<strong>Objective:</strong> In Japan, red blood cell (RBC) solution is usually transported by car from a medical institution to the patient’s house for home transfusion. However, there are no regulations ...<strong>Objective:</strong> In Japan, red blood cell (RBC) solution is usually transported by car from a medical institution to the patient’s house for home transfusion. However, there are no regulations for transporting blood by car in the medical setting. Therefore, we assessed and compared the methods (containers) used for transporting the RBC solution by car. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Irradiated RBC solution samples (280 mL) supplied by the Japan Red Cross Society were each divided into two bags. The quality of blood transported by car (1 - 2 hours) in an active transport refrigerator (ATR) (control group) was compared with that transported in a cooler, or styrofoam box (study group). We tested the hemolytic effects of transportation by car, storage, and filtration through a transfusion set on the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) levels in the RBC solutions. <strong>Results:</strong> Post-filtered LD levels were significantly higher in the RBC solutions transported in a cooler-box with inadequate temperature control when compared to those transported in an ATR with optimal temperature control. However, under conditions of optimal temperature control, the post-filtered LD levels were comparable in the control and study (both cooler and styrofoam boxes) group RBC solutions. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Temperature management is critical for the maintenance of the quality of the RBC solution transported by car.展开更多
The number of cars is increasing rapidly in most cities around the world including those in China. Access to a car increases the range of opportunities available and confers status. The construction of cars can also b...The number of cars is increasing rapidly in most cities around the world including those in China. Access to a car increases the range of opportunities available and confers status. The construction of cars can also be a major contributor to a national economy and provide many jobs. However, mass car ownership brings many problems including environmental damage, resource depletion, congestion and inequality. In this paper the nature of urban transport problems in general is examined, and then the extent to which these are applicable in Chinese cities is considered. Then the future of transport in such cities is considered using some projections by the World Bank. It is shown that the problems will become much worse if no policy intervention occurs, but even with significant investment, the quality of the environment will deteriorate.展开更多
A K-nearest neighbor （K-NN） based nonparametric regression model was proposed to predict travel speed for Beijing expressway. By using the historical traffic data collected from the detectors in Beijing expressways,...A K-nearest neighbor （K-NN） based nonparametric regression model was proposed to predict travel speed for Beijing expressway. By using the historical traffic data collected from the detectors in Beijing expressways, a specically designed database was developed via the processes including data filtering, wavelet analysis and clustering. The relativity based weighted Euclidean distance was used as the distance metric to identify the K groups of nearest data series. Then, a K-NN nonparametric regression model was built to predict the average travel speeds up to 6 min into the future. Several randomly selected travel speed data series, collected from the floating car data （FCD） system, were used to validate the model. The results indicate that using the FCD, the model can predict average travel speeds with an accuracy of above 90%, and hence is feasible and effective.展开更多
The continuous increase of human mobility combined with a relevant use of private vehicles contributes to increase the ill effects of vehicle externalities on the environment, e.g. high levels of air pollution, toxic ...The continuous increase of human mobility combined with a relevant use of private vehicles contributes to increase the ill effects of vehicle externalities on the environment, e.g. high levels of air pollution, toxic emissions, noise pollution, and on the quality of life, e.g. parking problem, traffic congestion, and increase in the number of crashes and accidents. Transport demand management plays a very critical role in achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. This study demonstrates that car pooling (CP) is an effective strategy to reduce transport volumes, transportation costs and related hill externalities in agreement with EU programs of emissions reduction targets. This paper presents an original approach to solve the CP problem. It is based on hierarchical clustering models, which have been adopted by an original decision support system (DSS). The DSS helps mobility managers to generate the pools and to design feasible paths for shared vehicles. A significant case studies and obtained results by the application of the proposed models are illustrated. They demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach and the supporting decisions tool.展开更多
The car-following models are the research basis of traffic flow theory and microscopic traffic simulation. Among the previous work, the theory-driven models are dominant, while the data-driven ones are relatively rare...The car-following models are the research basis of traffic flow theory and microscopic traffic simulation. Among the previous work, the theory-driven models are dominant, while the data-driven ones are relatively rare. In recent years, the related technologies of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) re</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">presented by the Vehicles to Everything (V2X) technology have been developing rapidly. Utilizing the related technologies of ITS, the large-scale vehicle microscopic trajectory data with high quality can be acquired, which provides the research foundation for modeling the car-following behavior based on the data-driven methods. According to this point, a data-driven car-following model based on the Random Forest (RF) method was constructed in this work, and the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) dataset was used to calibrate and train the constructed model. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, GM model, and Full Velocity Difference (FVD) model are em</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ployed to comparatively verify the proposed model. The research results suggest that the model proposed in this work can accurately describe the car-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">following behavior with better performance under multiple performance indicators.展开更多
高效合理地决策未来月度计划期的铁路运用车分配方案对满足货运市场需求和节约空车调配成本具有重要意义。针对运用车分配方案所具备的时空特性,提出一种基于卷积长短期记忆神经网络并融合物理引导思想的铁路运用车分配预测方法。首先,...高效合理地决策未来月度计划期的铁路运用车分配方案对满足货运市场需求和节约空车调配成本具有重要意义。针对运用车分配方案所具备的时空特性,提出一种基于卷积长短期记忆神经网络并融合物理引导思想的铁路运用车分配预测方法。首先,通过主要影响因素识别,筛选出货运工作量类、货运组织水平类、货车运用属性类3类主要影响指标,并通过滑动窗口划分方法构造为模型输入。随后,构建基于PG-ConvLSTM(convolutional long short-term memory,ConvLSTM)网络的铁路运用车分配预测模型。模型以卷积长短期记忆神经网络作为主体框架,基于运用车分配的先验规律设计物理不一致项构造物理引导损失函数,并使用Hyperband算法优化模型网络层数与物理不一致项权重2项超参数。最后,使用MAE、RMSE与MAPE作为评价指标,并选用BP、CNN-LSTM、CNN-GRU与ConvLSTM网络模型作为对比,基于运用车分配实际数据进行实例分析。结果表明,PG-ConvLSTM模型评价指标MAE为0.0028,RMSE为0.0034,MAPE为7.22%,相比其他神经网络模型均为最优。PG-ConvLSTM模型得益于时空关联特征的同步提取机制,有效避免时空特征经卷积后再输入循环神经网络而丢失关键信息,从而具备更优的预测性能。物理引导损失函数对预测精度提升也具有积极作用。PG-ConvLSTM模型能够高效且准确地对运用车分配方案进行预测,可为实际运营中月度计划期运用车分配方案的制定提供参考。展开更多
文摘<strong>Objective:</strong> In Japan, red blood cell (RBC) solution is usually transported by car from a medical institution to the patient’s house for home transfusion. However, there are no regulations for transporting blood by car in the medical setting. Therefore, we assessed and compared the methods (containers) used for transporting the RBC solution by car. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Irradiated RBC solution samples (280 mL) supplied by the Japan Red Cross Society were each divided into two bags. The quality of blood transported by car (1 - 2 hours) in an active transport refrigerator (ATR) (control group) was compared with that transported in a cooler, or styrofoam box (study group). We tested the hemolytic effects of transportation by car, storage, and filtration through a transfusion set on the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) levels in the RBC solutions. <strong>Results:</strong> Post-filtered LD levels were significantly higher in the RBC solutions transported in a cooler-box with inadequate temperature control when compared to those transported in an ATR with optimal temperature control. However, under conditions of optimal temperature control, the post-filtered LD levels were comparable in the control and study (both cooler and styrofoam boxes) group RBC solutions. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Temperature management is critical for the maintenance of the quality of the RBC solution transported by car.
文摘The number of cars is increasing rapidly in most cities around the world including those in China. Access to a car increases the range of opportunities available and confers status. The construction of cars can also be a major contributor to a national economy and provide many jobs. However, mass car ownership brings many problems including environmental damage, resource depletion, congestion and inequality. In this paper the nature of urban transport problems in general is examined, and then the extent to which these are applicable in Chinese cities is considered. Then the future of transport in such cities is considered using some projections by the World Bank. It is shown that the problems will become much worse if no policy intervention occurs, but even with significant investment, the quality of the environment will deteriorate.
基金The Project of Research on Technologyand Devices for Traffic Guidance (Vehicle Navigation)System of Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology(No H030630340320)the Project of Research on theIntelligence Traffic Information Platform of Beijing Education Committee
文摘A K-nearest neighbor （K-NN） based nonparametric regression model was proposed to predict travel speed for Beijing expressway. By using the historical traffic data collected from the detectors in Beijing expressways, a specically designed database was developed via the processes including data filtering, wavelet analysis and clustering. The relativity based weighted Euclidean distance was used as the distance metric to identify the K groups of nearest data series. Then, a K-NN nonparametric regression model was built to predict the average travel speeds up to 6 min into the future. Several randomly selected travel speed data series, collected from the floating car data （FCD） system, were used to validate the model. The results indicate that using the FCD, the model can predict average travel speeds with an accuracy of above 90%, and hence is feasible and effective.
文摘The continuous increase of human mobility combined with a relevant use of private vehicles contributes to increase the ill effects of vehicle externalities on the environment, e.g. high levels of air pollution, toxic emissions, noise pollution, and on the quality of life, e.g. parking problem, traffic congestion, and increase in the number of crashes and accidents. Transport demand management plays a very critical role in achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. This study demonstrates that car pooling (CP) is an effective strategy to reduce transport volumes, transportation costs and related hill externalities in agreement with EU programs of emissions reduction targets. This paper presents an original approach to solve the CP problem. It is based on hierarchical clustering models, which have been adopted by an original decision support system (DSS). The DSS helps mobility managers to generate the pools and to design feasible paths for shared vehicles. A significant case studies and obtained results by the application of the proposed models are illustrated. They demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach and the supporting decisions tool.
文摘The car-following models are the research basis of traffic flow theory and microscopic traffic simulation. Among the previous work, the theory-driven models are dominant, while the data-driven ones are relatively rare. In recent years, the related technologies of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) re</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">presented by the Vehicles to Everything (V2X) technology have been developing rapidly. Utilizing the related technologies of ITS, the large-scale vehicle microscopic trajectory data with high quality can be acquired, which provides the research foundation for modeling the car-following behavior based on the data-driven methods. According to this point, a data-driven car-following model based on the Random Forest (RF) method was constructed in this work, and the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) dataset was used to calibrate and train the constructed model. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, GM model, and Full Velocity Difference (FVD) model are em</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ployed to comparatively verify the proposed model. The research results suggest that the model proposed in this work can accurately describe the car-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">following behavior with better performance under multiple performance indicators.
文摘高效合理地决策未来月度计划期的铁路运用车分配方案对满足货运市场需求和节约空车调配成本具有重要意义。针对运用车分配方案所具备的时空特性,提出一种基于卷积长短期记忆神经网络并融合物理引导思想的铁路运用车分配预测方法。首先,通过主要影响因素识别,筛选出货运工作量类、货运组织水平类、货车运用属性类3类主要影响指标,并通过滑动窗口划分方法构造为模型输入。随后,构建基于PG-ConvLSTM(convolutional long short-term memory,ConvLSTM)网络的铁路运用车分配预测模型。模型以卷积长短期记忆神经网络作为主体框架,基于运用车分配的先验规律设计物理不一致项构造物理引导损失函数,并使用Hyperband算法优化模型网络层数与物理不一致项权重2项超参数。最后,使用MAE、RMSE与MAPE作为评价指标,并选用BP、CNN-LSTM、CNN-GRU与ConvLSTM网络模型作为对比,基于运用车分配实际数据进行实例分析。结果表明,PG-ConvLSTM模型评价指标MAE为0.0028,RMSE为0.0034,MAPE为7.22%,相比其他神经网络模型均为最优。PG-ConvLSTM模型得益于时空关联特征的同步提取机制,有效避免时空特征经卷积后再输入循环神经网络而丢失关键信息,从而具备更优的预测性能。物理引导损失函数对预测精度提升也具有积极作用。PG-ConvLSTM模型能够高效且准确地对运用车分配方案进行预测,可为实际运营中月度计划期运用车分配方案的制定提供参考。
