Carbon dioxide photocatalytic reduction (CO_(2)-PR) is an efficient method for controlling CO_(2)emissions and generating cleaner energy while mitigating global warming.Tungsten oxides (WxOy) have attracted considerab...Carbon dioxide photocatalytic reduction (CO_(2)-PR) is an efficient method for controlling CO_(2)emissions and generating cleaner energy while mitigating global warming.Tungsten oxides (WxOy) have attracted considerable attention for CO_(2)-PR due to their excellent spectral absorbance.However,comprehensive reviews are lacking on the use of WxOyfor CO_(2)-PR.Therefore,this review provides a detailed summary of t research progress made with WxOy-based catalysts in CO_(2)-PR.It also explains the fundamental principles of CO_(2)-PR and evaluates key performance indicators that affect the activity of WxOy-based photocatalysts,including yield,selectivity,stability,and apparent quantum yield.Additionally,this review explores opportunities for synthesizing high-performance WxOy-based photocatalysts and highlights their potential for the green preparation of C1/C2 products through CO_(2)-PR.These innovative strategies aim to address the challenges and pressures associated with energy and environmental issues,particularly by enhancing artificial photosynthesis efficiency.展开更多
Environmental pollution,such as water contamination,is a critical issue that must be absolutely addressed.Here,three different morphologies of tungsten-based photocatalysts(WO_(3)nanorods,WO_(3)/WS_(2)nanobricks,WO_(3...Environmental pollution,such as water contamination,is a critical issue that must be absolutely addressed.Here,three different morphologies of tungsten-based photocatalysts(WO_(3)nanorods,WO_(3)/WS_(2)nanobricks,WO_(3)/WS_(2)nanorods)are made using a simple hydrothermal method by changing the solvents(H_(2)O,DMF,aqueous HCl solution).The as-prepared nanocatalysts have excellent thermal stability,large porosity,and high hydrophilicity.The results show all materials have good photocatalytic activity in aqueous media,with WO_(3)/WS_(2)nanorods(NRs)having the best activity in the photodegradation of bisphenol A(BPA)under visible-light irradiation.This may originate from increased migration of charge carriers and effective prevention of electron–hole recombination in WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs,whereby this photocatalyst is able to generate more reactive·OH and·O_(2)^(–)species,leading to greater photocatalytic activity.About 99.6% of BPA is photodegraded within 60 min when using 1.5 g/L WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs and 5.0 mg/L BPA at pH 7.0.Additionally,the optimal conditions(pH,catalyst dosage,initial BPA concentration)for WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs are also elaborately investigated.These rod-like heterostructures are expressed as potential catalysts with excellent photostability,efficient reusability,and highly active effectivity in different types of water.In particular,the removal efficiency of BPA by WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs reduces by only 1.5% after five recycling runs and even reaches 89.1%in contaminated lake water.This study provides promising insights for the nearly complete removal of BPA from wastewater or different water resources,which is advantageous to various applications in environmental remediation.展开更多
Plasma-facing components in thermonuclear reactors primarily consist of plasma-facing materials and heat-sink materials.Tungsten-based materials are currently regarded as the most promising candidates as plasma-facing...Plasma-facing components in thermonuclear reactors primarily consist of plasma-facing materials and heat-sink materials.Tungsten-based materials are currently regarded as the most promising candidates as plasma-facing materials,while Cu alloys are typically utilized as heat-sink materials.However,bonding tungsten-based materials and Cu alloys together is challenging due to the inherent immiscibility of W and Cu.This review outlines advanced bonding technologies for tungstenbased materials and Cu alloys by tailoring joint interfaces.These technologies encompass:(i)direct diffusion bonding of W and Cu using high-temperature conditions(close to the melting point of Cu)structure,with an emphasis on elucidating the underlying thermodynamic mechanisms through the construction of thermodynamic models and molecular dynamics simulations;(ii)combined technologies involving surface treatments of tungsten-based materials,copper embedding,and diffusion bonding,along with an analysis of the mechanisms that enhance joint properties through tailored interface structures.The review also provides insights into future research directions for bonding between tungsten-based materials and Cu alloys.These advancements may offer significant support for plasma-facing components in future thermonuclear fusion reactors.展开更多
Main issues,such as slow reaction kinetics and diffusion of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs),pose serious threats to the next generation of high-energy lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries.In recent years,tungsten-based catalys...Main issues,such as slow reaction kinetics and diffusion of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs),pose serious threats to the next generation of high-energy lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries.In recent years,tungsten-based catalysts have been used to solve these problems.Tungsten's unique electronic structure makes it excellent in LiPS electrocatalytic applications.In particular,tungsten-oxy catalysts of the post-periodic table show stronger chemical and electronic structure regulation ability in electrocatalysis due to the wider valence state regulation interval(0–6).Based on this,tungsten-based nanomaterials can effectively achieve rapid conversion of LiPSs and inhibit the shuttle effect.Herein,the latest progress in tungsten-based catalysts for Li–S batteries was reviewed from the aspects of design idea,engineering strategy,and electrochemical performance.The catalytic mechanisms were discussed from the perspectives of atoms,energy bands,and hybrid orbitals.Finally,the challenges and future of this research field were prospected in detail.展开更多
Acute kidney injury(AKI)can lead to loss of kidney function and a substantial increase in mortality.The burst of reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays a key role in the pathological progression of AKI.Mitochondrial-target...Acute kidney injury(AKI)can lead to loss of kidney function and a substantial increase in mortality.The burst of reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays a key role in the pathological progression of AKI.Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant therapy is very promising because mitochondria are the main source of ROS in AKI.Antioxidant nanodrugs with actively targeted mitochondria have achieved encouraging success in many oxidative stress-induced diseases.However,most strategies to actively target mitochondria make the size of nanodrugs too large to pass through the glomerular system to reach the renal tubules,the main damage site of AKI.Here,an ultra-small Tungsten-based nanodots(TWNDs)with strong ROS scavenging can be very effective for treatment of AKI.TWNDs can reach the tubular site after crossing the glomerular barrier,and enter the mitochondria of the renal tubule without resorting to complex active targeting strategies.To our knowledge,this is the first time that ultra-small negatively charged nanodots can be used to passively target mitochondrial therapy for AKI.Through in-depth study of the therapeutic mechanism,such passive mitochondria-targeted TWNDs are highly effective in protecting mitochondria by reducing mitochondrial ROS and increasing mitophagy.In addition,TWNDs can also reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells.This work provides a new way to passively target mitochondria for AKI,and give inspiration for the treatment of many major diseases closely related to mitochondria,such as myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction.展开更多
Semiconductor photocatalysis is proven to be one of the potential approaches to solve energy crisis and environmental problems.Efficient solar energy utilization and superior charge carrier separation capacity are two...Semiconductor photocatalysis is proven to be one of the potential approaches to solve energy crisis and environmental problems.Efficient solar energy utilization and superior charge carrier separation capacity are two crucial aspects in photocatalysis.Herein,the photocatalytic performances of the pristine and modified tungsten-based materials with mixed valence state are summarized concisely.The narrow band gap energy,coexistence of W^(5+)/W^(6+)and the oxygen vacancies all contribute to the pristine tungsten-based photocatalysts with unique ultraviolet(UV),visible(Vis),and near-infrared(NIR)light-induced photocatalytic activities.Furthermore,the enhanced localized surface plasmonic resonance(LSPR)effect,improved charge carrier separation efficiency and prolonged charge carrier lifetime all boost the performances of modified tungsten-based heterojunction photocatalysts.Moreover,multifunctional tungsten-based photocatalysts with mixed valence state are established to realize the full utilization of solar energy authentically.Concluding perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for the further exploration of tungsten-based photocatalysts are also presented.展开更多
The extreme environment in a fusion reactor,namely high thermal load and intense energetic particles,requires the materials to possess high strength and good ductility at high temperature in combination with excellent...The extreme environment in a fusion reactor,namely high thermal load and intense energetic particles,requires the materials to possess high strength and good ductility at high temperature in combination with excellent radiation resistance.Conventional metal tungsten(W)and its alloy cannot satisfy these rigorous requirements,but the discovery of the W-based high-entropy alloys(HEAs)with outstanding properties sheds light on the developments of structural materials.Unique properties of some of these alloys make them promising candidates for engineering applications in fusion reactor beyond conventional W and its alloys.In particular,their strengthening-toughening mechanism has also aroused wide concern.Here,the design,microstructure,mechanical properties and irradiation performance of W-based HEAs are reviewed,and their future prospects are outlined.展开更多
The mixture of 90W 7Ni 3Fe(mass fraction, %) powders was milled in a planetary ball mill. Its structure changed during milling, the surface characteristics and thermal stability of the milled powders were studied with...The mixture of 90W 7Ni 3Fe(mass fraction, %) powders was milled in a planetary ball mill. Its structure changed during milling, the surface characteristics and thermal stability of the milled powders were studied with X ray diffraction(XRD), Brunaure Emmett Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption technique and differential thermal analysis(DTA). The results show that high energy ball milling leads to the formation of composite powders with amorphous binder phase and supersaturated W(Ni, Fe) nano crystalline grains in which great lattice distortion exists. The crystallization temperature of the amorphous binder phase during heating decreases with milling time. The specific surface area and the pore size of the powder mixtures decreases with milling time due to agglomeration and welding between particles.展开更多
The preparation, characterization, and test of the first wall materials designed to be used in the fusion reactor have remained challenging problems in the material science. This work uses the firstprinciples method a...The preparation, characterization, and test of the first wall materials designed to be used in the fusion reactor have remained challenging problems in the material science. This work uses the firstprinciples method as implemented in the CASTEP package to study the influ ences of the doped titanium carbide on the structural sta bility of the WTiC material. The calculated total energy and enthalpy have been used as criteria to judge the structural models built with consideration of symmetry. Our simulation indicates that the doped TiC tends to form its own domain up to the investigated nanoscale, which implies a possible phase separation. This result reveals the intrinsic reason for the composite nature of the WTiC material and provides an explanation for the experimen tally observed phase separation at the nanoscale. Our approach also sheds a light on explaining the enhancing effects of doped components on the durability, reliability, corrosion resistance, etc., in many special steels.展开更多
The increasing energy consumption in buildings due to cooling and heating,accounting for over one-third of the total energy consumption in society,has become a growing concern.Therefore,reducing building energy consum...The increasing energy consumption in buildings due to cooling and heating,accounting for over one-third of the total energy consumption in society,has become a growing concern.Therefore,reducing building energy consumption has become an urgent issue for countries worldwide.Windows serve as the primary channel for energy exchange between the indoor and the outdoor environments.While providing natural lighting for occupants,windows are also the weakest link in terms of energy consumption.In recent years,there have been some new and superior coating glass technologies compared to traditional low-emissivity glass.These coatings utilize various optical functional materials to regulate the incident sunlight,aiming to save cooling and heating energy consumption.Materials,such as tungsten-based compounds,vanadium dioxide,lanthanum hexaboride,or copper monosulfide,can absorb near-infrared light to effectively control solar radiation by leveraging the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect of nanoparticles.This paper mainly introduces the micro-mechanisms of these materials and provides a detailed summary of the latest advancements in coating materials.The application and effects of these coatings in building energy conservation are emphasized.Finally,the challenges and prospects of LSPRbased smart windows are discussed.It is expected that this review will provide new insights into the application of smart windows in green buildings.展开更多
Tungsten-chromium-yttrium(WCrY)smart alloys are foreseen as the first wall material for future fusion devices such as Demonstration Power Plant(DEMO).While suppressing W oxidation during accidental conditions,they sho...Tungsten-chromium-yttrium(WCrY)smart alloys are foreseen as the first wall material for future fusion devices such as Demonstration Power Plant(DEMO).While suppressing W oxidation during accidental conditions,they should behave like pure W during plasma operation due to preferential sputtering of the lighter alloying elements Cr,Y,and W enrichment of the surface.In this paper,the erosion performance of WCrY and W samples simultaneously exposed to deuterium(D)plasma with the addition of 1%of the projectile ions being argon(Ar)ions at an ion energy of 120 eV is compared.With reference to the previous experiments at 120 eV in pure D plasma,the erosion for both WCrY and W is enhanced by a factor of~7.Adding Ar to the D plasma suppresses significant W enrichment previously found for pure D plasma.To investigate the impact of the plasma exposure onto the oxidation performance,plasma-exposed and non-exposed reference samples were oxidised in a dry atmosphere.Results show,on the one hand,that the oxida-tion suppression of WCrY in comparison to pure W is preserved during the plasma performance.On the other hand,it becomes evident that edge effects imposed by the geometry of the samples used in plasma experiments play a significant role for the oxidation behaviour.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22376065)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.22ZR1418600)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology(No.20DZ2250400)。
文摘Carbon dioxide photocatalytic reduction (CO_(2)-PR) is an efficient method for controlling CO_(2)emissions and generating cleaner energy while mitigating global warming.Tungsten oxides (WxOy) have attracted considerable attention for CO_(2)-PR due to their excellent spectral absorbance.However,comprehensive reviews are lacking on the use of WxOyfor CO_(2)-PR.Therefore,this review provides a detailed summary of t research progress made with WxOy-based catalysts in CO_(2)-PR.It also explains the fundamental principles of CO_(2)-PR and evaluates key performance indicators that affect the activity of WxOy-based photocatalysts,including yield,selectivity,stability,and apparent quantum yield.Additionally,this review explores opportunities for synthesizing high-performance WxOy-based photocatalysts and highlights their potential for the green preparation of C1/C2 products through CO_(2)-PR.These innovative strategies aim to address the challenges and pressures associated with energy and environmental issues,particularly by enhancing artificial photosynthesis efficiency.
基金The Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development(NAFOSTED)and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(Grant No.NRF-2022R1A2C1012996)。
文摘Environmental pollution,such as water contamination,is a critical issue that must be absolutely addressed.Here,three different morphologies of tungsten-based photocatalysts(WO_(3)nanorods,WO_(3)/WS_(2)nanobricks,WO_(3)/WS_(2)nanorods)are made using a simple hydrothermal method by changing the solvents(H_(2)O,DMF,aqueous HCl solution).The as-prepared nanocatalysts have excellent thermal stability,large porosity,and high hydrophilicity.The results show all materials have good photocatalytic activity in aqueous media,with WO_(3)/WS_(2)nanorods(NRs)having the best activity in the photodegradation of bisphenol A(BPA)under visible-light irradiation.This may originate from increased migration of charge carriers and effective prevention of electron–hole recombination in WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs,whereby this photocatalyst is able to generate more reactive·OH and·O_(2)^(–)species,leading to greater photocatalytic activity.About 99.6% of BPA is photodegraded within 60 min when using 1.5 g/L WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs and 5.0 mg/L BPA at pH 7.0.Additionally,the optimal conditions(pH,catalyst dosage,initial BPA concentration)for WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs are also elaborately investigated.These rod-like heterostructures are expressed as potential catalysts with excellent photostability,efficient reusability,and highly active effectivity in different types of water.In particular,the removal efficiency of BPA by WO_(3)/WS_(2)NRs reduces by only 1.5% after five recycling runs and even reaches 89.1%in contaminated lake water.This study provides promising insights for the nearly complete removal of BPA from wastewater or different water resources,which is advantageous to various applications in environmental remediation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51971153)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFE0302600)+1 种基金Scientific Research Initial Funding of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology(No.20232088)the Award Fund for Outstanding Doctors in Shanxi Province(No.20242005)。
文摘Plasma-facing components in thermonuclear reactors primarily consist of plasma-facing materials and heat-sink materials.Tungsten-based materials are currently regarded as the most promising candidates as plasma-facing materials,while Cu alloys are typically utilized as heat-sink materials.However,bonding tungsten-based materials and Cu alloys together is challenging due to the inherent immiscibility of W and Cu.This review outlines advanced bonding technologies for tungstenbased materials and Cu alloys by tailoring joint interfaces.These technologies encompass:(i)direct diffusion bonding of W and Cu using high-temperature conditions(close to the melting point of Cu)structure,with an emphasis on elucidating the underlying thermodynamic mechanisms through the construction of thermodynamic models and molecular dynamics simulations;(ii)combined technologies involving surface treatments of tungsten-based materials,copper embedding,and diffusion bonding,along with an analysis of the mechanisms that enhance joint properties through tailored interface structures.The review also provides insights into future research directions for bonding between tungsten-based materials and Cu alloys.These advancements may offer significant support for plasma-facing components in future thermonuclear fusion reactors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52207227 and 52202244)the Doctoral Research Initiation Foundation of Anhui Normal University(No.751973)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK20220540)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M751176)the Research Foundation for Advanced Talents of Jiangsu University,China(No.22JDG010)。
文摘Main issues,such as slow reaction kinetics and diffusion of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs),pose serious threats to the next generation of high-energy lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries.In recent years,tungsten-based catalysts have been used to solve these problems.Tungsten's unique electronic structure makes it excellent in LiPS electrocatalytic applications.In particular,tungsten-oxy catalysts of the post-periodic table show stronger chemical and electronic structure regulation ability in electrocatalysis due to the wider valence state regulation interval(0–6).Based on this,tungsten-based nanomaterials can effectively achieve rapid conversion of LiPSs and inhibit the shuttle effect.Herein,the latest progress in tungsten-based catalysts for Li–S batteries was reviewed from the aspects of design idea,engineering strategy,and electrochemical performance.The catalytic mechanisms were discussed from the perspectives of atoms,energy bands,and hybrid orbitals.Finally,the challenges and future of this research field were prospected in detail.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81974508,21974134)Hunan Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar of China(No.2021JJ10067)+3 种基金Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University(No.202045005)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2021JJ31066)Key Research Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2021 of China(Major Project)(No.2021BEG01001)Key Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2022JJ21059).
文摘Acute kidney injury(AKI)can lead to loss of kidney function and a substantial increase in mortality.The burst of reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays a key role in the pathological progression of AKI.Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant therapy is very promising because mitochondria are the main source of ROS in AKI.Antioxidant nanodrugs with actively targeted mitochondria have achieved encouraging success in many oxidative stress-induced diseases.However,most strategies to actively target mitochondria make the size of nanodrugs too large to pass through the glomerular system to reach the renal tubules,the main damage site of AKI.Here,an ultra-small Tungsten-based nanodots(TWNDs)with strong ROS scavenging can be very effective for treatment of AKI.TWNDs can reach the tubular site after crossing the glomerular barrier,and enter the mitochondria of the renal tubule without resorting to complex active targeting strategies.To our knowledge,this is the first time that ultra-small negatively charged nanodots can be used to passively target mitochondrial therapy for AKI.Through in-depth study of the therapeutic mechanism,such passive mitochondria-targeted TWNDs are highly effective in protecting mitochondria by reducing mitochondrial ROS and increasing mitophagy.In addition,TWNDs can also reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells.This work provides a new way to passively target mitochondria for AKI,and give inspiration for the treatment of many major diseases closely related to mitochondria,such as myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction.
基金This work was financially supported by the Gansu Province Development and Reform Commission(NDRC,Grant No.2013-1336)the Light Function and Fight Conversion Material Discipline Innovation Base Cultivation Project(Grant No.G20190028011).
文摘Semiconductor photocatalysis is proven to be one of the potential approaches to solve energy crisis and environmental problems.Efficient solar energy utilization and superior charge carrier separation capacity are two crucial aspects in photocatalysis.Herein,the photocatalytic performances of the pristine and modified tungsten-based materials with mixed valence state are summarized concisely.The narrow band gap energy,coexistence of W^(5+)/W^(6+)and the oxygen vacancies all contribute to the pristine tungsten-based photocatalysts with unique ultraviolet(UV),visible(Vis),and near-infrared(NIR)light-induced photocatalytic activities.Furthermore,the enhanced localized surface plasmonic resonance(LSPR)effect,improved charge carrier separation efficiency and prolonged charge carrier lifetime all boost the performances of modified tungsten-based heterojunction photocatalysts.Moreover,multifunctional tungsten-based photocatalysts with mixed valence state are established to realize the full utilization of solar energy authentically.Concluding perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for the further exploration of tungsten-based photocatalysts are also presented.
基金financially supported by National MCF Energy R&D Program(Grant No.2018YFE0312400)the Creative Development Foundation of China Academy of Engineering Physics(Grant No.CX2019019)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1930121)
文摘The extreme environment in a fusion reactor,namely high thermal load and intense energetic particles,requires the materials to possess high strength and good ductility at high temperature in combination with excellent radiation resistance.Conventional metal tungsten(W)and its alloy cannot satisfy these rigorous requirements,but the discovery of the W-based high-entropy alloys(HEAs)with outstanding properties sheds light on the developments of structural materials.Unique properties of some of these alloys make them promising candidates for engineering applications in fusion reactor beyond conventional W and its alloys.In particular,their strengthening-toughening mechanism has also aroused wide concern.Here,the design,microstructure,mechanical properties and irradiation performance of W-based HEAs are reviewed,and their future prospects are outlined.
文摘The mixture of 90W 7Ni 3Fe(mass fraction, %) powders was milled in a planetary ball mill. Its structure changed during milling, the surface characteristics and thermal stability of the milled powders were studied with X ray diffraction(XRD), Brunaure Emmett Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption technique and differential thermal analysis(DTA). The results show that high energy ball milling leads to the formation of composite powders with amorphous binder phase and supersaturated W(Ni, Fe) nano crystalline grains in which great lattice distortion exists. The crystallization temperature of the amorphous binder phase during heating decreases with milling time. The specific surface area and the pore size of the powder mixtures decreases with milling time due to agglomeration and welding between particles.
基金finantially supported by the Science Foundation for International Cooperation of Sichuan Province (2014HH0016)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWJTU2014: A0920502051113-10000)National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program (2011GB112001)
文摘The preparation, characterization, and test of the first wall materials designed to be used in the fusion reactor have remained challenging problems in the material science. This work uses the firstprinciples method as implemented in the CASTEP package to study the influ ences of the doped titanium carbide on the structural sta bility of the WTiC material. The calculated total energy and enthalpy have been used as criteria to judge the structural models built with consideration of symmetry. Our simulation indicates that the doped TiC tends to form its own domain up to the investigated nanoscale, which implies a possible phase separation. This result reveals the intrinsic reason for the composite nature of the WTiC material and provides an explanation for the experimen tally observed phase separation at the nanoscale. Our approach also sheds a light on explaining the enhancing effects of doped components on the durability, reliability, corrosion resistance, etc., in many special steels.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52266014)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(No.2021MS01015)+1 种基金the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NJYT24062)the Fundamental Research Funds for Inner Mongolia University of Science&Technology。
文摘The increasing energy consumption in buildings due to cooling and heating,accounting for over one-third of the total energy consumption in society,has become a growing concern.Therefore,reducing building energy consumption has become an urgent issue for countries worldwide.Windows serve as the primary channel for energy exchange between the indoor and the outdoor environments.While providing natural lighting for occupants,windows are also the weakest link in terms of energy consumption.In recent years,there have been some new and superior coating glass technologies compared to traditional low-emissivity glass.These coatings utilize various optical functional materials to regulate the incident sunlight,aiming to save cooling and heating energy consumption.Materials,such as tungsten-based compounds,vanadium dioxide,lanthanum hexaboride,or copper monosulfide,can absorb near-infrared light to effectively control solar radiation by leveraging the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect of nanoparticles.This paper mainly introduces the micro-mechanisms of these materials and provides a detailed summary of the latest advancements in coating materials.The application and effects of these coatings in building energy conservation are emphasized.Finally,the challenges and prospects of LSPRbased smart windows are discussed.It is expected that this review will provide new insights into the application of smart windows in green buildings.
基金the framework of the EURO fusion Consortium,the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020(Grant 633053)the European Commission through the Erasmus Mundus International Doctoral College in Fusion Science and Engineering(FUSION-DC).
文摘Tungsten-chromium-yttrium(WCrY)smart alloys are foreseen as the first wall material for future fusion devices such as Demonstration Power Plant(DEMO).While suppressing W oxidation during accidental conditions,they should behave like pure W during plasma operation due to preferential sputtering of the lighter alloying elements Cr,Y,and W enrichment of the surface.In this paper,the erosion performance of WCrY and W samples simultaneously exposed to deuterium(D)plasma with the addition of 1%of the projectile ions being argon(Ar)ions at an ion energy of 120 eV is compared.With reference to the previous experiments at 120 eV in pure D plasma,the erosion for both WCrY and W is enhanced by a factor of~7.Adding Ar to the D plasma suppresses significant W enrichment previously found for pure D plasma.To investigate the impact of the plasma exposure onto the oxidation performance,plasma-exposed and non-exposed reference samples were oxidised in a dry atmosphere.Results show,on the one hand,that the oxida-tion suppression of WCrY in comparison to pure W is preserved during the plasma performance.On the other hand,it becomes evident that edge effects imposed by the geometry of the samples used in plasma experiments play a significant role for the oxidation behaviour.
