The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneousl...The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.展开更多
Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimens...Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimensional system of“safety and stability-economic feasibility-low-carbon and environmental protection,”an influencing factor system for the“Energy Trilemma”in the natural gas industry is constructed.展开更多
The Blockchain Trilemma concept highlights the inherent trade-off among security,decentralization,and scalability in blockchain systems,where achieving all three simultaneously is challenging.Blockchain security can b...The Blockchain Trilemma concept highlights the inherent trade-off among security,decentralization,and scalability in blockchain systems,where achieving all three simultaneously is challenging.Blockchain security can be categorized into block security and incentive security,with overall security increasing with the size of block producers.Horizontal scaling of a blockchain,through reducing the size of block producers,can compromise security,while vertical scaling,by increasing the computational requirements for producers,reduces decentralization.Consequently,solving the Blockchain Trilemma while maintaining overall blockchain security is a significant challenge using current methods.This paper introduces a time-beacon scheme to address the Blockchain Trilemma by restructuring the blockchain architecture.We argue that this scheme enables infinite horizontal scalability of the blockchain while preserving security and decentralization.展开更多
Sustainable trade requires verifiable,granular,and trustworthy data across multi-jurisdictional sup-ply chains.This paper argues that blockchain’s binding constraints are institutional,not technical,and proposes the ...Sustainable trade requires verifiable,granular,and trustworthy data across multi-jurisdictional sup-ply chains.This paper argues that blockchain’s binding constraints are institutional,not technical,and proposes the Green Trade Blockchain Governance Trilemma:no design can simultaneously maximize(i)transactional efficiency,(ii)regulatory verifiability,and(iii)decentralized governance with commercial privacy.Comparative cases—TradeLens,IBM Food Trust,Everledger,and Power Ledger—show divergent institutional choices and outcomes:TradeLens faltered under perceived hegemonic control;Food Trust succeeded via a buyer mandate;Everledger thrived through sym-biosis with trusted authorities;Power Ledger scaled within a regulatory sandbox.We further ana-lyze the Oracle Problem as the key limit to verifiability and assess privacy-enhancing technologies,especially zero-knowledge proofs,as partial mitigations that protect sensitive data while enabling compliance checks.We conclude that success hinges on context-specific institutional design—cer-tified oracles plus verifiable computation—rather than a one-size-fits-all stack,offering actionable guidance for policymakers,consortia,and firms building credible green-trade infrastructure.展开更多
Decarbonizing the electricity sector is crucial to achieving the carbon neutrality goal.Integrating renewable energy and retrofitting conventional thermal units with carbon capture devices are the most effective ways ...Decarbonizing the electricity sector is crucial to achieving the carbon neutrality goal.Integrating renewable energy and retrofitting conventional thermal units with carbon capture devices are the most effective ways to reduce carbon emissions from electricity generation.However,the uncertainty in renewable generation calls for additional energy storage units,which are still relatively expensive.The operation of carbon capture facilities also consumes extra energy,incurring additional costs.In a nutshell,energy security and environmental sustainability cannot be improved without compromising the economy,which is commonly referred to as the energy trilemma.In this paper,the conflict among security,sustainability,and economy is reconciled via engineering game theory.By formulating a triobjective optimization problem,the tradeoff space is analytically expressed through polyhedral projection,and the Nash bargaining game is used to determine a unique outcome that achieves a fair tradeoff without using manually supplied parameters.Taking a renewable-dominated system as an example,in which renewable energy accounts for approximately two-thirds of the demand energy,it is shown that at equilibrium,63.7%of thermal units are retrofitted into carbon-capture units,and the power capacity of battery storage is approximately 4.3%of renewable generation capacity.展开更多
Against the backdrop of globalization’s deepening evolution,the profound coupling between cross-border data flows and digital economic development is reshaping the global economic landscape.This dual-edged effect con...Against the backdrop of globalization’s deepening evolution,the profound coupling between cross-border data flows and digital economic development is reshaping the global economic landscape.This dual-edged effect concurrently poses multidimensional risks to national data sovereignty,societal public security,and individual citizens’rights.Confronted with governing cross-border data flows,nations face the predicament of being unable to simultaneously achieve data protection sovereignty,unrestricted cross-border data flow,and data protection.Based on this,this article employs the“Trilemma Theory”to systematically deconstruct current global governance variations.It then analyzes the two predominant paradigms formed by the European Union and the United States,revealing their internal logic and oriented goals.Concurrently,it examines the current status and challenges of China’s cross-border data flow regulation,aiming to explore a governance pathway suited to China.The goal is to build a governance ecosystem that balances high-level data openness with data security protection,serving both the digital economy’s high-quality development and the safeguarding of national and public core interests.展开更多
The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this f...The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this fragmentation.This paper proposes the Regulatory Trilemma of MedicalAI,which posits that no system can simultaneously maximize innovation velocity,rights protection,and national sovereignty.Using comparative case studies and framework analysis,we show that theUS prioritizes innovation speed,the EU emphasizes rights and safety,and China asserts sovereigntythrough state-led data control.These choices generate systemic trade-offs,leading to a“Balka-nization”of global medical AI markets,creating barriers to trade,complicating standard-setting bybodies like the WHO,and threatening health equity.The framework offers a more integrated lensto understand these dynamics and calls for a new global compact to establish baseline principles ofsafety,efficacy,and ethics in medical AI governance.展开更多
China and ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)have concluded the negotiations for the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3.0.The recent ASEAN Summit also initiated“the ASEAN Community Vision 2045”,highlighting vas...China and ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)have concluded the negotiations for the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3.0.The recent ASEAN Summit also initiated“the ASEAN Community Vision 2045”,highlighting vast cooperation potential and broad prospects for collaboration between the two sides in green and sustainable development.Under such background,this article issues new areas and opportunities for collaboration in climate-related fields for addressing the“Energy Trilemma”problems,based on the considerations of natural resource endowments and current cooperation status of both sides,in expectations of promoting inclusive and sustainable regional growth while achieving mutual benefits and win-win development for all parties involved.展开更多
文摘The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.
基金Western Project of the National Social Science Fund of China (22XGL019)Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China (22&ZD105)+1 种基金Special Academic Research Grant at the Key Research Base of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Sichuan Province (SC24E091)Chengdu Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project 2024 (2024BS072)。
文摘Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimensional system of“safety and stability-economic feasibility-low-carbon and environmental protection,”an influencing factor system for the“Energy Trilemma”in the natural gas industry is constructed.
文摘The Blockchain Trilemma concept highlights the inherent trade-off among security,decentralization,and scalability in blockchain systems,where achieving all three simultaneously is challenging.Blockchain security can be categorized into block security and incentive security,with overall security increasing with the size of block producers.Horizontal scaling of a blockchain,through reducing the size of block producers,can compromise security,while vertical scaling,by increasing the computational requirements for producers,reduces decentralization.Consequently,solving the Blockchain Trilemma while maintaining overall blockchain security is a significant challenge using current methods.This paper introduces a time-beacon scheme to address the Blockchain Trilemma by restructuring the blockchain architecture.We argue that this scheme enables infinite horizontal scalability of the blockchain while preserving security and decentralization.
文摘Sustainable trade requires verifiable,granular,and trustworthy data across multi-jurisdictional sup-ply chains.This paper argues that blockchain’s binding constraints are institutional,not technical,and proposes the Green Trade Blockchain Governance Trilemma:no design can simultaneously maximize(i)transactional efficiency,(ii)regulatory verifiability,and(iii)decentralized governance with commercial privacy.Comparative cases—TradeLens,IBM Food Trust,Everledger,and Power Ledger—show divergent institutional choices and outcomes:TradeLens faltered under perceived hegemonic control;Food Trust succeeded via a buyer mandate;Everledger thrived through sym-biosis with trusted authorities;Power Ledger scaled within a regulatory sandbox.We further ana-lyze the Oracle Problem as the key limit to verifiability and assess privacy-enhancing technologies,especially zero-knowledge proofs,as partial mitigations that protect sensitive data while enabling compliance checks.We conclude that success hinges on context-specific institutional design—cer-tified oracles plus verifiable computation—rather than a one-size-fits-all stack,offering actionable guidance for policymakers,consortia,and firms building credible green-trade infrastructure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20146).
文摘Decarbonizing the electricity sector is crucial to achieving the carbon neutrality goal.Integrating renewable energy and retrofitting conventional thermal units with carbon capture devices are the most effective ways to reduce carbon emissions from electricity generation.However,the uncertainty in renewable generation calls for additional energy storage units,which are still relatively expensive.The operation of carbon capture facilities also consumes extra energy,incurring additional costs.In a nutshell,energy security and environmental sustainability cannot be improved without compromising the economy,which is commonly referred to as the energy trilemma.In this paper,the conflict among security,sustainability,and economy is reconciled via engineering game theory.By formulating a triobjective optimization problem,the tradeoff space is analytically expressed through polyhedral projection,and the Nash bargaining game is used to determine a unique outcome that achieves a fair tradeoff without using manually supplied parameters.Taking a renewable-dominated system as an example,in which renewable energy accounts for approximately two-thirds of the demand energy,it is shown that at equilibrium,63.7%of thermal units are retrofitted into carbon-capture units,and the power capacity of battery storage is approximately 4.3%of renewable generation capacity.
文摘Against the backdrop of globalization’s deepening evolution,the profound coupling between cross-border data flows and digital economic development is reshaping the global economic landscape.This dual-edged effect concurrently poses multidimensional risks to national data sovereignty,societal public security,and individual citizens’rights.Confronted with governing cross-border data flows,nations face the predicament of being unable to simultaneously achieve data protection sovereignty,unrestricted cross-border data flow,and data protection.Based on this,this article employs the“Trilemma Theory”to systematically deconstruct current global governance variations.It then analyzes the two predominant paradigms formed by the European Union and the United States,revealing their internal logic and oriented goals.Concurrently,it examines the current status and challenges of China’s cross-border data flow regulation,aiming to explore a governance pathway suited to China.The goal is to build a governance ecosystem that balances high-level data openness with data security protection,serving both the digital economy’s high-quality development and the safeguarding of national and public core interests.
文摘The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this fragmentation.This paper proposes the Regulatory Trilemma of MedicalAI,which posits that no system can simultaneously maximize innovation velocity,rights protection,and national sovereignty.Using comparative case studies and framework analysis,we show that theUS prioritizes innovation speed,the EU emphasizes rights and safety,and China asserts sovereigntythrough state-led data control.These choices generate systemic trade-offs,leading to a“Balka-nization”of global medical AI markets,creating barriers to trade,complicating standard-setting bybodies like the WHO,and threatening health equity.The framework offers a more integrated lensto understand these dynamics and calls for a new global compact to establish baseline principles ofsafety,efficacy,and ethics in medical AI governance.
文摘China and ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)have concluded the negotiations for the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3.0.The recent ASEAN Summit also initiated“the ASEAN Community Vision 2045”,highlighting vast cooperation potential and broad prospects for collaboration between the two sides in green and sustainable development.Under such background,this article issues new areas and opportunities for collaboration in climate-related fields for addressing the“Energy Trilemma”problems,based on the considerations of natural resource endowments and current cooperation status of both sides,in expectations of promoting inclusive and sustainable regional growth while achieving mutual benefits and win-win development for all parties involved.
