The Historic Conservation District(HCD) is an important target for urban heritage protection in China. The spatial characteristics of its road system,formed before the appearance of automobile,do not adapt to the car ...The Historic Conservation District(HCD) is an important target for urban heritage protection in China. The spatial characteristics of its road system,formed before the appearance of automobile,do not adapt to the car traffic. In the context of very rapid motorization in Chinese cities,the increase in car traffic brings an inevitable trouble for the protection of HCDs. Road widening and pedestrianization are two popular solutions to this problem in current practices; however,both of them may lead to negative consequences. Inspired by the development of Zone 30 in European cities,this paper firstly cleared up first some misunderstandings of the concept of traffic calming,then taking the inner city of Paris as an example,explained how traffic calming measures can be implemented in HCDs and what effects will be generated. Finally,it discussed the possible application of traffic calming measures in HCDs projects in China and pointed out the specific situations of Chinese cities to which the planners should pay more attention.展开更多
Speed management is an essential tool in ensuring the improved safety of users of urban roads, particularly vulnerable users. It relies on several measures： awareness campaigns, speed control, as well as the developm...Speed management is an essential tool in ensuring the improved safety of users of urban roads, particularly vulnerable users. It relies on several measures： awareness campaigns, speed control, as well as the development and operation of the road infrastructure. Municipalities in Quebec are increasingly resorting to the development of traffic calming measures, and are facing numerous questions concerning their installation and their effectiveness. To respond to this need, the ministere des Transports du Quebec （Quebec Department of Transport） has begun publishing a series of fact sheets on a variety of traffic calming measures, including speed humps and speed cushions, raised crosswalks and intersections, neckdowns, centre islands and chicanes. A general fact sheet introduces all of the measures and notably outlines the procedure for pre-implementation analysis. Each fact sheet dedicated to an individual measure outlines the implementation context, advantages and disadvantages, geometric characteristics, effectiveness at reducing speed, and maintenance requirements, including winter maintenance. Two fact sheets are already published： the general fact sheet and the fact sheet on speed humps and speed cushions. The fact sheets as well as examples of measures implemented in municipalities are available on the minist6re＇s web site under Partenaires-Municipalites-Securite routiere.展开更多
With an increasingly number of cars on campus, the campus is faced with challenges of traffic order and safety. This paper, based on traffic calming and practical experience, took the Xipu campus of Southwest Jiaotong...With an increasingly number of cars on campus, the campus is faced with challenges of traffic order and safety. This paper, based on traffic calming and practical experience, took the Xipu campus of Southwest Jiaotong University as an example. Grounded on the traffic situation and characteristics of Xipu campus, the study analyzed the concept of traffic calming and its engineering measures, put forward traffic calming design scheme for Qiuhua Road on the Xipu campus with practical application of campus traffic characteristics, and stated the significance of campus traffic calming for its driving effect in creating an atmosphere of "environment cultivation" on campus. Finally, this paper discussed the development and application of traffic calming in China.展开更多
TCMs （traffic calming measures） are commonly installed in order to reduce speeds and volumes of traffic to acceptable levels and, thus, improve traffic safety as well as environmental impact when designed appropriat...TCMs （traffic calming measures） are commonly installed in order to reduce speeds and volumes of traffic to acceptable levels and, thus, improve traffic safety as well as environmental impact when designed appropriately as a corridor or aerial implementation with proper spacing. Hence in many previous studies, their impact was mainly evaluated in scope of average and 85th percentile speed reduction. This paper presents and appraises the efficiency of calming measures of various types used in the city of Bialystok, Poland in terms of their influence zone. The assessment is based on speed profiles derived from individual test rides conducted with test vehicle equipped with GPS （global positioning system） data logger to obtain vehicle trajectory data. Speed measurements were conducted in vicinity of most commonly installed calming measures such as speed cameras, raised pedestrian crossing, raised intersection, speed bumps and speed cushion. The results reveal great differences within analysed devices and the usefulness of speed profiles in evaluation of their effectiveness. Speed bumps, most frequently used device in practice due to their low cost installation and speed reduction effectiveness, demonstrate lowest usefulness when influence zone is considered.展开更多
The reduction of speed limits in urban roads through traffic calming schemes intends to ensure safer traffic conditions among road users by reducing the probability related to the occurrence of severe accident.Looking...The reduction of speed limits in urban roads through traffic calming schemes intends to ensure safer traffic conditions among road users by reducing the probability related to the occurrence of severe accident.Looking it from a different perspective,traffic calming measures can potentially resolve congestion problems at the same time by lowering the overall accessibility and attractiveness of private cars in urban areas.This study proposes a new methodological approach to explore and assess the direct impacts of traffic calming in the transport system efficiency of a metropolitan area.The multi-agent transport simulation(MATSim)and Open-Berlin scenario are utilized to perform this simulation experiment.By developing a new external tool,the free flow speed and road capacity of each network link is updated based on new speed limits and different compliance rates,which are defined per road hierarchy level.The test scenarios that are formulated present radical conditions,where the speed limit in most urban roads of Berlin drops to 30 km/h or even 15 km/h.The findings of this study show a considerably high increase in trips,passenger hours,and passenger kilometers using public transport modes,when traffic calming links are introduced,the reserve change is observed in private cars trips.Although the speed limits are decreased in inner urban roads in most of the scenarios,the decrease of average travel speed of private cars is not so high as it was expected.Surprisingly,private cars are used for longer distances in all test scenarios.Car drivers seem to use already existed motorways and private road to commute.In simulations,driver compliance to the new speed limits seems to be a determinant factor that is strongly influenced by the design interventions applied in a traffic calming area.展开更多
1 Authorities in Montgomery Township,Pennsylvania,have introduced wavy lane patterns on some streets in an effort to slow down traffic in the area.2 Driving along Grays Lane in Montgomery Township for the first time m...1 Authorities in Montgomery Township,Pennsylvania,have introduced wavy lane patterns on some streets in an effort to slow down traffic in the area.2 Driving along Grays Lane in Montgomery Township for the first time must be challenging.Thats because the regular lane patterns have been replaced by wavy and zig⁃zag lines that look like they were painted by a drunk.But they are wavy by design.According to Montgomery Township officials,the unusual patterns were thought as the best solution to discouraging speeding on some of the streets.Police sources told local media outlets that the“traffic⁃calming measures”were installed in response to numerous complaints about certain streets being used as“speedways”.展开更多
Small rural communities located along major state or county roadways typically find most of the traffic along their main thoroughfares is pass-through rather than local traffic. Unfortunately, drivers passing through ...Small rural communities located along major state or county roadways typically find most of the traffic along their main thoroughfares is pass-through rather than local traffic. Unfortunately, drivers passing through these communities often enter at high rates of speeds, which are often significantly higher than the speed limit of the local segment. Speed management in rural areas requires different considerations compared to urban areas and, within the US, rural speed management is not as advanced with little experience or guidance for agencies to draw on. This paper summarizes the results of a study that evaluated, in part, several different types of transverse pavement markings within the speed transition zones in small rural communities. Three different countermeasures were evaluated: converging chevrons, transverse lane markings, and optical speed bars.展开更多
One of the primary risk factors at junctions on urban roads is vehicle speed.To curb over-speeding and road crashes at intersections,traffic calming measures are introduced.Current research aims at studying the impact...One of the primary risk factors at junctions on urban roads is vehicle speed.To curb over-speeding and road crashes at intersections,traffic calming measures are introduced.Current research aims at studying the impact of different geometries of recently constructed speed tables on the operational speed over such intersections.Since these treatments have been widely used to regulate speed in other countries,evaluating their efficacy in the Indian context was required.This study utilises 6000 vehicle samples of four different vehicle classes(two-wheeler,three-wheeler,cars,and buses)from 12 speed tables in total.The speed and acceleration kinematics in addition to the high-quality trajectory data over long road segments were extracted from the video recordings of an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).Multi-factor response surface methodology(RSM)was utilized to optimize the geometric parameters(variables)of the speed tables to achieve the requisite operational speed(predictor)at the considered measure.The box plots are provided to indicate descriptives of the parameters regarding the 85th percentile speed.Multiple linear regression and analysis-of-variance(ANOVA)identified the variables that were significant and fit to devise the required optimization model.This study can help in identifying the influence zone,concerning physical characteristics of speed tables and their effect on the design speed at the approaches of intersections at urban arterials.The outcomes of the study will cater to enhance the current guidelines and standards in India regarding speed table geometry for urban road sections.展开更多
基金Sponsored by Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51278345)Key Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(12&ZD203)
文摘The Historic Conservation District(HCD) is an important target for urban heritage protection in China. The spatial characteristics of its road system,formed before the appearance of automobile,do not adapt to the car traffic. In the context of very rapid motorization in Chinese cities,the increase in car traffic brings an inevitable trouble for the protection of HCDs. Road widening and pedestrianization are two popular solutions to this problem in current practices; however,both of them may lead to negative consequences. Inspired by the development of Zone 30 in European cities,this paper firstly cleared up first some misunderstandings of the concept of traffic calming,then taking the inner city of Paris as an example,explained how traffic calming measures can be implemented in HCDs and what effects will be generated. Finally,it discussed the possible application of traffic calming measures in HCDs projects in China and pointed out the specific situations of Chinese cities to which the planners should pay more attention.
文摘Speed management is an essential tool in ensuring the improved safety of users of urban roads, particularly vulnerable users. It relies on several measures： awareness campaigns, speed control, as well as the development and operation of the road infrastructure. Municipalities in Quebec are increasingly resorting to the development of traffic calming measures, and are facing numerous questions concerning their installation and their effectiveness. To respond to this need, the ministere des Transports du Quebec （Quebec Department of Transport） has begun publishing a series of fact sheets on a variety of traffic calming measures, including speed humps and speed cushions, raised crosswalks and intersections, neckdowns, centre islands and chicanes. A general fact sheet introduces all of the measures and notably outlines the procedure for pre-implementation analysis. Each fact sheet dedicated to an individual measure outlines the implementation context, advantages and disadvantages, geometric characteristics, effectiveness at reducing speed, and maintenance requirements, including winter maintenance. Two fact sheets are already published： the general fact sheet and the fact sheet on speed humps and speed cushions. The fact sheets as well as examples of measures implemented in municipalities are available on the minist6re＇s web site under Partenaires-Municipalites-Securite routiere.
基金Sponsored by Study on Synergetic Planning and Spatial Optimization of Urban Comprehensive Passenger Transportation Hub and Its Adjacent Area(51478388)
文摘With an increasingly number of cars on campus, the campus is faced with challenges of traffic order and safety. This paper, based on traffic calming and practical experience, took the Xipu campus of Southwest Jiaotong University as an example. Grounded on the traffic situation and characteristics of Xipu campus, the study analyzed the concept of traffic calming and its engineering measures, put forward traffic calming design scheme for Qiuhua Road on the Xipu campus with practical application of campus traffic characteristics, and stated the significance of campus traffic calming for its driving effect in creating an atmosphere of "environment cultivation" on campus. Finally, this paper discussed the development and application of traffic calming in China.
文摘TCMs （traffic calming measures） are commonly installed in order to reduce speeds and volumes of traffic to acceptable levels and, thus, improve traffic safety as well as environmental impact when designed appropriately as a corridor or aerial implementation with proper spacing. Hence in many previous studies, their impact was mainly evaluated in scope of average and 85th percentile speed reduction. This paper presents and appraises the efficiency of calming measures of various types used in the city of Bialystok, Poland in terms of their influence zone. The assessment is based on speed profiles derived from individual test rides conducted with test vehicle equipped with GPS （global positioning system） data logger to obtain vehicle trajectory data. Speed measurements were conducted in vicinity of most commonly installed calming measures such as speed cameras, raised pedestrian crossing, raised intersection, speed bumps and speed cushion. The results reveal great differences within analysed devices and the usefulness of speed profiles in evaluation of their effectiveness. Speed bumps, most frequently used device in practice due to their low cost installation and speed reduction effectiveness, demonstrate lowest usefulness when influence zone is considered.
文摘The reduction of speed limits in urban roads through traffic calming schemes intends to ensure safer traffic conditions among road users by reducing the probability related to the occurrence of severe accident.Looking it from a different perspective,traffic calming measures can potentially resolve congestion problems at the same time by lowering the overall accessibility and attractiveness of private cars in urban areas.This study proposes a new methodological approach to explore and assess the direct impacts of traffic calming in the transport system efficiency of a metropolitan area.The multi-agent transport simulation(MATSim)and Open-Berlin scenario are utilized to perform this simulation experiment.By developing a new external tool,the free flow speed and road capacity of each network link is updated based on new speed limits and different compliance rates,which are defined per road hierarchy level.The test scenarios that are formulated present radical conditions,where the speed limit in most urban roads of Berlin drops to 30 km/h or even 15 km/h.The findings of this study show a considerably high increase in trips,passenger hours,and passenger kilometers using public transport modes,when traffic calming links are introduced,the reserve change is observed in private cars trips.Although the speed limits are decreased in inner urban roads in most of the scenarios,the decrease of average travel speed of private cars is not so high as it was expected.Surprisingly,private cars are used for longer distances in all test scenarios.Car drivers seem to use already existed motorways and private road to commute.In simulations,driver compliance to the new speed limits seems to be a determinant factor that is strongly influenced by the design interventions applied in a traffic calming area.
文摘1 Authorities in Montgomery Township,Pennsylvania,have introduced wavy lane patterns on some streets in an effort to slow down traffic in the area.2 Driving along Grays Lane in Montgomery Township for the first time must be challenging.Thats because the regular lane patterns have been replaced by wavy and zig⁃zag lines that look like they were painted by a drunk.But they are wavy by design.According to Montgomery Township officials,the unusual patterns were thought as the best solution to discouraging speeding on some of the streets.Police sources told local media outlets that the“traffic⁃calming measures”were installed in response to numerous complaints about certain streets being used as“speedways”.
文摘Small rural communities located along major state or county roadways typically find most of the traffic along their main thoroughfares is pass-through rather than local traffic. Unfortunately, drivers passing through these communities often enter at high rates of speeds, which are often significantly higher than the speed limit of the local segment. Speed management in rural areas requires different considerations compared to urban areas and, within the US, rural speed management is not as advanced with little experience or guidance for agencies to draw on. This paper summarizes the results of a study that evaluated, in part, several different types of transverse pavement markings within the speed transition zones in small rural communities. Three different countermeasures were evaluated: converging chevrons, transverse lane markings, and optical speed bars.
文摘One of the primary risk factors at junctions on urban roads is vehicle speed.To curb over-speeding and road crashes at intersections,traffic calming measures are introduced.Current research aims at studying the impact of different geometries of recently constructed speed tables on the operational speed over such intersections.Since these treatments have been widely used to regulate speed in other countries,evaluating their efficacy in the Indian context was required.This study utilises 6000 vehicle samples of four different vehicle classes(two-wheeler,three-wheeler,cars,and buses)from 12 speed tables in total.The speed and acceleration kinematics in addition to the high-quality trajectory data over long road segments were extracted from the video recordings of an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).Multi-factor response surface methodology(RSM)was utilized to optimize the geometric parameters(variables)of the speed tables to achieve the requisite operational speed(predictor)at the considered measure.The box plots are provided to indicate descriptives of the parameters regarding the 85th percentile speed.Multiple linear regression and analysis-of-variance(ANOVA)identified the variables that were significant and fit to devise the required optimization model.This study can help in identifying the influence zone,concerning physical characteristics of speed tables and their effect on the design speed at the approaches of intersections at urban arterials.The outcomes of the study will cater to enhance the current guidelines and standards in India regarding speed table geometry for urban road sections.
