectively.The eradication rate was negatively related to either corpus H pylori density or total H pylori density (P<0.05).The median age was older in the group in which the eradication failed in comparison to that with successful eradication (55 yr vs 39 yr,P<0.001).No correlation between sex and H pylori eradication was found. CONCLUSION:Our rates of eradication were significantly lower when compared to those reported in literature.We believe that advanced age and high H pylori density are negative predictive factors for the rate of H pylori eradication.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Weather conditions are thought to increase the risk of stroke occurrence. But their mechanism has not yet been clarified. We investigated possible relationships between ischemic stroke and weather conditio...BACKGROUND: Weather conditions are thought to increase the risk of stroke occurrence. But their mechanism has not yet been clarified. We investigated possible relationships between ischemic stroke and weather conditions including atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed.METHODS: One hundred and twenty-eight patients with ischemic stroke who had been admitted to our hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2010 were enrolled in this study. We investigated the relationship between daily cases and weather conditions the same day or 1, 2, and 3 days before stroke.RESULTS: A negative correlation was found between maximum wind speed and daily cases 3 days before stroke. As the relationship between daily cases and changes of weather conditions in consecutive days was evaluated, a negative correlation was found between daily cases and change of atmospheric pressure in the last 24 hours.CONCLUSIONS: The maximum wind speed 3 days before stroke and change of atmospheric pressure in the last 24 hours were found to increase the cases of ischemic stroke. We recommend that individuals at risk of ischemic stroke should pay more attention to preventive measures, especially on days with low maximum wind speed, on subsequent 3 days, and on days with low atmospheric pressure in the last 24 hours.展开更多
The airborne pollen grains of Afyon have been studied for a two_year period (1999-2000) with a Durham sampler. A total of 14 367 pollen grains belonging to 40 taxa have been identified and recorded with some unidentif...The airborne pollen grains of Afyon have been studied for a two_year period (1999-2000) with a Durham sampler. A total of 14 367 pollen grains belonging to 40 taxa have been identified and recorded with some unidentified ones. Of them, 6 732 were identified in 1999 and 7 635 in 2000. Of the total pollen grains, 69.67% were arboreal, 26.64% non_arboreal and 3.68 % unidentified. The majority of the investigated pollen grains were from Pinus, Gramineae, Cupressaceae, Platanus , Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Quercus, Ailanthus, Moraceae, Juglans , Salix, Cedrus and Rosaceae. The highest level of pollen grains was in May.展开更多
In the vicinity of Konya （Turkey）,mafic,micro-porphyritic sub-volcanic rocks intrude into the Mesozoic units,which represents the only example of such a rock type in the region.40Ar/39Ar dating of two whole rock sam...In the vicinity of Konya （Turkey）,mafic,micro-porphyritic sub-volcanic rocks intrude into the Mesozoic units,which represents the only example of such a rock type in the region.40Ar/39Ar dating of two whole rock samples from the sub-volcanics gave ages of 13.72±0.13 and 12.40±0.11 Ma,suggesting temporal association to the Late Miocene-Pliocene high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in the region.The mineral chemistry and geochemical data permit us to classify the rocks as ＂minette＂ lamprophyres.They include diopside and phlogopite phenocrysts in a microcrystalline groundmass composed of sanidine,phlogopite,diopside and titano-magnetite.Segregation and ocelli-like globular structures occur commonly in the samples.In terms of major elements,the lamprophyres are calcalkaline,and potassic to ultrapotassic rocks.All the lamprophyres display strong enrichments in LILE （Rb,Ba,K,Sr）,radiogenic elements （Th,U） and LREE （La,Ce） and prominent negative Nb,Ta,and Ti anomalies on primordial mantle-normalized trace element diagrams.Geochemical data suggest that the lamprophyres and high-K calc-alkaline rocks in the region derived from a subduction-modified lithospheric mantle source affected by different metasomatic events.Lamprophyric magmatism sourced phlogopite-bearing veins generated by sediment-related metasomatism via subduction,but high-K calc-alkaline magmas are possibly derived from a mantle source affected by fluid-rich metasomatism.展开更多
Studies on differentiation of ensimatic arc units from melange units in the Northern Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt(NAOB) are very rare. The study area represents the southern edge of the central part of the NAOB.The aim o...Studies on differentiation of ensimatic arc units from melange units in the Northern Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt(NAOB) are very rare. The study area represents the southern edge of the central part of the NAOB.The aim of the study is to distinguish the main units of NAOB and to define the geotectonic setting of the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA). To study the ensimatic arc units as an independent tectonic unit is important and facilitates understanding of the geological evolution of the NAOB. During field studies, the contact relationships within the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA) units and also with other tectonic units were reviewed. Then, paleontological, geochronological, petrological and also geochemical properties of the DEAA have been defined. In the present study, ensimatic arc units have been distinguished from ophiolitic association for the first time, in the region. As a result of the study, the DEAA is divided into two levels and lower level named as the Kartal unit and upper level named as the izibüyük unit. In the Kartal unit, basaltic and andesitic lavas with their equivalent pyroclastic rock units are dominant. Radiolarite and mudstones interbedded within the Kartal unit of DEAA have Turonian and Santonian age. In addition, the age of basalt samples of DEAA are 98.7 ± 2.4 Ma, defined using the^(40)Ar/39 Ar method. The izibüyük unit of DEAA comprises conglomerate, sandstone, claystone, mudstone,clayey limestone, micritic limestone with volcanic interbeds and also calciturbidites. Santonian-Maastrichtian ages were obtained from this unit of the DEAA. In conclusion, the age of DEAA is widely accepted as Late Cretaceous. After the evaluation of the analysis, the volcanics of the DEAA originated from calcalkaline-basalts, which reflect ensimatic arc magmatism.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the Singer Biology Fund at the University of Florida。
文摘Olfactory receptors(ORs),the largest vertebrate multigene family,exhibit wide copy number variation among taxa,ranging from~100 to 4000.The ecological importance of smell has been suggested to positively correlate with OR gene number,though debate exists on whether the number of total ORs,functional ORs,or the percentage of pseudogenes matters most.While olfaction has been poorly studied in most birds,Turkey Vultures(Cathartes aura)demonstrate keen olfactory ability,capable of foraging using smell alone.In contrast,Black Vultures(Coragyps atratus)have been thought to primarily use vision to locate food.Comparison of the OR genes in these two New World vultures presents an opportunity to examine the dynamics of OR evolution in related avian species that may differ in olfactory abilities.Using a PCR and cloning approach with degenerate primers,we sampled the OR subgenome in Turkey and Black Vultures,as well as Red-tailed Hawks(Buteo jamaicensis)and the distantly related Chicken(Gallus gallus),neither of which are thought to use olfaction extensively.Our results indicate that Turkey Vultures have many more OR genes than Red-tailed Hawks or chickens.Surprisingly,Black Vultures had an intermediate number of OR genes.The number of OR genes we estimated in the Turkey Vulture was much greater than previously reported in studies that used short-read sequencing.Additionally,we found that OR genes from New World vultures and Red-tailed Hawks form clades that were distinct from the clade that included most chicken OR genes,indicating that chickens share few OR orthologs with New World vultures or hawks.As previously observed in other animal groups,pseudogenes appeared throughout all clades and their percentage varied among taxa.These findings suggest the OR gene family is highly dynamic,changing rapidly over evolutionary time,and that taxa may have distinct suites of ORs in their genomes.
文摘The Turkish model, which has had the power of example, was beset with crises in recent years. The increasingly authoritarianization of Erdo^an, lasting economic stall and unsolved diplomacy dilemma have largely undermined dynamics of the Turkish model. Faded democracy coupled with stalled economy and diplomatic dilemma, led to the decline and even crisis of the Turkish model. Crisis of the model has impacts on Turkey＇s international influence and its accession to the EU as well. The foundation of the bilateral relationship between Turkey and the EU has been negatively influenced internally and their contradictions have also been intensified by crises such as refugees externally. Currently, the relationship between Turkey and the EU is at the crossroad of adjustments and reconstructions.
文摘AIM: To investigate and compare frequencies of serum positive cagA in patients from two separate regions of Turkey who were grouped according to the presence of peptic ulcer disease or non-ulcer dyspepsia.METHODS: One hundred and eighty Helicobacter pyloripositive patients with peptic ulcer disease or non-ulcer dyspepsia were included in the study. One hundred and fourteen patients had non-ulcer dyspepsia and 66 had peptic ulcer disease (32 with gastric ulcers and/or erosions and 34with duodenal ulcers). Each patient was tested for serum antibody to H. pylori cagA protein by enzyme immunoassay.RESULTS: The total frequency of serum positive cagA in the study group was 97.2 %. The rates in the patients with peptic ulcers and in those with non-ulcer dyspepsia were 100% and 95.6%, respectively. These results were similar to those reported in Asian studies, but higher than those that have been noted in other studies from Turkey and Western countries.CONCLUSION: The high rates of serum positive cagA in these patients with peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia were similar to results reported in Asia. The fact that there was high seroum prevalence regardless of ulcer status suggests that factors other than cagA might be responsible for ulceration or other types of severe pathology in H. pylori-positive individuals.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars under Grant No.52125806Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program under Grant No.3016。
文摘On February 6,2023,an M_(w)7.8 earthquake hit the south of Kahramanmaras prefecture,Turkey,followed by another M_(w)7.5 earthquake after nine hours in the middle region of the Kahramanmaras prefecture.More than 84,000 buildings collapsed or were severely damaged,and more than 50,000 lives were lost in Turkey and Syria.Some of the authors,as members of Chinese rescue team,entered Antakya,Hatay prefecture,and investigated the damaged buildings.This paper first summarizes the damage patterns of buildings and provides three reasons for the massive number of collapsed buildings;i.e.,the lack of seismic measures for better ductility,site effects such as liquefaction and surface rupture,and pronounced low-frequency components of the ground motions.Next,the seismic responses of two typical buildings are calculated based on the geometric data estimated by visual inspection.The results imply that the resonance of the whole structure and the poorer ductility of key members resulted in the collapse of buildings.Finally,some conclusions are drawn.Note that although a large number of buildings were seriously damaged to collapse,the majority of buildings in the areas of extreme shaking were lightly or moderately damaged,which implies that well designed and constructed buildings were able to survive and protect human lives even in over-design earthquakes.
基金The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK-Grant 108Y309)
文摘The Eastern Pontides orogenic belt in the Black Sea region of Turkey offers a critical window to plate kinematics and subduction polarity during the closure of the Paleotethys. Here we provide a brief synthesis on recent information from this belt. We infer a southward subduction for the origin of the Eastern Pontides orogenic belt and its associated late Mesozoic--Cenozoic magmatism based on clear spatial and temporal variations in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic arc magmatism, together with the exis- tence of a prominent south-dipping reverse fault system along the entire southern coast of the Black Sea. Our model is at variance with some recent proposals favoring a northward subduction polarity, and illus- trates the importance of arc magmatism in evaluating the geodynamic milieu associated with convergent margin orocesses.
文摘The most parts of the Earth experience precipitation variability as a part of their normal climates over both short- and long-time periods. These variations of precipitation will have unpredictable and perhaps unexpectedly extreme consequences（such as drought and flood） with respect to frequency and intensity for many regions of the Earth. Because of high precipitation fluctuations, the Mediterranean region is also the areas of the world sensitive to precipitation changes which often involve frequent drought conditions in Turkey. In this study, drought conditions at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales over the period of 1975–2010 were examined for Antakya-Kahramanmara？ Graben which is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Application of appropriate measures to analyze and monitor droughts is recognized as a major challenge to scientists involved in atmospheric studies. Standardized Precipitation Index（SPI） and cumulative deviation curve techniques were used to determine drought conditions. Results indicated that the study area presented a cyclic pattern of variations with alternating drier and wetter years. From analyses of annual, seasonal and monthly drought series it can be seen that precipitation characteristic of the area is changing. By the results, apparent wet and dry periods can be distinguished. This study also indicated that precipitation totals of winter, spring and summer seasons were slightly decreased during the study period. Drought frequency was increased especially for the northern part of the area in the last ten years. Drought periods were divided into 1982–1985, 1999–2002 and 2004–2008, respectively. According to our analyses, the time scale of 1999–2002 was the driest period in the most of the graben area. The study area, which covers agriculturally important fertile alluvial plains, will experience increasing pressure on its water resources because of its growing population and industry, ever-larger demands for intensive agricultural activities, and frequent drought events.
文摘Forest structure changes continuously by natural and anthropogenic effects. Because the level of goods and services provided by forest ecosystems are related to this structure, some attributes have to be controlled while they are being managed. In this paper we describe the long-term temporal changes in land area and landscape metrics related to different land uses of a managed forest in Turkey. The study was carried out for the Daday Forest Planning Unit located in the west Black Sea region of northern Turkey. The total area is 16,813 ha and besides wood production, it is managed for erosion control, public health, aesthetics, and recreation. Stand type maps that were constructed in 1970,1989, 1999, and 2010 were used in this analysis. Transition matrixes that illustrate area changes among cover types and temporal changes on some landscape metrics were obtained using Geographic Information Systems. Stands were separated into small patches, and thus the number of patches increased nearly two-fold between 1970 and 2010. The total forest edge increased and through the associated fragmentation, the amount of core forest area decreased at the landscape scale. Landscape metrics were applied to digitized versions of historical maps to assess how forest area changed. Human use of the land has changed, forest management practices have evolved, and these along with natural forest growth have contributed to interesting changes in landscape character.
文摘Balantidium coli is the only parasitic ciliate of man. It is a flattened oval organism covered with cilia, and a gullet at the anterior end. It is infrequently pathogenic for man,although epidemic buds in tropical zones have been described. The infection fundamentally affects the colon and causes variable clinic pictures, from asymptomatic to serious dysenteric forms. We present a case of parasitologically diagnosed as causes of diarrhea in a patient with non Hodgkin's lymphoma from Turkey.In order to find out the causative etiologic agent of diarrhea,stool samples were examined by native,lugol and flotation methods and we detected moving trophozoites, which were approximately 60μm long and 35μm wide.These bodies were diagnosed as Balantidium coli This case underlines that Balantidium coli should also be considered as a possible pathogen in immunocompromised patients with diarrhea.
文摘The Kop ophiolite in NE Turkey,representing a forearc fragment of Neo-Tethys ocean,mainly consists of a paleoMoho transition zone(MTZ)and a harzburgitic upper mantle unit.The Kop MTZ locally contains cumulate
文摘Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past I0 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） microbialites and their ecosystems （including ostraeodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades）. The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonatiou. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist （thecamoebians） that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8-14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the long- est record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more compre- hensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.
文摘The Kop ophiolite in NE Turkey is a fragment of Neo-Tethyan forearc.It can be mainly divided into a paleo-Moho transition zone(MTZ)in the North and a harzburgitic mantle sequence in the South.Dunites are predominant in the MTZ of the Kop ophiolite,and they are locally interlayered with chromitites and enclose minor bodies of harzburgites near the petrological Moho boundary.Large Fe isotopic variations were observed for magnesiochromite(-0.14‰to 0.06‰)and olivine(-0.12‰to 0.14‰)from the MTZ chromitites,dunites and harzburgites.In individual dunite samples,magnesiochromite usually has lighter Fe isotopic compositions than olivine,which was probably caused by subsolidus Mg-Fe exchange between the two mineral phases.Both magnesiochromite and olivine display an increasing trend ofδ56Fe along a profile from chromitite todunite.This trend reflects continuous fractional crystallization in a magma chamber,which resulted in heavier Fe isotopes concentrated in the evolved magmas.In each cumulative cycle of chromitite and dunite,dunite was formed from relatively evolved melts after massive precipitation of magnesiochromite.Mixing of more primitive and evolved melts in the magma chamber was a potential mechanism for triggering the crystallization of magnesiochromite,generating chromitite layers in the cumulate pile.Before mixing happened,the primitive melts had reacted with mantle harzburgites during their ascendance;whereas the evolved melts may lie on the olivine-chromite cotectic near the liquidus field of pyroxene.Variable degrees of magma mixing and differentiation are expected to generate melts with differentδ56Fe values,accounting for the Fe isotopic variations of the Kop MTZ.
文摘Turkey,containing three of the world’s biodiversity hotspots,is a hub for genetic biodiversity.However,the vegetation cover has drastically changed in recent decades as a result of substantial transformations in landuse practices.A map of the potential natural vegetation can be used to represent the biodiversity of a country,and therefore a reference to effectively develop conservation strategies.The multinomial logistic regression is used to simulate the probability of different biomes occurring in the country using elevation,climatological data and natural vegetation data.A correlation test was applied to the climatological data to determine which predictors influence vegetation the most.These were temperature,precipitation,relative humidity and cloudiness.The Ordinary Kriging method was employed to transform the data into the format for the multinomial logistic regression model.The model showed that temperature was the most influencing factor with respect to Turkey’s vegetation and distribution follows a similar distribution as the various macroclimates.Broadleaf forests are mostly found in the Black Sea region,which is also the wettest region of the country.The Marmara region is the only other region where there are broadleaf forests.Mixed forests and shrublands are mostly located in Central Anatolia due to the region’s low humidity which favours herbaceous flora.Coniferous forests were dominant in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions,attributed to high temperatures.
基金the TUB˙ITAK-2221 program to examine Brassica crops in Turkey.
文摘Brassica taxa occur naturally and are also cultivated in Turkey.Due to their economic importance,several cultivars have been extensively cultivated in certain regions of the country.Alongside extensive cultivation for vegetable production of the other species of the genus,Brassica juncea has very limited cultivation.Five native species of Brassica are known from restricted locations in Turkey with only a few collections.Among them,Brassica elongata is distributed all over the Central and Eastern parts of the country and it prefers unfertile soils on hillsides.Highlighting the current data about the Brassica taxa would lead to new initiatives for Brassica research dealing with both the genetic structure and the origin of the taxa.Diagnostic characters of the genera closely related to Brassica have been discussed under the relevant genera.Additionally,an overview for the Turkish Brassiceae tribe,both native and cultivated,has been presented and the relevant identification keys have been supplied for updating.
基金the Firat University Scientific Research Foundation (Grant No. FUBAP-MF.12.41) for providing financial support for this research。
文摘During the Late Cretaceous in the Eastern Mediterranean, the northern branch of the southern Neotethys was closed by multiple northward subductions. Of these, the most northerly located subduction created the Baskil continental arc at around 82–84 Ma. The more southerly and intra-oceanic subduction, on the other hand, produced an arc-basin system,the Yüksekova Complex, as early as the late Cenomanian–early Turonian. The abundant and relatively well-studied basaltic rocks of this complex were intruded by dykes, sills and small stocks of felsic–intermediate rocks, not previously studied in detail. The intrusives collected from five different localities in the Elazig region of eastern Turkey are all subalkaline, with low Nb/Y values. Most of them have been chemically classified as rhyodacites/dacites, whereas a small number appear to be andesites. In normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt(N-MORB)-normalised plots, the intrusives are characterised by relative enrichments in Th and La over Nb, Zr, Hf, Ti and high field strength elements(HREEs), indicating their derivation from a subduction-modified source. While their relatively high, positive εN d(i) values(+6.4 and +7.2) might suggest a depleted mantle source for their ultimate origin, somewhat radiogenic Pb values indicate a sedimentary contribution to the source of the rocks. The overall geochemical characteristics indicate their generation in an oceanic arc setting. The zircon U-Pb Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) data obtained from five felsic-intermediate rock samples yielded intrusion dates of 80–88 Ma. This suggests that the Elazig oceanic arc-related intrusives are slightly younger than those of the Yüksekova arc-basin system, but coeval with the Baskil continental arc. However, the felsic–intermediate intrusives show different geochemical characteristics(oceanic arc-type, with a lack of crustal contamination)to those of the Baskil continental arc. This indicates that these two igneous systems are unrelated and likely developed in different tectonic settings. This, in turn, supports a geodynamic model in which the northern strand of the southern Neotethys was consumed by multiple northward subductions.
文摘AIM:The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) shows variation among countries and regimens of treatment. We aimed to study the eradication rates of different regimens in our region and some factors affecting the rate of eradication. METHODS:One hundred and sixty-four H pylori positive patients (68 males,96 females;mean age:48±12 years) with duodenal or gastric ulcer without a smoking history were included in the study.The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment regimens.Omeprazole 20mg,clarithromycin 500mg,amoxicillin 1g were given twice daily for 1 week (Group Ⅰ) and 2 weeks (Group Ⅱ). Patients in Group Ⅲ received bismuth subsitrate 300mg, tetracyline 500mg and metronidazole 500mg four times daily in addition to Omeprazole 20mg twice daily.Two biopsies each before and after treatment were obtained from antrum and corpus,and histopathologically evaluated. Eradication was assumed to be successful if no H pylorus was detected from four biopsy specimens taken after treatment.The effects of factors like age,sex,H pylori density on antrum and corpus before treatment,the total H pylori density,and the inflammation scores on the rate of H pylori eradication were evaluated. RESULTS:The overall eradication rate was 42%.The rates in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were statistically higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05).The rates of eradication were 24.5%, 40.7% and 61.5% in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ,respectively.The eradication rate was negatively related to either corpus H pylori density or total H pylori density (P<0.05).The median age was older in the group in which the eradication failed in comparison to that with successful eradication (55 yr vs 39 yr,P<0.001).No correlation between sex and H pylori eradication was found. CONCLUSION:Our rates of eradication were significantly lower when compared to those reported in literature.We believe that advanced age and high H pylori density are negative predictive factors for the rate of H pylori eradication.
文摘BACKGROUND: Weather conditions are thought to increase the risk of stroke occurrence. But their mechanism has not yet been clarified. We investigated possible relationships between ischemic stroke and weather conditions including atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed.METHODS: One hundred and twenty-eight patients with ischemic stroke who had been admitted to our hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2010 were enrolled in this study. We investigated the relationship between daily cases and weather conditions the same day or 1, 2, and 3 days before stroke.RESULTS: A negative correlation was found between maximum wind speed and daily cases 3 days before stroke. As the relationship between daily cases and changes of weather conditions in consecutive days was evaluated, a negative correlation was found between daily cases and change of atmospheric pressure in the last 24 hours.CONCLUSIONS: The maximum wind speed 3 days before stroke and change of atmospheric pressure in the last 24 hours were found to increase the cases of ischemic stroke. We recommend that individuals at risk of ischemic stroke should pay more attention to preventive measures, especially on days with low maximum wind speed, on subsequent 3 days, and on days with low atmospheric pressure in the last 24 hours.
文摘The airborne pollen grains of Afyon have been studied for a two_year period (1999-2000) with a Durham sampler. A total of 14 367 pollen grains belonging to 40 taxa have been identified and recorded with some unidentified ones. Of them, 6 732 were identified in 1999 and 7 635 in 2000. Of the total pollen grains, 69.67% were arboreal, 26.64% non_arboreal and 3.68 % unidentified. The majority of the investigated pollen grains were from Pinus, Gramineae, Cupressaceae, Platanus , Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Quercus, Ailanthus, Moraceae, Juglans , Salix, Cedrus and Rosaceae. The highest level of pollen grains was in May.
基金supported by the Seluk University Scientific Research Projects Coordination (Project No:11201041)
文摘In the vicinity of Konya （Turkey）,mafic,micro-porphyritic sub-volcanic rocks intrude into the Mesozoic units,which represents the only example of such a rock type in the region.40Ar/39Ar dating of two whole rock samples from the sub-volcanics gave ages of 13.72±0.13 and 12.40±0.11 Ma,suggesting temporal association to the Late Miocene-Pliocene high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in the region.The mineral chemistry and geochemical data permit us to classify the rocks as ＂minette＂ lamprophyres.They include diopside and phlogopite phenocrysts in a microcrystalline groundmass composed of sanidine,phlogopite,diopside and titano-magnetite.Segregation and ocelli-like globular structures occur commonly in the samples.In terms of major elements,the lamprophyres are calcalkaline,and potassic to ultrapotassic rocks.All the lamprophyres display strong enrichments in LILE （Rb,Ba,K,Sr）,radiogenic elements （Th,U） and LREE （La,Ce） and prominent negative Nb,Ta,and Ti anomalies on primordial mantle-normalized trace element diagrams.Geochemical data suggest that the lamprophyres and high-K calc-alkaline rocks in the region derived from a subduction-modified lithospheric mantle source affected by different metasomatic events.Lamprophyric magmatism sourced phlogopite-bearing veins generated by sediment-related metasomatism via subduction,but high-K calc-alkaline magmas are possibly derived from a mantle source affected by fluid-rich metasomatism.
文摘Studies on differentiation of ensimatic arc units from melange units in the Northern Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt(NAOB) are very rare. The study area represents the southern edge of the central part of the NAOB.The aim of the study is to distinguish the main units of NAOB and to define the geotectonic setting of the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA). To study the ensimatic arc units as an independent tectonic unit is important and facilitates understanding of the geological evolution of the NAOB. During field studies, the contact relationships within the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA) units and also with other tectonic units were reviewed. Then, paleontological, geochronological, petrological and also geochemical properties of the DEAA have been defined. In the present study, ensimatic arc units have been distinguished from ophiolitic association for the first time, in the region. As a result of the study, the DEAA is divided into two levels and lower level named as the Kartal unit and upper level named as the izibüyük unit. In the Kartal unit, basaltic and andesitic lavas with their equivalent pyroclastic rock units are dominant. Radiolarite and mudstones interbedded within the Kartal unit of DEAA have Turonian and Santonian age. In addition, the age of basalt samples of DEAA are 98.7 ± 2.4 Ma, defined using the^(40)Ar/39 Ar method. The izibüyük unit of DEAA comprises conglomerate, sandstone, claystone, mudstone,clayey limestone, micritic limestone with volcanic interbeds and also calciturbidites. Santonian-Maastrichtian ages were obtained from this unit of the DEAA. In conclusion, the age of DEAA is widely accepted as Late Cretaceous. After the evaluation of the analysis, the volcanics of the DEAA originated from calcalkaline-basalts, which reflect ensimatic arc magmatism.
