Over the past several decades,much research effort has been dedicated to the study of optical windows,with two primary themes emerging as key focuses.The first of these centers on investigating the optical properties ...Over the past several decades,much research effort has been dedicated to the study of optical windows,with two primary themes emerging as key focuses.The first of these centers on investigating the optical properties of typical transparent single crystals under shock or ramp compression,which helps in the selection of appropriate optical windows for high-pressure experiments.The second involves the exploration of novel optical windows,particularly transparent polycrystalline ceramics,which not only match the shock impedance of the samples,but also preserve transparency under dynamic compression.In this study,we first integrate existing research on the evolution of optical properties in transparent single crystals and polycrystalline ceramics subjected to shock or ramp loading,proposing a mechanism that links mesoscopic damage to macroscopic optical transparency.Subsequently,through a systematic integration of experiments and computational analyses on polycrystalline transparent ceramics,we demonstrate that shock transparency can be enhanced by optimizing grain size and that shock impedance can be designed via compositional tuning.Notably,our results reveal that nano-grained MgAl_(2)O_(4) ceramics exhibit outstanding optical transparency under high shock pressures,highlighting a promising strategy for designing optical windows that retain transparency under extreme dynamic loading conditions.展开更多
Electrical energy is essential for modern society to sustain economic growths.The soaring demand for the electrical energy,together with an awareness of the environmental impact of fossil fuels,has been driving a shif...Electrical energy is essential for modern society to sustain economic growths.The soaring demand for the electrical energy,together with an awareness of the environmental impact of fossil fuels,has been driving a shift towards the utilization of solar energy.However,traditional solar energy solutions often require extensive spaces for a panel installation,limiting their practicality in a dense urban environment.To overcome the spatial constraint,researchers have developed transparent photovoltaics(TPV),enabling windows and facades in vehicles and buildings to generate electric energy.Current TPV advancements are focused on improving both transparency and power output to rival commercially available silicon solar panels.In this review,we first briefly introduce wavelength-and non-wavelengthselective strategies to achieve transparency.Figures of merit and theoretical limits of TPVs are discussed to comprehensively understand the status of current TPV technology.Then we highlight recent progress in different types of TPVs,with a particular focus on solution-processed thin-film photovoltaics(PVs),including colloidal quantum dot PVs,metal halide perovskite PVs and organic PVs.The applications of TPVs are also reviewed,with emphasis on agrivoltaics,smart windows and facades.Finally,current challenges and future opportunities in TPV research are pointed out.展开更多
The ultrafast laser-matter interaction is explored to induce new pioneering principles and technologies into the realms of fundamental science and industrial production.The local thermal melting and connection propert...The ultrafast laser-matter interaction is explored to induce new pioneering principles and technologies into the realms of fundamental science and industrial production.The local thermal melting and connection properties of the ultrafast laser welding technology offer a novel method for welding of diverse transparent materials,thus having wide range of potential applications in aerospace,opto-mechanical systems,sensors,microfluidic,optics,etc.In this comprehensive review,tuning the transient electron activation processes,high-rate laser energy deposition,and dynamic evolution of plasma morphology by the temporal/spatial shaping methods have been demonstrated to facilitate the transition from conventional homogeneous transparent material welding to the more intricate realm of transparent/metal heterogeneous material welding.The welding strength and stability are also improvable through the implementation of real-time,in-situ monitoring techniques and the prompt diagnosis of welding defects.The principles of ultrafast laser welding,bottleneck problems in the welding,novel welding methods,advances in welding performance,in-situ monitoring and diagnosis,and various applications are reviewed.Finally,we offer a forward-looking perspective on the fundamental challenges within the field of ultrafast laser welding and identify key areas for future research,underscoring the imperative need for ongoing innovation and exploration.展开更多
Mechanically durable transparent electrodes are essential for achieving long-term stability in flexible optoelectronic devices.Furthermore,they are crucial for applications in the fields of energy,display,healthcare,a...Mechanically durable transparent electrodes are essential for achieving long-term stability in flexible optoelectronic devices.Furthermore,they are crucial for applications in the fields of energy,display,healthcare,and soft robotics.Conducting meshes represent a promising alternative to traditional,brittle,metal oxide conductors due to their high electrical conductivity,optical transparency,and enhanced mechanical flexibility.In this paper,we present a simple method for fabricating an ultra-transparent conducting metal oxide mesh electrode using selfcracking-assisted templates.Using this method,we produced an electrode with ultra-transparency(97.39%),high conductance(Rs=21.24Ωsq^(−1)),elevated work function(5.16 eV),and good mechanical stability.We also evaluated the effectiveness of the fabricated electrodes by integrating them into organic photovoltaics,organic light-emitting diodes,and flexible transparent memristor devices for neuromorphic computing,resulting in exceptional device performance.In addition,the unique porous structure of the vanadium-doped indium zinc oxide mesh electrodes provided excellent flexibility,rendering them a promising option for application in flexible optoelectronics.展开更多
Sc_(2)O_(3),as a host for solid-state laser gain materials,has advantage of high thermal conductivity and easy matching with activating ions,which is promising in high-power laser applications.Currently,Yb-doped Sc_(2...Sc_(2)O_(3),as a host for solid-state laser gain materials,has advantage of high thermal conductivity and easy matching with activating ions,which is promising in high-power laser applications.Currently,Yb-doped Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics have been fabricated at very high sintering temperatures,but their optical quality and sintering process still need further improvement.In this work,5%Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3)(in mass)nano-powders were obtained by co-precipitation,and then transparent ceramics were fabricated by vacuum pre-sintering and hot isostatic pressing(HIP)post-treatment.The cubic Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) nano-powders with good dispersity and an average crystallite of 29 nm were obtained.Influence of pre-sintering temperatures(1500-1700℃)on densification process,microstructure changes,and optical transmittance of Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics was detected.Experimental data revealed that all samples have a uniform microstructure,while the average grain sizes increase with the increase of the sintering temperatures.Impressively,the optimum in-line transmittance of Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics,pre-sintered at 1550℃after HIP post-treatment,reaches 78.1%(theoretical value of 80%)at 1100 nm.Spectroscopic properties of the Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics reveal that the minimum population inversion parameterβ2 and the luminescence decay time of 5%Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics are 0.041 and 0.49 ms,respectively,which demonstrate that the optical quality of the Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) has been improved.Meanwhile,their best vacuum sintering temperature can be controlled down to a lower temperature(1550℃).In conclusion,Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) nano-powders are successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method,and good optical quality transparent ceramics are fabricated by vacuum pre-sintering at 1550℃and HIP post-treatment.展开更多
Silver nanowires(Ag NWs)have promising application potential in electronic displays because of their superior flexibility and transparency.Doping Ni in Ag NWs has proven to be an effective strategy to im-prove its wor...Silver nanowires(Ag NWs)have promising application potential in electronic displays because of their superior flexibility and transparency.Doping Ni in Ag NWs has proven to be an effective strategy to im-prove its work function.However,AgNi NWs-based electrodes suffer from poor electrical conductivity under air exposure due to the low-conductivity NiO generated on its surface.Here,Cu was further doped in AgNi NWs to form AgNiCu NWs and regulate its surface oxide under long-term air exposure.Finally,it is demonstrated that the conductivity of AgNiCu NWs can acquire an improved tolerable tempera-ture(over 240℃)and prolonged high-temperature tolerance time(over 150 min)by finely regulating the doping content Cu,indicating an enhanced air-stable conductivity.The optimized AgNiCu NWs also achieve superior transparent conductivity as pure Ag NWs and high work function as AgNi NWs,which has been successfully applied in constructing an n-type photodiode with an effective rectification effect.展开更多
As living standards improve,the energy consumption for regulating indoor temperature keeps increasing.Windows,in particular,enhance indoor brightness but also lead to increased energy loss,especially in sunny weather....As living standards improve,the energy consumption for regulating indoor temperature keeps increasing.Windows,in particular,enhance indoor brightness but also lead to increased energy loss,especially in sunny weather.Developing a product that can maintain indoor brightness while reducing energy consumption is a challenge.We developed a facile,spectrally selective transparent ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene composite film to address this trade-off.It is based on a blend of antimony-doped tin oxide and then spin-coated hydrophobic fumed silica,achieving a high visible light transmittance(>70%)and high shielding rates for ultraviolet(>90%)and near-infrared(>70%).When applied to the acrylic window of containers and placed outside,this film can cause a 10℃ temperature drop compared to a pure polymer film.Moreover,in building energy simulations,the annual energy savings could be between 14.1%~31.9%per year.The development of energy-efficient and eco-friendly transparent films is crucial for reducing energy consumption and promoting sustainability in the window environment.展开更多
Achieving high-level integration of composite micro-nano structures with different structural characteristics through a minimalist and universal process has long been the goal pursued by advanced manufacturing researc...Achieving high-level integration of composite micro-nano structures with different structural characteristics through a minimalist and universal process has long been the goal pursued by advanced manufacturing research but is rarely explored due to the absence of instructive mechanisms.Here,we revealed a controllable ultrafast laser-induced focal volume light field and experimentally succeeded in highly efficient one-step composite structuring in multiple transparent solids.A pair of spatially coupled twin periodic structures reflecting light distribution in the focal volume are simultaneously created and independently tuned by engineering ultrafast laser-matter interaction.We demonstrated that the generated composite micro-nano structures are applicable to multi-dimensional information integration,nonlinear diffractive elements,and multi-functional optical modulation.This work presents the experimental verification of highly universal all-optical fabrication of composite micro-nano structures with independent controllability in multiple degrees of freedom,expands the current cognition of ultrafast laser-based material modification in transparent solids,and establishes a new scientific aspect of strong-field optics,namely,focal volume optics for composite structuring transparent solids.展开更多
Optically transparent microwave absorbers and multi-band stealth have extensive potential applications in military defense and wireless communication fields, and thus have attracted considerable attention. So far,most...Optically transparent microwave absorbers and multi-band stealth have extensive potential applications in military defense and wireless communication fields, and thus have attracted considerable attention. So far,most related work is based on inorganic transparent conductive metasurfaces. In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a flexible, broadband and optically transparent microwave absorber using an organic metasurface. The metasurface absorber is composed of a sandwich structure, in which electric resonances and magnetic resonances are induced resulting in broadband absorption. A spraying process was developed to prepare this metasurface absorber. Both simulations and experiment show that this metasurface has broadband microwave absorption and good optical transparency. We further found that by using a multi-layer structure, visible, radar,and infrared stealth(multi-band stealth) can be achieved simultaneously. With the advantages of excellent foldability and low cost, the proposed metasurfaces may have applications in military and wireless communication fields.展开更多
Flexible transparent antennas(FTAs)are widely used in wireless transmission fields,and their technological iterations are accelerating.However,the high losses caused by materials and structures limit the development o...Flexible transparent antennas(FTAs)are widely used in wireless transmission fields,and their technological iterations are accelerating.However,the high losses caused by materials and structures limit the development of FTAs with both high light transmission and high gain,and the rapid iteration rate demands greater process flexibility,which makes it difficult for existing technologies to achieve both demands.Here,we design a novel shell-core structure composite metal mesh(CMM)FTA to achieve extremely low skin depth loss and ohmic loss using skin effect and report a novel hybrid additive manufacturing method based on electric field oriented deposition to achieve efficient and flexible manufacturing of the unique Ag/Cu core-shell structure CMM FTA.The typical sample has a light transmittance of 80%(including substrate)when the sheet resistance is 0.29Ω·sq^(-1),and has excellent bending and torsion resistance.The peak gain in the working band is as high as 5.22 dB,and the efficiency is 80%,which is close to the performance of the opaque Cu patch antenna.It also realizes smooth and stable real-time wireless transmission under bending and long-distance conditions.This method addresses the shortcomings of FTAs,namely their high cost,low manufacturing efficiency,and low performance,especially in the rapid iterative development of antennas.展开更多
Waveform generation and digitization play essential roles in numerous physics experiments.In traditional distributed systems for large-scale experiments,each frontend node contains an FPGA for data preprocessing,which...Waveform generation and digitization play essential roles in numerous physics experiments.In traditional distributed systems for large-scale experiments,each frontend node contains an FPGA for data preprocessing,which interfaces with various data converters and exchanges data with a backend central processor.However,the streaming readout architecture has become a new paradigm for several experiments benefiting from advancements in data transmission and computing technologies.This paper proposes a scalable distributed waveform generation and digitization system that utilizes fiber optical connections for data transmission between frontend nodes and a central processor.By utilizing transparent transmission on top of the data link layer,the clock and data ports of the converters in the frontend nodes are directly mapped to the FPGA firmware at the backend.This streaming readout architecture reduces the complexity of frontend development and maintains the data conversion in proximity to the detector.Each frontend node uses a local clock for waveform digitization.To translate the timing information of events in each channel into the system clock domain within the backend central processing FPGA,a novel method is proposed and evaluated using a demonstrator system.展开更多
Transparent sand is a special material to realize visualization of concealed work in geotechnical engineering. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of transparent sand, a series of undrained cyclic simple shear ...Transparent sand is a special material to realize visualization of concealed work in geotechnical engineering. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of transparent sand, a series of undrained cyclic simple shear tests were conducted on the saturated transparent sand composed of fused quartz and refractive index-matched oil mixture. The results reveal that an increase in the initial shear stress ratio significantly affects the shape of the hysteresis loop, particularly resulting in more pronounced asymmetrical accumulation. Factors such as lower relative density, higher cyclic stress ratios and higher initial shear stress ratio have been shown to accelerate cyclic deformation, cyclic pore water pressure and stiffness degradation. The cyclic liquefaction resistance curves decrease as the initial shear stress ratio increases or as relative density decreases. Booker model and power law function model were applied to predict the pore water pressure for transparent sand. Both models yielded excellent fits for their respective condition, indicating a similar dynamic liquefaction pattern to that of natural sands. Finally, transparent sand displays similar dynamic characteristics in terms of cyclic liquefaction resistance and Kα correction factor. These comparisons indicate that transparent sand can serve as an effective means to mimic many natural sands in dynamic model tests.展开更多
High-pressure and high-temperature(HPHT)experiments in large-volume presses(LVPs)benefit from reliable,available,and affordable heaters to achieve stable and homogeneous heating and,in some circumstances,X-ray transpa...High-pressure and high-temperature(HPHT)experiments in large-volume presses(LVPs)benefit from reliable,available,and affordable heaters to achieve stable and homogeneous heating and,in some circumstances,X-ray transparency for monitoring of properties of an in situ experiment using X-ray diffraction and contrast imaging techniques.We have developed heaters meeting the above requirements,and we screen the ternary system TiB2–SiC–hexagonal(h)BN(denoted as TSB)to enable manufacture of X-ray transparent heaters for HPHT runs.Heaters fabricated using optimized TSB-631(60%TiB2–30%SiC–10%hBN by weight)have been tested in modified truncated assemblies,showing excellent performance up to 22 GPa and 2395 K in HPHT runs.TSB-631 has good ceramic machinability,outstanding reproducibility,high stability,and negligible temperature gradient for runs at 3–7 GPa with cell assemblies with truncated edge lengths of 8–12 mm.The fabricated heaters not only show excellent performance in HPHT runs,but also demonstrate high X-ray transparency over a wide X-ray wavelength region,indicating potential applications for in situ X-ray diffraction/imaging under HPHT conditions in LVPs and other high-pressure apparatus.展开更多
Aluminium doped tin oxide films have been deposited onto glass substrates by using a simplified and low cost spray pyrolysis technique. The AI doping level varies between 0 and 30 at.% in the step of 5 at.%. The resis...Aluminium doped tin oxide films have been deposited onto glass substrates by using a simplified and low cost spray pyrolysis technique. The AI doping level varies between 0 and 30 at.% in the step of 5 at.%. The resistivity （p） is the minimum （0.38 Ω cm） for 20 at.% of AI doping. The possible mechanism behind the phenomenal zig-zag variation in resistivity with respect to AI doping is discussed in detail. The nature of conductivity changes from n-type to p-type when the AI doping level is 10 at.%. The results show that 20 at.% is the optimum doping level for good quality p-type SnO2：AI films suitable for transparent electronic devices.展开更多
Ultrafine silver fiber is an alternative to commercial indium tin oxide(ITO) as a new-generation flexible transparent conductor that can be used in flexible electronics.However,its primary limitation is the unrepeatab...Ultrafine silver fiber is an alternative to commercial indium tin oxide(ITO) as a new-generation flexible transparent conductor that can be used in flexible electronics.However,its primary limitation is the unrepeatable optoelectronic properties due to the disordered distribution of silver fibers.In this work,we report the in-situ direct writing of the silver microfiber pattern with high conductivity and transparency to attain a flexible transparent conductor.The silver network is composed of silver microfibers,which can be artificially designed and regularly patterned under the precise control of the fiber position and shape;this is crucial for regulating its optoelectronic properties.Herein,a high-performance conductor is achieved in the silver network with high stability.This novel conductor has a sheet resistance of 2 Ω sq-1at 90% transparency,which corre sponds to a high Figure of merit σdc/σopt=1742.The in-situ direct writing technique developed here is distinct from other fabrication methods because it requires no transfer steps,templates or heating.Further,this silver network is integrated into a light-printable rewritable device,and can be used as a wearable heater;this heater when driven by a 1.5 V battery attains a temperature of up to 55.6℃.Therefore,in-situ direct writing is expected to offer a new platform for facile,scalable,and ultralow-cost production of high-performance metal networks for flexible transparent conductors.展开更多
The ever-increasing demand for smart optoelectronics spurs the relentless pursuit of transparent wireless devices as a game-changing technology that can provide unseen visual information behind the electronics.To enab...The ever-increasing demand for smart optoelectronics spurs the relentless pursuit of transparent wireless devices as a game-changing technology that can provide unseen visual information behind the electronics.To enable successful operation of the transparent wireless devices,their power sources should be highly transparent in addition to acquiring reliable electrochemical performance.Among various transparent power sources,supercapacitors(SCs)have been extensively investigated as a promising candidate due to their exceptional cyclability,power capability,material diversity,and scalable/low-cost processability.Herein,we describe current status and challenges of transparent SCs,with a focus on their core materials,performance advancements,and integration with application devices.A special attention is devoted to transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs)which act as a keyenabling component in the transparent SCs.Based on fundamental understanding of optical theories and operating principles of transparent materials,we comprehensively discuss materials chemistry,structural design,and fabrication techniques of TCEs.In addition,noteworthy progresses of transparent SCs are briefly overviewed in terms of their architectural design,opto-electrochemical performance,flexibility,form factors,and integration compatibility with transparent flexible/wearable devices of interest.Finally,development direction and outlook of transparent SCs are explored along with their viable roles in future application fields.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D) scanning technology has undergone remarkable developments in recent years.Data acquired by 3D scanning have the form of 3D point clouds.The 3D scanned point clouds have data sizes that can be con...Three-dimensional(3D) scanning technology has undergone remarkable developments in recent years.Data acquired by 3D scanning have the form of 3D point clouds.The 3D scanned point clouds have data sizes that can be considered big data.They also contain measurement noise inherent in measurement data.These properties of 3D scanned point clouds make many traditional CG/visualization techniques difficult.This paper reviewed our recent achievements in developing varieties of high-quality visualizations suitable for the visual analysis of 3D scanned point clouds.We demonstrated the effectiveness of the method by applying the visualizations to various cultural heritage objects.The main visualization targets used in this paper are the floats in the Gion Festival in Kyoto(the float parade is on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List) and Borobudur Temple in Indonesia(a UNESCO World Heritage Site).展开更多
Monolayer ultra-large graphene oxide （UL-GO） sheets with diameter up to about 100 μm were synthesized based on a chemical method. Transparent conductive films were produced using the UL-GO sheets that were deposite...Monolayer ultra-large graphene oxide （UL-GO） sheets with diameter up to about 100 μm were synthesized based on a chemical method. Transparent conductive films were produced using the UL-GO sheets that were deposited layer-by-layer on a substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett （L-B） assembly technique. The films produced from UL-GO sheets with a close-packed flat structure exhibit exceptionally high electrical conductivity and transparency after thermal reduction. A remarkable sheet resistance of 605 -/sq at 86% transparency is obtained, which outperforms the graphene films grown on a Ni substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The technique used to produce transparent conductive films is facile, inexpensive and tunable for mass production.展开更多
Transparent conductive oxide （TCO） thin film is a kind of functional material which has potential applications in solar cells and atomic oxygen （AO） resisting systems in spacecrafts. Of TCO, ZnO：Al （ZAO） and In...Transparent conductive oxide （TCO） thin film is a kind of functional material which has potential applications in solar cells and atomic oxygen （AO） resisting systems in spacecrafts. Of TCO, ZnO：Al （ZAO） and In2O3：Sn （ITO） thin films have been widely used and investigated. In this study, ZAO and ITO thin films were irradiated by AO with different amounts of fluence. The as-deposited samples and irradiated ones were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Hall-effect measurement to investigate the dependence of the structure, morphology and electrical properties of ZAO or ITO on the amount of fluence of AO irradiation. It is noticed that AO has erosion effects on the surface of ZAO without evident influences upon its structure and conductive properties. Moreover, as the amount of AO fluence rises, the carrier concentration of ITO decreases causing the resistivity to increase by at most 21.7%.展开更多
Transparent and conducting zirconium-doped zinc oxide films with high transparency and relatively low resistivity have been successfully prepared by radio frequency （RF） msgnetron sputtering at room temperature, The...Transparent and conducting zirconium-doped zinc oxide films with high transparency and relatively low resistivity have been successfully prepared by radio frequency （RF） msgnetron sputtering at room temperature, The RF power is varied from 75 to 150 W. At first the crystallinity and conductivity of the film are improved and then both of them show deterioration with the increase of the RF power, The lowest resistivity achieved is 2.07 × 10^-3Ωcm at an RF power of 100W with a Hall mobility of 16cm^2V^-1s^-1 and a carrier concentration of 1.95 × 10^20 cm^-3. The films obtained are polycryetalline with a hexagonal structure and a preferred orientation along the c-axis, All the films have a high transmittance of approximately 92% in the visible range. The optical band gap is about 3.33 eV for the films deposited at different RF powers.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11872344)the Innovatory Development Foundation of the China Academy of Engineering Physics(Grant No.CX20210026).
文摘Over the past several decades,much research effort has been dedicated to the study of optical windows,with two primary themes emerging as key focuses.The first of these centers on investigating the optical properties of typical transparent single crystals under shock or ramp compression,which helps in the selection of appropriate optical windows for high-pressure experiments.The second involves the exploration of novel optical windows,particularly transparent polycrystalline ceramics,which not only match the shock impedance of the samples,but also preserve transparency under dynamic compression.In this study,we first integrate existing research on the evolution of optical properties in transparent single crystals and polycrystalline ceramics subjected to shock or ramp loading,proposing a mechanism that links mesoscopic damage to macroscopic optical transparency.Subsequently,through a systematic integration of experiments and computational analyses on polycrystalline transparent ceramics,we demonstrate that shock transparency can be enhanced by optimizing grain size and that shock impedance can be designed via compositional tuning.Notably,our results reveal that nano-grained MgAl_(2)O_(4) ceramics exhibit outstanding optical transparency under high shock pressures,highlighting a promising strategy for designing optical windows that retain transparency under extreme dynamic loading conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number W2432035)financial support from the EPSRC SWIMS(EP/V039717/1)+3 种基金Royal Society(RGS\R1\221009 and IEC\NSFC\211201)Leverhulme Trust(RPG-2022-263)Ser Cymru programme–Enhancing Competitiveness Equipment Awards 2022-23(MA/VG/2715/22-PN66)the financial support from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education.
文摘Electrical energy is essential for modern society to sustain economic growths.The soaring demand for the electrical energy,together with an awareness of the environmental impact of fossil fuels,has been driving a shift towards the utilization of solar energy.However,traditional solar energy solutions often require extensive spaces for a panel installation,limiting their practicality in a dense urban environment.To overcome the spatial constraint,researchers have developed transparent photovoltaics(TPV),enabling windows and facades in vehicles and buildings to generate electric energy.Current TPV advancements are focused on improving both transparency and power output to rival commercially available silicon solar panels.In this review,we first briefly introduce wavelength-and non-wavelengthselective strategies to achieve transparency.Figures of merit and theoretical limits of TPVs are discussed to comprehensively understand the status of current TPV technology.Then we highlight recent progress in different types of TPVs,with a particular focus on solution-processed thin-film photovoltaics(PVs),including colloidal quantum dot PVs,metal halide perovskite PVs and organic PVs.The applications of TPVs are also reviewed,with emphasis on agrivoltaics,smart windows and facades.Finally,current challenges and future opportunities in TPV research are pointed out.
基金supports from National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB4605500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52105498)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2022JJ40597)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2022RC1132)State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance(Grant No.ZZYJKT2023-08)support in analyzing the status of ultrafast laser welding applications,as well as the corresponding project support(Grant No.HKF202400595).
文摘The ultrafast laser-matter interaction is explored to induce new pioneering principles and technologies into the realms of fundamental science and industrial production.The local thermal melting and connection properties of the ultrafast laser welding technology offer a novel method for welding of diverse transparent materials,thus having wide range of potential applications in aerospace,opto-mechanical systems,sensors,microfluidic,optics,etc.In this comprehensive review,tuning the transient electron activation processes,high-rate laser energy deposition,and dynamic evolution of plasma morphology by the temporal/spatial shaping methods have been demonstrated to facilitate the transition from conventional homogeneous transparent material welding to the more intricate realm of transparent/metal heterogeneous material welding.The welding strength and stability are also improvable through the implementation of real-time,in-situ monitoring techniques and the prompt diagnosis of welding defects.The principles of ultrafast laser welding,bottleneck problems in the welding,novel welding methods,advances in welding performance,in-situ monitoring and diagnosis,and various applications are reviewed.Finally,we offer a forward-looking perspective on the fundamental challenges within the field of ultrafast laser welding and identify key areas for future research,underscoring the imperative need for ongoing innovation and exploration.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant(No.2016R1A3B 1908249)funded by the Korean government.
文摘Mechanically durable transparent electrodes are essential for achieving long-term stability in flexible optoelectronic devices.Furthermore,they are crucial for applications in the fields of energy,display,healthcare,and soft robotics.Conducting meshes represent a promising alternative to traditional,brittle,metal oxide conductors due to their high electrical conductivity,optical transparency,and enhanced mechanical flexibility.In this paper,we present a simple method for fabricating an ultra-transparent conducting metal oxide mesh electrode using selfcracking-assisted templates.Using this method,we produced an electrode with ultra-transparency(97.39%),high conductance(Rs=21.24Ωsq^(−1)),elevated work function(5.16 eV),and good mechanical stability.We also evaluated the effectiveness of the fabricated electrodes by integrating them into organic photovoltaics,organic light-emitting diodes,and flexible transparent memristor devices for neuromorphic computing,resulting in exceptional device performance.In addition,the unique porous structure of the vanadium-doped indium zinc oxide mesh electrodes provided excellent flexibility,rendering them a promising option for application in flexible optoelectronics.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFE3812005)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(121631KYSB20200039)+1 种基金National Center for Research and Development(WPC2/1/SCAPOL/2021)Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2024VEA0005,2024VEA0014)。
文摘Sc_(2)O_(3),as a host for solid-state laser gain materials,has advantage of high thermal conductivity and easy matching with activating ions,which is promising in high-power laser applications.Currently,Yb-doped Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics have been fabricated at very high sintering temperatures,but their optical quality and sintering process still need further improvement.In this work,5%Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3)(in mass)nano-powders were obtained by co-precipitation,and then transparent ceramics were fabricated by vacuum pre-sintering and hot isostatic pressing(HIP)post-treatment.The cubic Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) nano-powders with good dispersity and an average crystallite of 29 nm were obtained.Influence of pre-sintering temperatures(1500-1700℃)on densification process,microstructure changes,and optical transmittance of Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics was detected.Experimental data revealed that all samples have a uniform microstructure,while the average grain sizes increase with the increase of the sintering temperatures.Impressively,the optimum in-line transmittance of Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics,pre-sintered at 1550℃after HIP post-treatment,reaches 78.1%(theoretical value of 80%)at 1100 nm.Spectroscopic properties of the Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics reveal that the minimum population inversion parameterβ2 and the luminescence decay time of 5%Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) ceramics are 0.041 and 0.49 ms,respectively,which demonstrate that the optical quality of the Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) has been improved.Meanwhile,their best vacuum sintering temperature can be controlled down to a lower temperature(1550℃).In conclusion,Yb:Sc_(2)O_(3) nano-powders are successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method,and good optical quality transparent ceramics are fabricated by vacuum pre-sintering at 1550℃and HIP post-treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62374035,92263106,12061131009)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.21520712600).
文摘Silver nanowires(Ag NWs)have promising application potential in electronic displays because of their superior flexibility and transparency.Doping Ni in Ag NWs has proven to be an effective strategy to im-prove its work function.However,AgNi NWs-based electrodes suffer from poor electrical conductivity under air exposure due to the low-conductivity NiO generated on its surface.Here,Cu was further doped in AgNi NWs to form AgNiCu NWs and regulate its surface oxide under long-term air exposure.Finally,it is demonstrated that the conductivity of AgNiCu NWs can acquire an improved tolerable tempera-ture(over 240℃)and prolonged high-temperature tolerance time(over 150 min)by finely regulating the doping content Cu,indicating an enhanced air-stable conductivity.The optimized AgNiCu NWs also achieve superior transparent conductivity as pure Ag NWs and high work function as AgNi NWs,which has been successfully applied in constructing an n-type photodiode with an effective rectification effect.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(242300421010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52403055).
文摘As living standards improve,the energy consumption for regulating indoor temperature keeps increasing.Windows,in particular,enhance indoor brightness but also lead to increased energy loss,especially in sunny weather.Developing a product that can maintain indoor brightness while reducing energy consumption is a challenge.We developed a facile,spectrally selective transparent ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene composite film to address this trade-off.It is based on a blend of antimony-doped tin oxide and then spin-coated hydrophobic fumed silica,achieving a high visible light transmittance(>70%)and high shielding rates for ultraviolet(>90%)and near-infrared(>70%).When applied to the acrylic window of containers and placed outside,this film can cause a 10℃ temperature drop compared to a pure polymer film.Moreover,in building energy simulations,the annual energy savings could be between 14.1%~31.9%per year.The development of energy-efficient and eco-friendly transparent films is crucial for reducing energy consumption and promoting sustainability in the window environment.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB2802001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12304349,U20A20211,62275233)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZB20230628,GZC20241465)。
文摘Achieving high-level integration of composite micro-nano structures with different structural characteristics through a minimalist and universal process has long been the goal pursued by advanced manufacturing research but is rarely explored due to the absence of instructive mechanisms.Here,we revealed a controllable ultrafast laser-induced focal volume light field and experimentally succeeded in highly efficient one-step composite structuring in multiple transparent solids.A pair of spatially coupled twin periodic structures reflecting light distribution in the focal volume are simultaneously created and independently tuned by engineering ultrafast laser-matter interaction.We demonstrated that the generated composite micro-nano structures are applicable to multi-dimensional information integration,nonlinear diffractive elements,and multi-functional optical modulation.This work presents the experimental verification of highly universal all-optical fabrication of composite micro-nano structures with independent controllability in multiple degrees of freedom,expands the current cognition of ultrafast laser-based material modification in transparent solids,and establishes a new scientific aspect of strong-field optics,namely,focal volume optics for composite structuring transparent solids.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2023YFC3010703, 2020YFB1708800, and 2023YFC3010705)。
文摘Optically transparent microwave absorbers and multi-band stealth have extensive potential applications in military defense and wireless communication fields, and thus have attracted considerable attention. So far,most related work is based on inorganic transparent conductive metasurfaces. In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a flexible, broadband and optically transparent microwave absorber using an organic metasurface. The metasurface absorber is composed of a sandwich structure, in which electric resonances and magnetic resonances are induced resulting in broadband absorption. A spraying process was developed to prepare this metasurface absorber. Both simulations and experiment show that this metasurface has broadband microwave absorption and good optical transparency. We further found that by using a multi-layer structure, visible, radar,and infrared stealth(multi-band stealth) can be achieved simultaneously. With the advantages of excellent foldability and low cost, the proposed metasurfaces may have applications in military and wireless communication fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52375348 and 52175331)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant Nos.ZR2020ZD04 and ZR2022ME014).
文摘Flexible transparent antennas(FTAs)are widely used in wireless transmission fields,and their technological iterations are accelerating.However,the high losses caused by materials and structures limit the development of FTAs with both high light transmission and high gain,and the rapid iteration rate demands greater process flexibility,which makes it difficult for existing technologies to achieve both demands.Here,we design a novel shell-core structure composite metal mesh(CMM)FTA to achieve extremely low skin depth loss and ohmic loss using skin effect and report a novel hybrid additive manufacturing method based on electric field oriented deposition to achieve efficient and flexible manufacturing of the unique Ag/Cu core-shell structure CMM FTA.The typical sample has a light transmittance of 80%(including substrate)when the sheet resistance is 0.29Ω·sq^(-1),and has excellent bending and torsion resistance.The peak gain in the working band is as high as 5.22 dB,and the efficiency is 80%,which is close to the performance of the opaque Cu patch antenna.It also realizes smooth and stable real-time wireless transmission under bending and long-distance conditions.This method addresses the shortcomings of FTAs,namely their high cost,low manufacturing efficiency,and low performance,especially in the rapid iterative development of antennas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1604703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12375189)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA1601300)。
文摘Waveform generation and digitization play essential roles in numerous physics experiments.In traditional distributed systems for large-scale experiments,each frontend node contains an FPGA for data preprocessing,which interfaces with various data converters and exchanges data with a backend central processor.However,the streaming readout architecture has become a new paradigm for several experiments benefiting from advancements in data transmission and computing technologies.This paper proposes a scalable distributed waveform generation and digitization system that utilizes fiber optical connections for data transmission between frontend nodes and a central processor.By utilizing transparent transmission on top of the data link layer,the clock and data ports of the converters in the frontend nodes are directly mapped to the FPGA firmware at the backend.This streaming readout architecture reduces the complexity of frontend development and maintains the data conversion in proximity to the detector.Each frontend node uses a local clock for waveform digitization.To translate the timing information of events in each channel into the system clock domain within the backend central processing FPGA,a novel method is proposed and evaluated using a demonstrator system.
基金Project(U2268213) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2024YFHZ0121) supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,China。
文摘Transparent sand is a special material to realize visualization of concealed work in geotechnical engineering. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of transparent sand, a series of undrained cyclic simple shear tests were conducted on the saturated transparent sand composed of fused quartz and refractive index-matched oil mixture. The results reveal that an increase in the initial shear stress ratio significantly affects the shape of the hysteresis loop, particularly resulting in more pronounced asymmetrical accumulation. Factors such as lower relative density, higher cyclic stress ratios and higher initial shear stress ratio have been shown to accelerate cyclic deformation, cyclic pore water pressure and stiffness degradation. The cyclic liquefaction resistance curves decrease as the initial shear stress ratio increases or as relative density decreases. Booker model and power law function model were applied to predict the pore water pressure for transparent sand. Both models yielded excellent fits for their respective condition, indicating a similar dynamic liquefaction pattern to that of natural sands. Finally, transparent sand displays similar dynamic characteristics in terms of cyclic liquefaction resistance and Kα correction factor. These comparisons indicate that transparent sand can serve as an effective means to mimic many natural sands in dynamic model tests.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22090041 and 22401297)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2022B1515120014).
文摘High-pressure and high-temperature(HPHT)experiments in large-volume presses(LVPs)benefit from reliable,available,and affordable heaters to achieve stable and homogeneous heating and,in some circumstances,X-ray transparency for monitoring of properties of an in situ experiment using X-ray diffraction and contrast imaging techniques.We have developed heaters meeting the above requirements,and we screen the ternary system TiB2–SiC–hexagonal(h)BN(denoted as TSB)to enable manufacture of X-ray transparent heaters for HPHT runs.Heaters fabricated using optimized TSB-631(60%TiB2–30%SiC–10%hBN by weight)have been tested in modified truncated assemblies,showing excellent performance up to 22 GPa and 2395 K in HPHT runs.TSB-631 has good ceramic machinability,outstanding reproducibility,high stability,and negligible temperature gradient for runs at 3–7 GPa with cell assemblies with truncated edge lengths of 8–12 mm.The fabricated heaters not only show excellent performance in HPHT runs,but also demonstrate high X-ray transparency over a wide X-ray wavelength region,indicating potential applications for in situ X-ray diffraction/imaging under HPHT conditions in LVPs and other high-pressure apparatus.
基金Financial support from the University Grants Commission ofIndia through the Major Research Project(F.No.40-28/2011(SR))the DST Grant(D.O.No.SR/S2/CMP-35/2004)
文摘Aluminium doped tin oxide films have been deposited onto glass substrates by using a simplified and low cost spray pyrolysis technique. The AI doping level varies between 0 and 30 at.% in the step of 5 at.%. The resistivity （p） is the minimum （0.38 Ω cm） for 20 at.% of AI doping. The possible mechanism behind the phenomenal zig-zag variation in resistivity with respect to AI doping is discussed in detail. The nature of conductivity changes from n-type to p-type when the AI doping level is 10 at.%. The results show that 20 at.% is the optimum doping level for good quality p-type SnO2：AI films suitable for transparent electronic devices.
基金supported by National MCF Energy R&D Program(No.2018YFE0313300)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2017QNRC001)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51402116)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2018KFYYXJJ028and 2019KFYXMBZ045)the Analytical and Testing Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology for support。
文摘Ultrafine silver fiber is an alternative to commercial indium tin oxide(ITO) as a new-generation flexible transparent conductor that can be used in flexible electronics.However,its primary limitation is the unrepeatable optoelectronic properties due to the disordered distribution of silver fibers.In this work,we report the in-situ direct writing of the silver microfiber pattern with high conductivity and transparency to attain a flexible transparent conductor.The silver network is composed of silver microfibers,which can be artificially designed and regularly patterned under the precise control of the fiber position and shape;this is crucial for regulating its optoelectronic properties.Herein,a high-performance conductor is achieved in the silver network with high stability.This novel conductor has a sheet resistance of 2 Ω sq-1at 90% transparency,which corre sponds to a high Figure of merit σdc/σopt=1742.The in-situ direct writing technique developed here is distinct from other fabrication methods because it requires no transfer steps,templates or heating.Further,this silver network is integrated into a light-printable rewritable device,and can be used as a wearable heater;this heater when driven by a 1.5 V battery attains a temperature of up to 55.6℃.Therefore,in-situ direct writing is expected to offer a new platform for facile,scalable,and ultralow-cost production of high-performance metal networks for flexible transparent conductors.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program(2018R1A2A1A05019733)Wearable Platform Materials Technology Center(2016R1A5A1009926)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant by the Korean Government(MSIT)Industry Technology Development Program(10080540)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)
文摘The ever-increasing demand for smart optoelectronics spurs the relentless pursuit of transparent wireless devices as a game-changing technology that can provide unseen visual information behind the electronics.To enable successful operation of the transparent wireless devices,their power sources should be highly transparent in addition to acquiring reliable electrochemical performance.Among various transparent power sources,supercapacitors(SCs)have been extensively investigated as a promising candidate due to their exceptional cyclability,power capability,material diversity,and scalable/low-cost processability.Herein,we describe current status and challenges of transparent SCs,with a focus on their core materials,performance advancements,and integration with application devices.A special attention is devoted to transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs)which act as a keyenabling component in the transparent SCs.Based on fundamental understanding of optical theories and operating principles of transparent materials,we comprehensively discuss materials chemistry,structural design,and fabrication techniques of TCEs.In addition,noteworthy progresses of transparent SCs are briefly overviewed in terms of their architectural design,opto-electrochemical performance,flexibility,form factors,and integration compatibility with transparent flexible/wearable devices of interest.Finally,development direction and outlook of transparent SCs are explored along with their viable roles in future application fields.
文摘Three-dimensional(3D) scanning technology has undergone remarkable developments in recent years.Data acquired by 3D scanning have the form of 3D point clouds.The 3D scanned point clouds have data sizes that can be considered big data.They also contain measurement noise inherent in measurement data.These properties of 3D scanned point clouds make many traditional CG/visualization techniques difficult.This paper reviewed our recent achievements in developing varieties of high-quality visualizations suitable for the visual analysis of 3D scanned point clouds.We demonstrated the effectiveness of the method by applying the visualizations to various cultural heritage objects.The main visualization targets used in this paper are the floats in the Gion Festival in Kyoto(the float parade is on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List) and Borobudur Temple in Indonesia(a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
基金Project (51102170) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2010CB234609) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Monolayer ultra-large graphene oxide （UL-GO） sheets with diameter up to about 100 μm were synthesized based on a chemical method. Transparent conductive films were produced using the UL-GO sheets that were deposited layer-by-layer on a substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett （L-B） assembly technique. The films produced from UL-GO sheets with a close-packed flat structure exhibit exceptionally high electrical conductivity and transparency after thermal reduction. A remarkable sheet resistance of 605 -/sq at 86% transparency is obtained, which outperforms the graphene films grown on a Ni substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The technique used to produce transparent conductive films is facile, inexpensive and tunable for mass production.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (50471004)
文摘Transparent conductive oxide （TCO） thin film is a kind of functional material which has potential applications in solar cells and atomic oxygen （AO） resisting systems in spacecrafts. Of TCO, ZnO：Al （ZAO） and In2O3：Sn （ITO） thin films have been widely used and investigated. In this study, ZAO and ITO thin films were irradiated by AO with different amounts of fluence. The as-deposited samples and irradiated ones were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Hall-effect measurement to investigate the dependence of the structure, morphology and electrical properties of ZAO or ITO on the amount of fluence of AO irradiation. It is noticed that AO has erosion effects on the surface of ZAO without evident influences upon its structure and conductive properties. Moreover, as the amount of AO fluence rises, the carrier concentration of ITO decreases causing the resistivity to increase by at most 21.7%.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Programme of China （Grant No 2001CB610504） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 60576039 and 10374060）.Acknowledgments We thank Dr Wang Zhuo and Dr Yang ChangHong for their assistance in the experiment.
文摘Transparent and conducting zirconium-doped zinc oxide films with high transparency and relatively low resistivity have been successfully prepared by radio frequency （RF） msgnetron sputtering at room temperature, The RF power is varied from 75 to 150 W. At first the crystallinity and conductivity of the film are improved and then both of them show deterioration with the increase of the RF power, The lowest resistivity achieved is 2.07 × 10^-3Ωcm at an RF power of 100W with a Hall mobility of 16cm^2V^-1s^-1 and a carrier concentration of 1.95 × 10^20 cm^-3. The films obtained are polycryetalline with a hexagonal structure and a preferred orientation along the c-axis, All the films have a high transmittance of approximately 92% in the visible range. The optical band gap is about 3.33 eV for the films deposited at different RF powers.
