Conservationists have long debated whether fragmented habitats are best conserved by protecting a single large patch(SL)or several small patches(SS),i.e.,the SLOSS debate.Although this SLOSS debate has provided import...Conservationists have long debated whether fragmented habitats are best conserved by protecting a single large patch(SL)or several small patches(SS),i.e.,the SLOSS debate.Although this SLOSS debate has provided important insights into biodiversity conservation,research has predominantly focused on only one dimension of diversity(i.e.,taxonomic),failing to consider how phylogenetic and functional diversity might inform conservation strategies.In this study,we determined whether grasslands in the agro-pastoral ecotone of the Tabu River Basin,Inner Mongolia should be conserved by protecting a single large patch or several small patches.For this purpose,we quantified the relationships between three dimensions of biodiversity(taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity)and grassland patch area.We found species richness and the standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity increased with patch area,whereas the standardized effect size of functional diversity decreased.Taxonomic measures of diversity indicated that the best strategy for conserving Tabu River Basin grasslands is to protect several small habitat patches;in contrast,phylogenetic and functional measures of diversity indicated that conserving a single large habitat patch was best.Our study emphasizes the necessity of considering multiple dimensions of diversity when designing conservation strategies for fragmented landscapes to achieve comprehensive biodiversity conservation.展开更多
Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the She...Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot,India,to analyse tree community composition and the drivers ofα-diversity(Shannon)andβ-diversity(LCBD).Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(NMDS),and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling(SEM)was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity.NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape:semi-evergreen,dry deciduous,moist deciduous,and plantation forests,each with distinct plant composition.Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots.The SEMs explained about 79%and 39–45%of the variation inα-diversity andβ-diversity.Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes,with structure,disturbance,and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects onα-diversity.β-diversity,in contrast,was largely influenced by climate,topography,stand structure,and edaphic factors.Overall,our findings indicate that various factors(e.g.,climate,topography,and human disturbance)interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests.These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a random access scheme termed sign-compute diversity slotted ALOHA(SCDSA).The SCDSA scheme combines diversity transmission with compute-and-forward.Without considering the capture effect and m...In this paper,we propose a random access scheme termed sign-compute diversity slotted ALOHA(SCDSA).The SCDSA scheme combines diversity transmission with compute-and-forward.Without considering the capture effect and multiple user detection techniques,our scheme can reach a high throughput of 0.98 without feedback under finite frame size settings,where the upper bound on performance is 1.Moreover,a lower bound on throughput performance is derived,which is tight in some parameter settings and can be used to approximate theoretical performance.Simulation results validate our analysis and confirm the advantages of our proposed scheme.展开更多
Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges...Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).展开更多
The Fujian oyster(Crassostrea angulata) is an economically significant shellfish species distributed mainly along the Fujian coast, Southeast China. However, its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear. The mai...The Fujian oyster(Crassostrea angulata) is an economically significant shellfish species distributed mainly along the Fujian coast, Southeast China. However, its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear. The main distribution area of the C. angulata is located in Fujian, South China. In total, 420 C. angulata were collected from 14 natural habitats(populations) along the Fujian coast, and their genetic diversity and structure were analyzed in the mitochondrial COI and nuclear gene ITS2 sequences. Results reveal that all the 14 populations of C. angulata exhibited high levels of genetic diversity, with a total of 57(haplotype diversity: 0.811±0.016) and 124(haplotype diversity: 0.912±0.007) haplotypes revealed by COI and ITS2, respectively. Notably, significant intermediate level of genetic differentiations between the Ningde Zhujiang(ZJ) population(FS T by COI: 0.035–0.142, P<0.05;FS T by ITS2: 0.078–0.123, P<0.05) with other populations were observed for the first time, which is also supported by the results of molecular variance analysis(FC T by COI: 0.105, P<0.05;FC T by ITS2: 0.086, P<0.05) and the clustering of the ZJ population into distinct branches in the interpopulation genetic differentiation tree. Furthermore, the evolutionary tree and haplotype network analyses do not support the formation of a clear geographical genealogical structure among these 14 populations. In addition, the population dynamics analysis suggests that the C. angulata may have undergone expansion during the third ice age of the Pleistocene. These results provide a reference for the preservation and further genetic improvement of C. angulata.展开更多
The latitudinal diversity gradient(LDG)is one of the most notable biodiversity patterns in biogeography.The metabolic theory of ecology(MTE)explains ecological patterns,including the LDG.However,little is known about ...The latitudinal diversity gradient(LDG)is one of the most notable biodiversity patterns in biogeography.The metabolic theory of ecology(MTE)explains ecological patterns,including the LDG.However,little is known about whether the LDG remains stable over time as climate warming progresses and whether MTE remains applicable to clarify this pattern.In this study,forest data spanning temperate,subtropical,and tropical zones across China were used to analyze long-term changes in the LDG of tree species over 2005-2020.Based on the MTE framework,spatial scales were considered to assess temperature dependence of typical forest trees species.Our results show that species richness decreased with increasing latitude,and that temperature was the primary driver of this change.Although temperature in China has significantly increased over the past two decades,the LDG of tree species has remained stable.However,there was a decrease in species richness in tropical regions over time.With predictions of the MTE,the logarithm of typical forest tree species richness exhibited negative linear relationships with the inverse of ambient temperature,indicating temperature dependence of species richness.However,the relationship remained stable and was strongly influenced by spatial scale,intensifying as spatial scale increased.The findings emphasize the important role of temperature in shaping the LDG.The effects of spatial scale,in particular,should be considered when biodiversity management plans are developed for future climate change.展开更多
Several space-time coding based transmit diversity techniques for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with four transmitter antennas are investigated. Performances of the rake receivers are analyzed...Several space-time coding based transmit diversity techniques for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with four transmitter antennas are investigated. Performances of the rake receivers are analyzed and compared with those of the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques. Theoretical analysis shows that the multi-antenna transmit diversity techniques provide considerable performance gain at the mobile receiver in the wireless channel with less inherent multipath diversity, especially the G4 coding based scheme. Compared with the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques with the same diversity order, the transmit diversity techniques introduce much more multi-access plus multipath interference and require measures of interference suppression in the multi-user environments.展开更多
Space-time spreading (STS) and orthogonal transmit diversity (OTD) are towtransmit diversity schemes proposed by cdma2000 standard. In this paper, performance comparisonanalysis of the two transmits diversity schemes ...Space-time spreading (STS) and orthogonal transmit diversity (OTD) are towtransmit diversity schemes proposed by cdma2000 standard. In this paper, performance comparisonanalysis of the two transmits diversity schemes in multipath channel under multiuser situation arecarried out. Link level simulation in forward link cdma2000 is performed in IMT-2000 channel.Performance analysis and simulation results show that the performance improvement provided STS overOTD decreases as the increase of propagation path number and decrease of the user number.展开更多
Space time coding can provide high data rate and performance gain for wireless communication system. Performance comparison of space time trellis codes and space time transmit diversity is carried out under the sam...Space time coding can provide high data rate and performance gain for wireless communication system. Performance comparison of space time trellis codes and space time transmit diversity is carried out under the same bandwidth efficiency in this paper. We also propose some optimum low rate space time trellis codes in quasi static Rayleigh fading chan￣nel. Performance analysis and simulation show that the low rate space time trellis codes outperform space time transmit diversity at the same bandwidth efficiency, and are more suitable for the power limited wireless communication system which has no strict requirement on bandwidth efficiency.展开更多
Many common multimedia signal processing,including cropping,filtering,and perceptual coding,make watermark signal fading-like modification.A scheme that applies transmit diversity technique to improve robustness of di...Many common multimedia signal processing,including cropping,filtering,and perceptual coding,make watermark signal fading-like modification.A scheme that applies transmit diversity technique to improve robustness of digital watermarking is presented.First,the scheme decomposes the original image using wavelet pyramid algorithm and chooses the middle-frequency band for transmission channel that the watermark will be embedded into.Then the watermark is pseudo-randomly permuted.The scheme makes use of space-time coding and differential detection technique to embed and extract watermark.The extracting process has access to neither the original image nor channel state information.Experimental results demonstrate that the scheme improves the performance of robust watermarking.展开更多
The paper investigates closed-loop transmit diversity （CLTD） systems with antenna selection technique. The expected received signal-noise-ratio （RxSNR） of the proposed systems is analyzed and compared with CLTD sy...The paper investigates closed-loop transmit diversity （CLTD） systems with antenna selection technique. The expected received signal-noise-ratio （RxSNR） of the proposed systems is analyzed and compared with CLTD systems. An algorithm is proposed for determining the number of increased transmit antennas in terms of a reduced RF chains without performance degradation. Since a feedback channel is bandwidth-limited, we present a method of quantizing transmit-weight vectors. Simulation results demonstrate advantage of the proposed systems with full and quantized feedback information. Quantized feedback has less effect on the proposed systems than CLTD systems.展开更多
This paper deals with channel estimation for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with transmit diversity. Space time coded OFDM systems, which can provide transmit diversity, require perfect chan...This paper deals with channel estimation for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with transmit diversity. Space time coded OFDM systems, which can provide transmit diversity, require perfect channel estimation to improve communication quality. In actual OFDM systems, training sequences are usually used for channel estimation. The authors propose a training based channel estimation strategy suitable for space time coded OFDM systems. This novel strategy provides enhanced performance, high spectrum efficiency and relatively low computation complexity.展开更多
Transmit diversity has been recently proposed to reduce the effects of fading channels in various wireless applications. Orthogonal transmit diersity (OTD) is one of the standardized techniques in 3G systems. In this ...Transmit diversity has been recently proposed to reduce the effects of fading channels in various wireless applications. Orthogonal transmit diersity (OTD) is one of the standardized techniques in 3G systems. In this paper, we apply orthogonal transmit diversity technique to multicarrier CDMA systems. Andlysis and simulation results show that performance benefits can be achieved compared with conventioal MC-CDMA systems in multipath fading channels.展开更多
This paper investigates the transmission scheme of the orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)system with multiple antennas.Previous works have studied the multi-antenna transmitter diversity scheme with the ideal pulse...This paper investigates the transmission scheme of the orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)system with multiple antennas.Previous works have studied the multi-antenna transmitter diversity scheme with the ideal pulse shaping in OTFS systems assuming the wireless channels of two consecutive frames duration are invariant.However,the ideal pulse shaping can not be realized in practice and the channel varies rapidly in two consecutive frames in the high-speed mobility scenarios.To this end,we redesign the multi-antenna transmitter diversity scheme to ensure its practicability in the rectangular-pulsebased OTFS systems.At first,the information symbols of each antenna are divided into two half frames along the Doppler domain.Then,the guard symbols are carefully arranged to eliminate the interference between two half frames,and to ensure the equivalent channels of two half frames being identical.By considering the positions of the guard symbols,the transmission codeword is designed and a low complexity linear detection is proposed.Finally,simulation results validate that the bit error rate performance of the proposed scheme has the superiority over the existing works.展开更多
In this paper, a time-switched space-time （TSST） coded orthogonal frequency division nmltiplexing （OFDM） scheme against the time-varying channels is proposed. In the TSST-OFDM scheme, it is equipped with four tran...In this paper, a time-switched space-time （TSST） coded orthogonal frequency division nmltiplexing （OFDM） scheme against the time-varying channels is proposed. In the TSST-OFDM scheme, it is equipped with four transmit antennas, but only double of them are used for coding in every time slot. It is shown that the signal to inter-antenna interference ratio is a function of Doppler frequency in time-varying channels for a given space-time code. The analyses and simulations results validate that the proposed scheme not only gets time- switched diversity and lower decoding complexity, but also suffers less time-varying impairments. Hence, it ex- hibits better performance than quasi-orthogonal space-time coded scheme.展开更多
In this paper, the closed loop transmit diversity technology for the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA) systems is investigated in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel. The RAKE receiver model and the weighi...In this paper, the closed loop transmit diversity technology for the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA) systems is investigated in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel. The RAKE receiver model and the weighing vector algorithm are presented. The performance is theoretically analyzed in terms of the average maximal Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) gain available over the Space-Time block coding based Transmit Diversity(STTD) technology. Theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the closed loop transmit diversity can provide a 3dB performance gain over the open loop scheme in a single path fading channel, while the performance gain decreases dramatically with the increasing inherent multipath diversity of the wireless channel.展开更多
In this paper, we introduce a novel merger of antenna arrays with scanning beam patterns, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Controlled time varying phase shifts are applied to the antenna ...In this paper, we introduce a novel merger of antenna arrays with scanning beam patterns, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Controlled time varying phase shifts are applied to the antenna array elements mounted at the base station with beam patterns directed toward the desired user. This creates a small beam pattern movement called Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS). In rich scattering environments BPS creates a time varying environment leading to time diversity exploitable at the receiver enhances its probability-of-error performance. Here, we apply OFDM signals to BPS antenna arrays, and we achieve: (1) directionality, which supports Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA);and (2) a time diversity gain, which leads to high performance. We discuss the structure of the base station antenna array and the OFDM receiver that exploits time diversity. We also introduce the merger of BPS and multi-carrier OFDM (MC-OFDM) systems. In MC-OFDM each bit is transmitted over all sub-carriers after serial to parallel conversion. BPS/ MC-OFDM receiver exploits both time diversity inherent in BPS, and frequency diversity inherent in MC-OFDM transmission technique. Simulation results show high Probability-of-error performance is achie- vable via BPS/OFDM and BPS/MC-OFDM schemes comparing to the traditional OFDM and MC-OFDM, respectively. Simulations also reveal that MC-OFDM system as well as its merger with BPS is capable of mitigating large Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) problem in traditional OFDM system. In addition, performance simulations with coded OFDM (COFDM) and coded MC-OFDM (MC-COFDM) and their merger with BPS are studied.展开更多
The performance analysis, using outage capacity for a forward link cellular communications system is presented. The effects of correlated fading, the distribution of angle of arrivals, and the array configurations are...The performance analysis, using outage capacity for a forward link cellular communications system is presented. The effects of correlated fading, the distribution of angle of arrivals, and the array configurations are considered. The objective is to examine the effect of angle of arrival (AOA) energy distributions on two systems (transmit diversity and beamforming) with angle spread. We do so by comparing the performance of transmit diversity with a system that uses beamforming to point a relatively narrow beam at the mobile station. Analytical results show that the transmit diversity system using uniform linear arrays (ULA) and uniform circular arrays (UCA) with truncated Laplacian AOA, performs better even at smaller angle spreads as compared to other energy distributions. The ULA geometry is a preferable configuration for transmit diversity system as compared to UCA.展开更多
The next generation of High Throughput Satellite(HTS)will exploit Q/V band for the feeder link and Ka band for the user link.The exploitation of multiple gateways(GWs)is a transmit diversity measure to compensate seve...The next generation of High Throughput Satellite(HTS)will exploit Q/V band for the feeder link and Ka band for the user link.The exploitation of multiple gateways(GWs)is a transmit diversity measure to compensate severe rain attenuation of Q/V band feeder links.This paper introduces a new smart gateway diversity combination scheme that combinates N-active(K=2)and N+1 diversity method in detail from the working principle,gateway switching strategy,evaluation of system availability and implementation complexity.In addition,a feeder link outage event prediction algorithm featuring combination scheme is given detailly based on modified time-adaptive linear regression.Compared with the existing N+P scheme,the proposed scheme can provide higher system availability and more stable user’s experience under the condition of properly increasing the complexity of payload design.Compared with Nactive scheme that has been reported,it is much easier to implement in engineering and more cost-effective.As a result,the combination scheme is a realistic solution based on a trade-off between performance improvement and implementation complexity.展开更多
This study primarily aimed to investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus(HPV)and other common pathogens of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)in spermatozoa of infertile men and their effects on semen parame...This study primarily aimed to investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus(HPV)and other common pathogens of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)in spermatozoa of infertile men and their effects on semen parameters.These pathogens included Ureaplasma urealyticum,Ureaplasma parvum,Chlamydia trachomatis,Mycoplasma genitalium,herpes simplex virus 2,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Enterococcus faecalis,Streptococcus agalactiae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Staphylococcus aureus.A total of 1951 men of infertile couples were recruited between 23 March 2023,and 17 May 2023,at the Department of Reproductive Medicine of The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province(Kunming,China).Multiplex polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis were used for HPV genotyping.Polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis were also used to detect the presence of other STIs.The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 12.4%.The top five prevalent HPV subtypes were types 56,52,43,16,and 53 among those tested positive for HPV.Other common infections with high prevalence rates were Ureaplasma urealyticum(28.3%),Ureaplasma parvum(20.4%),and Enterococcus faecalis(9.5%).The prevalence rates of HPV coinfection with Ureaplasma urealyticum,Ureaplasma parvum,Chlamydia trachomatis,Mycoplasma genitalium,herpes simplex virus 2,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Enterococcus faecalis,Streptococcus agalactiae,and Staphylococcus aureus were 24.8%,25.4%,10.6%,6.4%,2.4%,7.9%,5.9%,0.9%,and 1.3%,respectively.The semen volume and total sperm count were greatly decreased by HPV infection alone.Coinfection with HPV and Ureaplasma urealyticum significantly reduced sperm motility and viability.Our study shows that coinfection with STIs is highly prevalent in the semen of infertile men and that coinfection with pathogens can seriously affect semen parameters,emphasizing the necessity of semen screening for STIs.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Key Project(2023ZD24)the Erdos City Major Science and Technology Special Project(ZD20232305)+3 种基金the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project(2025KYPT0012)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project(2022ZD007)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Education Department Project(NMGIRT2409)the Inner Mongolia First-Class Disciplines Scientific Research Special Project(YLXKZX-ND-047).
文摘Conservationists have long debated whether fragmented habitats are best conserved by protecting a single large patch(SL)or several small patches(SS),i.e.,the SLOSS debate.Although this SLOSS debate has provided important insights into biodiversity conservation,research has predominantly focused on only one dimension of diversity(i.e.,taxonomic),failing to consider how phylogenetic and functional diversity might inform conservation strategies.In this study,we determined whether grasslands in the agro-pastoral ecotone of the Tabu River Basin,Inner Mongolia should be conserved by protecting a single large patch or several small patches.For this purpose,we quantified the relationships between three dimensions of biodiversity(taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity)and grassland patch area.We found species richness and the standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity increased with patch area,whereas the standardized effect size of functional diversity decreased.Taxonomic measures of diversity indicated that the best strategy for conserving Tabu River Basin grasslands is to protect several small habitat patches;in contrast,phylogenetic and functional measures of diversity indicated that conserving a single large habitat patch was best.Our study emphasizes the necessity of considering multiple dimensions of diversity when designing conservation strategies for fragmented landscapes to achieve comprehensive biodiversity conservation.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Govt.India,under grant No.BT/Coord.II/10/02/2016/22.03.2018the Indian Council of Social Science Research,New Delhi,India,for providing a short-term doctoral fellowship(RFD/Short-Term/2022-23/ENV/ST/66).
文摘Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot,India,to analyse tree community composition and the drivers ofα-diversity(Shannon)andβ-diversity(LCBD).Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(NMDS),and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling(SEM)was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity.NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape:semi-evergreen,dry deciduous,moist deciduous,and plantation forests,each with distinct plant composition.Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots.The SEMs explained about 79%and 39–45%of the variation inα-diversity andβ-diversity.Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes,with structure,disturbance,and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects onα-diversity.β-diversity,in contrast,was largely influenced by climate,topography,stand structure,and edaphic factors.Overall,our findings indicate that various factors(e.g.,climate,topography,and human disturbance)interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests.These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.
文摘In this paper,we propose a random access scheme termed sign-compute diversity slotted ALOHA(SCDSA).The SCDSA scheme combines diversity transmission with compute-and-forward.Without considering the capture effect and multiple user detection techniques,our scheme can reach a high throughput of 0.98 without feedback under finite frame size settings,where the upper bound on performance is 1.Moreover,a lower bound on throughput performance is derived,which is tight in some parameter settings and can be used to approximate theoretical performance.Simulation results validate our analysis and confirm the advantages of our proposed scheme.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia(RCEECA),the construction and joint research for the China-Tajikistan“Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use(2024YFE0214200)the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Partnership and International Technology Cooperation Plan of Science and Technology Projects(2023E01018,2025E01056)the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(2024VBC0006).
文摘Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32172979)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2021J05159)the 2023 Special Program for Promoting High-Quality Development of Marine and Fishery Industry in Fujian Province(No.PJHYF-L-2023-2)。
文摘The Fujian oyster(Crassostrea angulata) is an economically significant shellfish species distributed mainly along the Fujian coast, Southeast China. However, its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear. The main distribution area of the C. angulata is located in Fujian, South China. In total, 420 C. angulata were collected from 14 natural habitats(populations) along the Fujian coast, and their genetic diversity and structure were analyzed in the mitochondrial COI and nuclear gene ITS2 sequences. Results reveal that all the 14 populations of C. angulata exhibited high levels of genetic diversity, with a total of 57(haplotype diversity: 0.811±0.016) and 124(haplotype diversity: 0.912±0.007) haplotypes revealed by COI and ITS2, respectively. Notably, significant intermediate level of genetic differentiations between the Ningde Zhujiang(ZJ) population(FS T by COI: 0.035–0.142, P<0.05;FS T by ITS2: 0.078–0.123, P<0.05) with other populations were observed for the first time, which is also supported by the results of molecular variance analysis(FC T by COI: 0.105, P<0.05;FC T by ITS2: 0.086, P<0.05) and the clustering of the ZJ population into distinct branches in the interpopulation genetic differentiation tree. Furthermore, the evolutionary tree and haplotype network analyses do not support the formation of a clear geographical genealogical structure among these 14 populations. In addition, the population dynamics analysis suggests that the C. angulata may have undergone expansion during the third ice age of the Pleistocene. These results provide a reference for the preservation and further genetic improvement of C. angulata.
基金supported by the Key Program of National Science of China(Grant No.:42030509 and 42141005)。
文摘The latitudinal diversity gradient(LDG)is one of the most notable biodiversity patterns in biogeography.The metabolic theory of ecology(MTE)explains ecological patterns,including the LDG.However,little is known about whether the LDG remains stable over time as climate warming progresses and whether MTE remains applicable to clarify this pattern.In this study,forest data spanning temperate,subtropical,and tropical zones across China were used to analyze long-term changes in the LDG of tree species over 2005-2020.Based on the MTE framework,spatial scales were considered to assess temperature dependence of typical forest trees species.Our results show that species richness decreased with increasing latitude,and that temperature was the primary driver of this change.Although temperature in China has significantly increased over the past two decades,the LDG of tree species has remained stable.However,there was a decrease in species richness in tropical regions over time.With predictions of the MTE,the logarithm of typical forest tree species richness exhibited negative linear relationships with the inverse of ambient temperature,indicating temperature dependence of species richness.However,the relationship remained stable and was strongly influenced by spatial scale,intensifying as spatial scale increased.The findings emphasize the important role of temperature in shaping the LDG.The effects of spatial scale,in particular,should be considered when biodiversity management plans are developed for future climate change.
基金TheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No .60 3 90 5 40 ) .
文摘Several space-time coding based transmit diversity techniques for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with four transmitter antennas are investigated. Performances of the rake receivers are analyzed and compared with those of the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques. Theoretical analysis shows that the multi-antenna transmit diversity techniques provide considerable performance gain at the mobile receiver in the wireless channel with less inherent multipath diversity, especially the G4 coding based scheme. Compared with the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques with the same diversity order, the transmit diversity techniques introduce much more multi-access plus multipath interference and require measures of interference suppression in the multi-user environments.
文摘Space-time spreading (STS) and orthogonal transmit diversity (OTD) are towtransmit diversity schemes proposed by cdma2000 standard. In this paper, performance comparisonanalysis of the two transmits diversity schemes in multipath channel under multiuser situation arecarried out. Link level simulation in forward link cdma2000 is performed in IMT-2000 channel.Performance analysis and simulation results show that the performance improvement provided STS overOTD decreases as the increase of propagation path number and decrease of the user number.
文摘Space time coding can provide high data rate and performance gain for wireless communication system. Performance comparison of space time trellis codes and space time transmit diversity is carried out under the same bandwidth efficiency in this paper. We also propose some optimum low rate space time trellis codes in quasi static Rayleigh fading chan￣nel. Performance analysis and simulation show that the low rate space time trellis codes outperform space time transmit diversity at the same bandwidth efficiency, and are more suitable for the power limited wireless communication system which has no strict requirement on bandwidth efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60072041).
文摘Many common multimedia signal processing,including cropping,filtering,and perceptual coding,make watermark signal fading-like modification.A scheme that applies transmit diversity technique to improve robustness of digital watermarking is presented.First,the scheme decomposes the original image using wavelet pyramid algorithm and chooses the middle-frequency band for transmission channel that the watermark will be embedded into.Then the watermark is pseudo-randomly permuted.The scheme makes use of space-time coding and differential detection technique to embed and extract watermark.The extracting process has access to neither the original image nor channel state information.Experimental results demonstrate that the scheme improves the performance of robust watermarking.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No.60472103）, the Shanghai Excellent Academic Leader Project （Grant No.05XP14027）, and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project （Grant No.T0102）.
文摘The paper investigates closed-loop transmit diversity （CLTD） systems with antenna selection technique. The expected received signal-noise-ratio （RxSNR） of the proposed systems is analyzed and compared with CLTD systems. An algorithm is proposed for determining the number of increased transmit antennas in terms of a reduced RF chains without performance degradation. Since a feedback channel is bandwidth-limited, we present a method of quantizing transmit-weight vectors. Simulation results demonstrate advantage of the proposed systems with full and quantized feedback information. Quantized feedback has less effect on the proposed systems than CLTD systems.
基金Project supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Pro-gram (863) of China (No. 2003AA123310) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60332030)
文摘This paper deals with channel estimation for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with transmit diversity. Space time coded OFDM systems, which can provide transmit diversity, require perfect channel estimation to improve communication quality. In actual OFDM systems, training sequences are usually used for channel estimation. The authors propose a training based channel estimation strategy suitable for space time coded OFDM systems. This novel strategy provides enhanced performance, high spectrum efficiency and relatively low computation complexity.
文摘Transmit diversity has been recently proposed to reduce the effects of fading channels in various wireless applications. Orthogonal transmit diersity (OTD) is one of the standardized techniques in 3G systems. In this paper, we apply orthogonal transmit diversity technique to multicarrier CDMA systems. Andlysis and simulation results show that performance benefits can be achieved compared with conventioal MC-CDMA systems in multipath fading channels.
基金supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grants 2020JBM081 and 2020JBZD005in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2020YFB1806903in part by the National Natural Science Foundation under Grant U1834210。
文摘This paper investigates the transmission scheme of the orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)system with multiple antennas.Previous works have studied the multi-antenna transmitter diversity scheme with the ideal pulse shaping in OTFS systems assuming the wireless channels of two consecutive frames duration are invariant.However,the ideal pulse shaping can not be realized in practice and the channel varies rapidly in two consecutive frames in the high-speed mobility scenarios.To this end,we redesign the multi-antenna transmitter diversity scheme to ensure its practicability in the rectangular-pulsebased OTFS systems.At first,the information symbols of each antenna are divided into two half frames along the Doppler domain.Then,the guard symbols are carefully arranged to eliminate the interference between two half frames,and to ensure the equivalent channels of two half frames being identical.By considering the positions of the guard symbols,the transmission codeword is designed and a low complexity linear detection is proposed.Finally,simulation results validate that the bit error rate performance of the proposed scheme has the superiority over the existing works.
基金Sponsored by the Science and Technology Project of Dalian,China (Grant No. 2011J21DW009)
文摘In this paper, a time-switched space-time （TSST） coded orthogonal frequency division nmltiplexing （OFDM） scheme against the time-varying channels is proposed. In the TSST-OFDM scheme, it is equipped with four transmit antennas, but only double of them are used for coding in every time slot. It is shown that the signal to inter-antenna interference ratio is a function of Doppler frequency in time-varying channels for a given space-time code. The analyses and simulations results validate that the proposed scheme not only gets time- switched diversity and lower decoding complexity, but also suffers less time-varying impairments. Hence, it ex- hibits better performance than quasi-orthogonal space-time coded scheme.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60496311)
文摘In this paper, the closed loop transmit diversity technology for the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA) systems is investigated in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel. The RAKE receiver model and the weighing vector algorithm are presented. The performance is theoretically analyzed in terms of the average maximal Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) gain available over the Space-Time block coding based Transmit Diversity(STTD) technology. Theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the closed loop transmit diversity can provide a 3dB performance gain over the open loop scheme in a single path fading channel, while the performance gain decreases dramatically with the increasing inherent multipath diversity of the wireless channel.
文摘In this paper, we introduce a novel merger of antenna arrays with scanning beam patterns, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Controlled time varying phase shifts are applied to the antenna array elements mounted at the base station with beam patterns directed toward the desired user. This creates a small beam pattern movement called Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS). In rich scattering environments BPS creates a time varying environment leading to time diversity exploitable at the receiver enhances its probability-of-error performance. Here, we apply OFDM signals to BPS antenna arrays, and we achieve: (1) directionality, which supports Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA);and (2) a time diversity gain, which leads to high performance. We discuss the structure of the base station antenna array and the OFDM receiver that exploits time diversity. We also introduce the merger of BPS and multi-carrier OFDM (MC-OFDM) systems. In MC-OFDM each bit is transmitted over all sub-carriers after serial to parallel conversion. BPS/ MC-OFDM receiver exploits both time diversity inherent in BPS, and frequency diversity inherent in MC-OFDM transmission technique. Simulation results show high Probability-of-error performance is achie- vable via BPS/OFDM and BPS/MC-OFDM schemes comparing to the traditional OFDM and MC-OFDM, respectively. Simulations also reveal that MC-OFDM system as well as its merger with BPS is capable of mitigating large Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAPR) problem in traditional OFDM system. In addition, performance simulations with coded OFDM (COFDM) and coded MC-OFDM (MC-COFDM) and their merger with BPS are studied.
文摘The performance analysis, using outage capacity for a forward link cellular communications system is presented. The effects of correlated fading, the distribution of angle of arrivals, and the array configurations are considered. The objective is to examine the effect of angle of arrival (AOA) energy distributions on two systems (transmit diversity and beamforming) with angle spread. We do so by comparing the performance of transmit diversity with a system that uses beamforming to point a relatively narrow beam at the mobile station. Analytical results show that the transmit diversity system using uniform linear arrays (ULA) and uniform circular arrays (UCA) with truncated Laplacian AOA, performs better even at smaller angle spreads as compared to other energy distributions. The ULA geometry is a preferable configuration for transmit diversity system as compared to UCA.
基金supported by the Key Pre-Research Project for Civil Space Technology(No.B0106).
文摘The next generation of High Throughput Satellite(HTS)will exploit Q/V band for the feeder link and Ka band for the user link.The exploitation of multiple gateways(GWs)is a transmit diversity measure to compensate severe rain attenuation of Q/V band feeder links.This paper introduces a new smart gateway diversity combination scheme that combinates N-active(K=2)and N+1 diversity method in detail from the working principle,gateway switching strategy,evaluation of system availability and implementation complexity.In addition,a feeder link outage event prediction algorithm featuring combination scheme is given detailly based on modified time-adaptive linear regression.Compared with the existing N+P scheme,the proposed scheme can provide higher system availability and more stable user’s experience under the condition of properly increasing the complexity of payload design.Compared with Nactive scheme that has been reported,it is much easier to implement in engineering and more cost-effective.As a result,the combination scheme is a realistic solution based on a trade-off between performance improvement and implementation complexity.
基金supported by the Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology(No.202002AG070062)the Key Projects of Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department(No.202302AA310044)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82060664).
文摘This study primarily aimed to investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus(HPV)and other common pathogens of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)in spermatozoa of infertile men and their effects on semen parameters.These pathogens included Ureaplasma urealyticum,Ureaplasma parvum,Chlamydia trachomatis,Mycoplasma genitalium,herpes simplex virus 2,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Enterococcus faecalis,Streptococcus agalactiae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Staphylococcus aureus.A total of 1951 men of infertile couples were recruited between 23 March 2023,and 17 May 2023,at the Department of Reproductive Medicine of The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province(Kunming,China).Multiplex polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis were used for HPV genotyping.Polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis were also used to detect the presence of other STIs.The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 12.4%.The top five prevalent HPV subtypes were types 56,52,43,16,and 53 among those tested positive for HPV.Other common infections with high prevalence rates were Ureaplasma urealyticum(28.3%),Ureaplasma parvum(20.4%),and Enterococcus faecalis(9.5%).The prevalence rates of HPV coinfection with Ureaplasma urealyticum,Ureaplasma parvum,Chlamydia trachomatis,Mycoplasma genitalium,herpes simplex virus 2,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Enterococcus faecalis,Streptococcus agalactiae,and Staphylococcus aureus were 24.8%,25.4%,10.6%,6.4%,2.4%,7.9%,5.9%,0.9%,and 1.3%,respectively.The semen volume and total sperm count were greatly decreased by HPV infection alone.Coinfection with HPV and Ureaplasma urealyticum significantly reduced sperm motility and viability.Our study shows that coinfection with STIs is highly prevalent in the semen of infertile men and that coinfection with pathogens can seriously affect semen parameters,emphasizing the necessity of semen screening for STIs.
