Translational medicine is a comprehensive discipline that aims to convert laboratory research results into products and technology for clinical application using modern molecular biological techniques, to improve our ...Translational medicine is a comprehensive discipline that aims to convert laboratory research results into products and technology for clinical application using modern molecular biological techniques, to improve our understanding of the human body and disease and to optimize laboratory design for clinical observation and analysis for basic research. Its ultimate goal is improving holistic medicine and helping patients solve their health problems. Translational medicine includes two processes： bench to bedside and bedside to bench, known as B-to-B processes. The first B-to-B （bench to bedside） refers to the application of results of the laboratory to clinical use as a medical product or a diagnosis and treatment technology. The second B-to-B （bedside to bench） describes the process by which clinical observation and analysis provides ideas and guidance for experiment design for basic medical research. The two processes complement each other and constitute the two-way cycle of translational medicine. Translational medicine can be applied to clinical disease detection in the form of new biomarkers and can accelerate drug discovery. In recent years, with the biotechnology, increasing rapid development of outcomes of research on molecular pathogenesis can be directly applied to clinical theraDv.展开更多
The history of cultural exchange in prehistoric Eurasia(CEPE) has been widely investigated. Based on archaeological evidence, this process is thought to date back to at least the early Bronze Age, although details abo...The history of cultural exchange in prehistoric Eurasia(CEPE) has been widely investigated. Based on archaeological evidence, this process is thought to date back to at least the early Bronze Age, although details about timings and routes remain unclear. It is likely that CEPE promoted the spread and exchange of crops that originated in different parts of Eurasia; since these remains can be definitely identified and directly dated, they provide ideal research materials to explore the history of CEPE. In this paper, we review the available archaeobotanical evidence and direct radiocarbon dates for crop remains, alongside carbon isotopic data from human bones unearthed from prehistoric sites in Eurasia, in order to investigate the history of the spread of millet crops, and wheat and barley, that were first domesticated in the eastern and western parts of Eurasia during prehistoric times.In combination with other archaeological evidences, we discuss the history of CEPE. Our results suggest that wheat and barley were domesticated in western Asia around 10500 a BP, spread into Europe and western Central Asia before 8000 a BP, and reaching eastern Central Asia and northwestern China between 4500 and 4000 a BP. Data show that both broomcorn and foxtail millet were domesticated in eastern Asia before 7700 a BP, spread into eastern Central Asia between 4500 and 4000 a BP, and into western Asia and Europe prior to 3500 a BP. Wheat, barley, and millet crops were first utilized together in eastern Kazakhstan within Central Asia around 4400 a BP, the region where earliest CEPE is likely to have taken place. These crops were mixedly used mainly in eastern central Asia and northwest China between 4500 and 3500 a BP, and then across the Eurasia before 2200 a BP. The results of this study suggest that transcontinental CEPE might have been initiated during the fifth millennium, before intensifying during the Bronze Age to lay the foundations for the creation of the ancient Silk Road during the Han Dynasty(between 202 BC and 220AD).展开更多
文摘Translational medicine is a comprehensive discipline that aims to convert laboratory research results into products and technology for clinical application using modern molecular biological techniques, to improve our understanding of the human body and disease and to optimize laboratory design for clinical observation and analysis for basic research. Its ultimate goal is improving holistic medicine and helping patients solve their health problems. Translational medicine includes two processes： bench to bedside and bedside to bench, known as B-to-B processes. The first B-to-B （bench to bedside） refers to the application of results of the laboratory to clinical use as a medical product or a diagnosis and treatment technology. The second B-to-B （bedside to bench） describes the process by which clinical observation and analysis provides ideas and guidance for experiment design for basic medical research. The two processes complement each other and constitute the two-way cycle of translational medicine. Translational medicine can be applied to clinical disease detection in the form of new biomarkers and can accelerate drug discovery. In recent years, with the biotechnology, increasing rapid development of outcomes of research on molecular pathogenesis can be directly applied to clinical theraDv.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41620104007 & 41671077)the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12&ZD151)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. LZUJBKY-2015-k09)
文摘The history of cultural exchange in prehistoric Eurasia(CEPE) has been widely investigated. Based on archaeological evidence, this process is thought to date back to at least the early Bronze Age, although details about timings and routes remain unclear. It is likely that CEPE promoted the spread and exchange of crops that originated in different parts of Eurasia; since these remains can be definitely identified and directly dated, they provide ideal research materials to explore the history of CEPE. In this paper, we review the available archaeobotanical evidence and direct radiocarbon dates for crop remains, alongside carbon isotopic data from human bones unearthed from prehistoric sites in Eurasia, in order to investigate the history of the spread of millet crops, and wheat and barley, that were first domesticated in the eastern and western parts of Eurasia during prehistoric times.In combination with other archaeological evidences, we discuss the history of CEPE. Our results suggest that wheat and barley were domesticated in western Asia around 10500 a BP, spread into Europe and western Central Asia before 8000 a BP, and reaching eastern Central Asia and northwestern China between 4500 and 4000 a BP. Data show that both broomcorn and foxtail millet were domesticated in eastern Asia before 7700 a BP, spread into eastern Central Asia between 4500 and 4000 a BP, and into western Asia and Europe prior to 3500 a BP. Wheat, barley, and millet crops were first utilized together in eastern Kazakhstan within Central Asia around 4400 a BP, the region where earliest CEPE is likely to have taken place. These crops were mixedly used mainly in eastern central Asia and northwest China between 4500 and 3500 a BP, and then across the Eurasia before 2200 a BP. The results of this study suggest that transcontinental CEPE might have been initiated during the fifth millennium, before intensifying during the Bronze Age to lay the foundations for the creation of the ancient Silk Road during the Han Dynasty(between 202 BC and 220AD).
