The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneousl...The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.展开更多
Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimens...Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimensional system of“safety and stability-economic feasibility-low-carbon and environmental protection,”an influencing factor system for the“Energy Trilemma”in the natural gas industry is constructed.展开更多
Sustainable trade requires verifiable,granular,and trustworthy data across multi-jurisdictional sup-ply chains.This paper argues that blockchain’s binding constraints are institutional,not technical,and proposes the ...Sustainable trade requires verifiable,granular,and trustworthy data across multi-jurisdictional sup-ply chains.This paper argues that blockchain’s binding constraints are institutional,not technical,and proposes the Green Trade Blockchain Governance Trilemma:no design can simultaneously maximize(i)transactional efficiency,(ii)regulatory verifiability,and(iii)decentralized governance with commercial privacy.Comparative cases—TradeLens,IBM Food Trust,Everledger,and Power Ledger—show divergent institutional choices and outcomes:TradeLens faltered under perceived hegemonic control;Food Trust succeeded via a buyer mandate;Everledger thrived through sym-biosis with trusted authorities;Power Ledger scaled within a regulatory sandbox.We further ana-lyze the Oracle Problem as the key limit to verifiability and assess privacy-enhancing technologies,especially zero-knowledge proofs,as partial mitigations that protect sensitive data while enabling compliance checks.We conclude that success hinges on context-specific institutional design—cer-tified oracles plus verifiable computation—rather than a one-size-fits-all stack,offering actionable guidance for policymakers,consortia,and firms building credible green-trade infrastructure.展开更多
The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this f...The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this fragmentation.This paper proposes the Regulatory Trilemma of MedicalAI,which posits that no system can simultaneously maximize innovation velocity,rights protection,and national sovereignty.Using comparative case studies and framework analysis,we show that theUS prioritizes innovation speed,the EU emphasizes rights and safety,and China asserts sovereigntythrough state-led data control.These choices generate systemic trade-offs,leading to a“Balka-nization”of global medical AI markets,creating barriers to trade,complicating standard-setting bybodies like the WHO,and threatening health equity.The framework offers a more integrated lensto understand these dynamics and calls for a new global compact to establish baseline principles ofsafety,efficacy,and ethics in medical AI governance.展开更多
China and ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)have concluded the negotiations for the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3.0.The recent ASEAN Summit also initiated“the ASEAN Community Vision 2045”,highlighting vas...China and ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)have concluded the negotiations for the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3.0.The recent ASEAN Summit also initiated“the ASEAN Community Vision 2045”,highlighting vast cooperation potential and broad prospects for collaboration between the two sides in green and sustainable development.Under such background,this article issues new areas and opportunities for collaboration in climate-related fields for addressing the“Energy Trilemma”problems,based on the considerations of natural resource endowments and current cooperation status of both sides,in expectations of promoting inclusive and sustainable regional growth while achieving mutual benefits and win-win development for all parties involved.展开更多
文摘The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.
基金Western Project of the National Social Science Fund of China (22XGL019)Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China (22&ZD105)+1 种基金Special Academic Research Grant at the Key Research Base of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Sichuan Province (SC24E091)Chengdu Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project 2024 (2024BS072)。
文摘Clarifying the system structure of various influencing factors is a crucial prerequisite for identifying the key action point to address the“Energy Trilemma”in China’s natural gas industry.Based on the three-dimensional system of“safety and stability-economic feasibility-low-carbon and environmental protection,”an influencing factor system for the“Energy Trilemma”in the natural gas industry is constructed.
文摘Sustainable trade requires verifiable,granular,and trustworthy data across multi-jurisdictional sup-ply chains.This paper argues that blockchain’s binding constraints are institutional,not technical,and proposes the Green Trade Blockchain Governance Trilemma:no design can simultaneously maximize(i)transactional efficiency,(ii)regulatory verifiability,and(iii)decentralized governance with commercial privacy.Comparative cases—TradeLens,IBM Food Trust,Everledger,and Power Ledger—show divergent institutional choices and outcomes:TradeLens faltered under perceived hegemonic control;Food Trust succeeded via a buyer mandate;Everledger thrived through sym-biosis with trusted authorities;Power Ledger scaled within a regulatory sandbox.We further ana-lyze the Oracle Problem as the key limit to verifiability and assess privacy-enhancing technologies,especially zero-knowledge proofs,as partial mitigations that protect sensitive data while enabling compliance checks.We conclude that success hinges on context-specific institutional design—cer-tified oracles plus verifiable computation—rather than a one-size-fits-all stack,offering actionable guidance for policymakers,consortia,and firms building credible green-trade infrastructure.
文摘The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this fragmentation.This paper proposes the Regulatory Trilemma of MedicalAI,which posits that no system can simultaneously maximize innovation velocity,rights protection,and national sovereignty.Using comparative case studies and framework analysis,we show that theUS prioritizes innovation speed,the EU emphasizes rights and safety,and China asserts sovereigntythrough state-led data control.These choices generate systemic trade-offs,leading to a“Balka-nization”of global medical AI markets,creating barriers to trade,complicating standard-setting bybodies like the WHO,and threatening health equity.The framework offers a more integrated lensto understand these dynamics and calls for a new global compact to establish baseline principles ofsafety,efficacy,and ethics in medical AI governance.
文摘China and ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)have concluded the negotiations for the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3.0.The recent ASEAN Summit also initiated“the ASEAN Community Vision 2045”,highlighting vast cooperation potential and broad prospects for collaboration between the two sides in green and sustainable development.Under such background,this article issues new areas and opportunities for collaboration in climate-related fields for addressing the“Energy Trilemma”problems,based on the considerations of natural resource endowments and current cooperation status of both sides,in expectations of promoting inclusive and sustainable regional growth while achieving mutual benefits and win-win development for all parties involved.
