Hardware Trojans in integrated circuit chips have the characteristics of being covert,destructive,and difficult to protect,which have seriously endangered the security of the chips themselves and the information syste...Hardware Trojans in integrated circuit chips have the characteristics of being covert,destructive,and difficult to protect,which have seriously endangered the security of the chips themselves and the information systems to which they belong.Existing solutions generally rely on passive detection techniques.In this paper,a hardware Trojans active defense mechanism is designed for network switching chips based on the principle of encryption algorithm.By encoding the data entering the chip,the argot hidden in the data cannot trigger the hardware Trojans that may exist in the chip,so that the chip can work normally even if it is implanted with a hardware Trojans.The proposed method is proved to be effective in preventing hardware Trojans with different trigger characteristics by simulation tests and practical tests on our secure switching chip.展开更多
In hardware Trojan detection technology, destructive reverse engineering can restore an original integrated circuitwith the highest accuracy. However, this method has a much higher overhead in terms of time, effort, a...In hardware Trojan detection technology, destructive reverse engineering can restore an original integrated circuitwith the highest accuracy. However, this method has a much higher overhead in terms of time, effort, and cost thanbypass detection. This study proposes an algorithm, called mixed-feature gene expression programming, whichapplies non-destructive reverse engineering to the chip with bypass detection data. It aims to recover the originalintegrated circuit hardware, or else reveal the unknown circuit design in the chip.展开更多
OS X无疑是过去一段时间的安全焦点，这一切要从木马Trojan／OSX.Flashback说起。尽管这个病毒在2011年末就已经出现，但今年发现的新变种利用Java漏洞攻击，在4月上旬达到了感染数量的峰值——部分反病毒厂商监控到超过50万台主机被感...OS X无疑是过去一段时间的安全焦点，这一切要从木马Trojan／OSX.Flashback说起。尽管这个病毒在2011年末就已经出现，但今年发现的新变种利用Java漏洞攻击，在4月上旬达到了感染数量的峰值——部分反病毒厂商监控到超过50万台主机被感染。考虑到OS X只是第二大桌面系统，这已经是一个非常惊人的数字。展开更多
Early-stage brain metastasis of breast cancer(BMBC), due to the existence of an intact blood–brain barrier(BBB), is one of the deadliest neurologic complications. To improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for BMBC, a T...Early-stage brain metastasis of breast cancer(BMBC), due to the existence of an intact blood–brain barrier(BBB), is one of the deadliest neurologic complications. To improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for BMBC, a Trojan horse strategy-based nanocarrier has been developed by integrating the cell membrane of a brain-homing cancer cell and a polymeric drug depot. With the camouflage of a MDA-MB-231/Br cell membrane, doxorubicin-loaded poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle(DOX-PLGA@CM) shows enhanced cellular uptake and boosted killing potency for MDA-MB-231/Br cells. Furthermore, DOX-PLGA@CM is equipped with naturally selected molecules for BBB penetration, as evidenced by its boosted capacity in entering the brain of both healthy and early-stage BMBC mouse models. Consequently, DOX-PLGA@CM effectively reaches the metastatic tumor lesions in the brain, slows down cancer progression, reduces tumor burden, and extends the survival time for the BMBC animal.Furthermore, the simplicity and easy scale-up of the design opens a new window for the treatment of BMBC and other brain metastatic cancers.展开更多
Aiming at the difficulty of unknown Trojan detection in the APT flooding situation, an improved detecting method has been proposed. The basic idea of this method originates from advanced persistent threat （APT） atta...Aiming at the difficulty of unknown Trojan detection in the APT flooding situation, an improved detecting method has been proposed. The basic idea of this method originates from advanced persistent threat （APT） attack intents： besides dealing with damaging or destroying facilities, the more essential purpose of APT attacks is to gather confidential data from target hosts by planting Trojans. Inspired by this idea and some in-depth analyses on recently happened APT attacks, five typical communication characteristics are adopted to describe application’s network behavior, with which a fine-grained classifier based on Decision Tree and Na ve Bayes is modeled. Finally, with the training of supervised machine learning approaches, the classification detection method is implemented. Compared with general methods, this method is capable of enhancing the detection and awareness capability of unknown Trojans with less resource consumption.展开更多
We reported herein the synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of two oxazolidinone-deferasirox conjugates with different linkers that were designed based on the“Trojan horse”strategy.The conjugates could co...We reported herein the synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of two oxazolidinone-deferasirox conjugates with different linkers that were designed based on the“Trojan horse”strategy.The conjugates could combine with Fe^(3+)ions as the deferasirox.However,both conjugates were inactive against tested bacteria,including S.aureus,E.coli,A.baumannii,and P.aeruginosa.The results suggested that the synthesized iron chelator deferasirox was not suitable as a siderophore of the bacteria to transport the antibiotic,or the coupling linker of the synthesized conjugates could not be hydrolyzed to release the oxazolidinone in the cytoplasm.Therefore,the design and synthesis of oxazolidinone-deferasirox conjugates need further exploration.展开更多
In this paper, we show that a(2, 3) discrete variable threshold quantum secret sharing scheme of secure direct communication can be achieved based on recurrence using the same devices as in BB84. The scheme is devised...In this paper, we show that a(2, 3) discrete variable threshold quantum secret sharing scheme of secure direct communication can be achieved based on recurrence using the same devices as in BB84. The scheme is devised by first placing the shares of smaller secret pieces into the shares of the largest secret piece, converting the shares of the largest secret piece into corresponding quantum state sequences, inserting nonorthogonal state particles into the quantum state sequences with the purpose of detecting eavesdropping, and finally sending the new quantum state sequences to the three participants respectively. Consequently, every particle can on average carry up to 1.5-bit messages due to the use of recurrence. The control codes are randomly prepared using the way to generate fountain codes with pre-shared source codes between Alice and Bob, making three participants can detect eavesdropping by themselves without sending classical messages to Alice. Due to the flexible encoding, our scheme is also dynamic, which means that it allows the participants to join and leave freely.展开更多
The Enhanced Complexity Model( ECM) developed previously has been further extended to produce a Motivationally Enhanced Complexity Model( MECM) which enables the degree of motivation,capability and opportunity of a hy...The Enhanced Complexity Model( ECM) developed previously has been further extended to produce a Motivationally Enhanced Complexity Model( MECM) which enables the degree of motivation,capability and opportunity of a hypothetical Trojan Horse author to be included in quantifying the relative plausibility of competing explanations for the existence of uncontested digital evidence.This new model has been applied to the case of the Trojan Horse defence( THD) against the possession of child pornography.Our results demonstrate that the THD in this case cannot be plausibly sustained unless it can be shown that an ‘off-theshelf'( OTS) Trojan Horse for this task is available and it is not detectable by the target computer,at the material time.展开更多
Hardware Trojan(HT) refers to a special module intentionally implanted into a chip or an electronic system. The module can be exploited by the attacker to achieve destructive functions. Unfortunately the HT is difficu...Hardware Trojan(HT) refers to a special module intentionally implanted into a chip or an electronic system. The module can be exploited by the attacker to achieve destructive functions. Unfortunately the HT is difficult to detecte due to its minimal resource occupation. In order to achieve an accurate detection with high efficiency, a HT detection method based on the electromagnetic leakage of the chip is proposed in this paper. At first, the dimensionality reduction and the feature extraction of the electromagnetic leakage signals in each group(template chip, Trojan-free chip and target chip) were realized by principal component analysis(PCA). Then, the Mahalanobis distances between the template group and the other groups were calculated. Finally, the differences between the Mahalanobis distances and the threshold were compared to determine whether the HT had been implanted into the target chip. In addition, the concept of the HT Detection Quality(HTDQ) was proposed to analyze and compare the performance of different detection methods. Our experiment results indicate that the accuracy of this detection method is 91.93%, and the time consumption is 0.042s in average, which shows a high HTDQ compared with three other methods.展开更多
文摘Hardware Trojans in integrated circuit chips have the characteristics of being covert,destructive,and difficult to protect,which have seriously endangered the security of the chips themselves and the information systems to which they belong.Existing solutions generally rely on passive detection techniques.In this paper,a hardware Trojans active defense mechanism is designed for network switching chips based on the principle of encryption algorithm.By encoding the data entering the chip,the argot hidden in the data cannot trigger the hardware Trojans that may exist in the chip,so that the chip can work normally even if it is implanted with a hardware Trojans.The proposed method is proved to be effective in preventing hardware Trojans with different trigger characteristics by simulation tests and practical tests on our secure switching chip.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1502803).
文摘In hardware Trojan detection technology, destructive reverse engineering can restore an original integrated circuitwith the highest accuracy. However, this method has a much higher overhead in terms of time, effort, and cost thanbypass detection. This study proposes an algorithm, called mixed-feature gene expression programming, whichapplies non-destructive reverse engineering to the chip with bypass detection data. It aims to recover the originalintegrated circuit hardware, or else reveal the unknown circuit design in the chip.
基金the National Institutes of Health(1R01AG054839-01A1,1R41CA254500-01A1,and 1R21CA252360-01)for financial support of the research。
文摘Early-stage brain metastasis of breast cancer(BMBC), due to the existence of an intact blood–brain barrier(BBB), is one of the deadliest neurologic complications. To improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for BMBC, a Trojan horse strategy-based nanocarrier has been developed by integrating the cell membrane of a brain-homing cancer cell and a polymeric drug depot. With the camouflage of a MDA-MB-231/Br cell membrane, doxorubicin-loaded poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle(DOX-PLGA@CM) shows enhanced cellular uptake and boosted killing potency for MDA-MB-231/Br cells. Furthermore, DOX-PLGA@CM is equipped with naturally selected molecules for BBB penetration, as evidenced by its boosted capacity in entering the brain of both healthy and early-stage BMBC mouse models. Consequently, DOX-PLGA@CM effectively reaches the metastatic tumor lesions in the brain, slows down cancer progression, reduces tumor burden, and extends the survival time for the BMBC animal.Furthermore, the simplicity and easy scale-up of the design opens a new window for the treatment of BMBC and other brain metastatic cancers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61202387, 61103220)Major Projects of National Science and Technology of China(2010ZX03006-001-01)+3 种基金Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (2012014110002)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2012M510641)Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation (2011CDB456)Wuhan Chenguang Plan Project(2012710367)
文摘Aiming at the difficulty of unknown Trojan detection in the APT flooding situation, an improved detecting method has been proposed. The basic idea of this method originates from advanced persistent threat （APT） attack intents： besides dealing with damaging or destroying facilities, the more essential purpose of APT attacks is to gather confidential data from target hosts by planting Trojans. Inspired by this idea and some in-depth analyses on recently happened APT attacks, five typical communication characteristics are adopted to describe application’s network behavior, with which a fine-grained classifier based on Decision Tree and Na ve Bayes is modeled. Finally, with the training of supervised machine learning approaches, the classification detection method is implemented. Compared with general methods, this method is capable of enhancing the detection and awareness capability of unknown Trojans with less resource consumption.
基金The CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS 2021-I2M-1-028).
文摘We reported herein the synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of two oxazolidinone-deferasirox conjugates with different linkers that were designed based on the“Trojan horse”strategy.The conjugates could combine with Fe^(3+)ions as the deferasirox.However,both conjugates were inactive against tested bacteria,including S.aureus,E.coli,A.baumannii,and P.aeruginosa.The results suggested that the synthesized iron chelator deferasirox was not suitable as a siderophore of the bacteria to transport the antibiotic,or the coupling linker of the synthesized conjugates could not be hydrolyzed to release the oxazolidinone in the cytoplasm.Therefore,the design and synthesis of oxazolidinone-deferasirox conjugates need further exploration.
基金Supported in part by an International Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship(i MQRES),Australian Research Council Grant DP0987734also supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)under Grant No.2010CB923200+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under No.61377067Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China,National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61202362,61262057,61472433China Postdoctora Science Foundation under Grant No.2013M542560
文摘In this paper, we show that a(2, 3) discrete variable threshold quantum secret sharing scheme of secure direct communication can be achieved based on recurrence using the same devices as in BB84. The scheme is devised by first placing the shares of smaller secret pieces into the shares of the largest secret piece, converting the shares of the largest secret piece into corresponding quantum state sequences, inserting nonorthogonal state particles into the quantum state sequences with the purpose of detecting eavesdropping, and finally sending the new quantum state sequences to the three participants respectively. Consequently, every particle can on average carry up to 1.5-bit messages due to the use of recurrence. The control codes are randomly prepared using the way to generate fountain codes with pre-shared source codes between Alice and Bob, making three participants can detect eavesdropping by themselves without sending classical messages to Alice. Due to the flexible encoding, our scheme is also dynamic, which means that it allows the participants to join and leave freely.
文摘The Enhanced Complexity Model( ECM) developed previously has been further extended to produce a Motivationally Enhanced Complexity Model( MECM) which enables the degree of motivation,capability and opportunity of a hypothetical Trojan Horse author to be included in quantifying the relative plausibility of competing explanations for the existence of uncontested digital evidence.This new model has been applied to the case of the Trojan Horse defence( THD) against the possession of child pornography.Our results demonstrate that the THD in this case cannot be plausibly sustained unless it can be shown that an ‘off-theshelf'( OTS) Trojan Horse for this task is available and it is not detectable by the target computer,at the material time.
基金supported by the Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Universities No. 2014GCYY0the Beijing Natural Science Foundation No. 4163076the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities No. 328201801
文摘Hardware Trojan(HT) refers to a special module intentionally implanted into a chip or an electronic system. The module can be exploited by the attacker to achieve destructive functions. Unfortunately the HT is difficult to detecte due to its minimal resource occupation. In order to achieve an accurate detection with high efficiency, a HT detection method based on the electromagnetic leakage of the chip is proposed in this paper. At first, the dimensionality reduction and the feature extraction of the electromagnetic leakage signals in each group(template chip, Trojan-free chip and target chip) were realized by principal component analysis(PCA). Then, the Mahalanobis distances between the template group and the other groups were calculated. Finally, the differences between the Mahalanobis distances and the threshold were compared to determine whether the HT had been implanted into the target chip. In addition, the concept of the HT Detection Quality(HTDQ) was proposed to analyze and compare the performance of different detection methods. Our experiment results indicate that the accuracy of this detection method is 91.93%, and the time consumption is 0.042s in average, which shows a high HTDQ compared with three other methods.
