Abstract:In the present work,studies the effect uv-radiation dose(5 J/cm2 to 360 J/cm2)with power 15 W to LR-115 track detector thickness 100μm.Absorbance-A was measured at wavelength 600 nm and 650 nm by usinguv-vis...Abstract:In the present work,studies the effect uv-radiation dose(5 J/cm2 to 360 J/cm2)with power 15 W to LR-115 track detector thickness 100μm.Absorbance-A was measured at wavelength 600 nm and 650 nm by usinguv-visible spectroscopy and measure the transmission percent--T%and deviation at the wavenumber-w2907 cm1 by using Fourier infrared--FTIR spectroscopy.The relationship between the dose of radiation to the uv-radiation(J/cm2)and the absorbance-A at wavelength 600 nm and 650 nm and the wavenumber-w 2907 cm-1 was calculate as a polynomial relation.The present study show that there is a possibility to use the detector LR-115 to assessment doses of exposure to uv-radiation in the medical and environmental fields.展开更多
In the present work, uranium concentrations were measured in twenty surface soil samples forselected regions in AI-Anbargovernorate using fission track etch technique, CR-39 track detector was used for registration of...In the present work, uranium concentrations were measured in twenty surface soil samples forselected regions in AI-Anbargovernorate using fission track etch technique, CR-39 track detector was used for registration of induced fission tracks. The results show that, the uranium concentrations ranged from 4.61 ppm, 56.93 Bq/kg （AL-Falluja AL-Jolan District） to 1.81 ppm 22.35 Bq/kg （Anah）with an average 3.42±0.79 ppm, 41.76±9.04 Bq/kg. The present results have shown that the uranium concentrations in the studied surface soil samples were less than the allowed limit 11.7 ppm recommended by UNSCEAR, 1993.展开更多
In the present work, we have measured the radon gas concentrations in tap water samples are taken directly from drinking tap water in sites houses being carried in Thi-Qar governorate by using nuclear track detector (...In the present work, we have measured the radon gas concentrations in tap water samples are taken directly from drinking tap water in sites houses being carried in Thi-Qar governorate by using nuclear track detector (CR-39). The results of measurements have shown that the highest average radon concentration in water samples is found in AL-Refai region which is equal to (0.223 ± 0.03 Bq/L), while the lowest average radon gas concentration is found in AL-Fajr region which is equal to (0.108 ± 0.01 Bq/L), with an average value of (0.175 ± 0.03 Bq/L). The highest value of annual effective dose (AED) in tap water samples is found in AL-Refai region, which is equal to (0.814 μSv/y), while the lowest value of (AED) is found in AL-Fajr region which is equal to (0.394 μSv/y), with an average value of (0.640 ± 0.1 μSv/y). The present results have shown that radon gas concentrations in tap water samples are less than the recommended international value (11.1 Bq/L). There for tap water in all the studied sites in Thi-Qar governorate is safe as for as radon concentration being concerned.展开更多
Samples of the PM-355 polymeric solid state nuclear track detector were exposed to low gamma absorbed doses from 1 kGy (0.1 Mrad) up to 9 kGy (0.9 Mrad). Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) in conjunction with transm...Samples of the PM-355 polymeric solid state nuclear track detector were exposed to low gamma absorbed doses from 1 kGy (0.1 Mrad) up to 9 kGy (0.9 Mrad). Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed on irradiated and pristine samples at room temperature. The observed lifetime spectra were resolved into three components where the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime component was associated with the pick-off annihilation of positronium trapped by the free volume. PAL studies of irradiated PM-355 samples showed that ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime increases with an increase in dose up to 4 kGy and decreases at higher doses. In contrast, the intensity of the o-Ps component, I3, decreases with the dose up to about 2 kGy, followed by a much smooth decrease up to 7 kGy, and then it levels off. TGA analysis indicated that the PM-355 detector decomposed in one main breakdown stage. These results are discussed on the basis of chemical and physical changes occurring at the microscopic level in the PM-355 due to irradiation. Crosslinking dominates for doses between 1 and 4 kGy, while the degradation mechanism (Chain scission) prevails for doses up to 9 kGy.展开更多
Urban populations in Morocco receive free medical drugs as prescribed by doctors in district health centres.To explore the exposure pathway of ^(238)U and^(232)Th and their decay products on the skin of patients,these...Urban populations in Morocco receive free medical drugs as prescribed by doctors in district health centres.To explore the exposure pathway of ^(238)U and^(232)Th and their decay products on the skin of patients,these radionuclides were measured in various medical drugs by using solid-state nuclear track detectors(SSNTDs).The measured concentrations range of ^(238)U and ^(232)Th in the medical drug samples of interest vary from(4.3±0.3) to(11.1±0.7) mBq 1^(-1) and(0.49±0.03) to(1.3±0.1)mBq 1^(-1),respectively.A new dosimetric model,based on the concept of specific alpha-dose and alpha-particle residual energy,was developed for evaluating radiation doses to skin following the application of different medical drugs by patients.The maximum total equivalent effective dose to skin due to the ^(238)U and ^(232)Th series from cutaneous application of different medical drugs by patients was found to be 2.8 mSv year^(-1) cm^(-2).展开更多
The present study focuses on determination of alpha particles concentration in different samples of toothpaste by using nuclear track detector (CR-39). Nine samples of toothpaste have been collected from local Iraqi m...The present study focuses on determination of alpha particles concentration in different samples of toothpaste by using nuclear track detector (CR-39). Nine samples of toothpaste have been collected from local Iraqi markets in Babylon Province. These samples have been chosen according to their most commonly use in Babylon Province. The samples were kept with CR-39 detector for six weeks period and then etched by 6.25 N of NaOH solution at temperature of 60°C for 5 hours. The results of the present work show that Sample 3 (Frosty) found to have a high alpha concentration about four times compared with Sample 4 (Aquafresh) and about 2 - 3 times compared with other samples.展开更多
The potential of the high resolution nuclear track detector (NTD) CR-39 is examined carefully for the measurement of relativistic nuclear projectile fragmentation cross sections and studies of related processes using ...The potential of the high resolution nuclear track detector (NTD) CR-39 is examined carefully for the measurement of relativistic nuclear projectile fragmentation cross sections and studies of related processes using the experience of many years of such measurements. The charge resolution and the charge resolving power of CR-39 detectors for the measurements of 158 A GeV 207Pb projectiles and their fragments are presented. Exposures of target-detector stacks, the chemical etching procedure and the nuclear track measurements are described in detail discussing precautions and possible errors. The procedures discussed are also valid for other NTDs. A comparison with electronic active detectors is also made considering important detection and measurement aspects. An experimental design proposing the co-use of NTDs with in-use active detectors is described.展开更多
CN-85 detector which covered with boric acid H3Bo3 pellete has been irradiated by thermal neutrons from (241Am-9Be) source with activity 12 Ci and neutron flux 105 n. cm-2. s-1. The irradiation times-TD for detector w...CN-85 detector which covered with boric acid H3Bo3 pellete has been irradiated by thermal neutrons from (241Am-9Be) source with activity 12 Ci and neutron flux 105 n. cm-2. s-1. The irradiation times-TD for detector were 4 h, 8 h, 16 h and 24 h. The track detector has been etched with sodium hydroxide. After chemical etching of the irradiated CN-85 detector, the images have been taken from a digital camera connected to the optical microscope. Image processing for the output images has been performed using MATALB program, and these images were analyzed and we had found the following relations: a) The relation between summation of opened track or surface density for tracks (intensity-IT) varies with radius of opening (track radius-RT). b) The relation between the tracks number-NT varies with the tracks diameter-DT (in micrometer) and tracks area-AT. That analysis of image processing was obtained, and the track intensity-IT was decreased with increase of track radius-RT at all of the irradiation time-TD. And the track intensity-IT was increased with increasing irradiation time-TD (h) for different track radius-RT (0.4225, 0.845, 1.2675 and 1.69 μm). The study indicates the possibility of using the analysis of image processing to CN-85 detector for classification of α-particle emitters through limitation of radius of track-RT, in addition to the contribution of these techniques in preparation of nano-filters and nono-membrane in nanotechnology fields.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to determine the maximum values of the track length (Lmax) of alpha particles in Nuclear Track Detector (type CR-39) using a new method by taking the relation between the etching time and the ...The aim of this paper is to determine the maximum values of the track length (Lmax) of alpha particles in Nuclear Track Detector (type CR-39) using a new method by taking the relation between the etching time and the diameter square of alpha particle with different energies at constant bulk etch rate VB (1.45 μm/hr) by using TRACK_TEST program from Brun et al. function and Yu et al. function. Using the new equation, the maximum values of the track lengths of alpha particles measured in CR-39 detector have been found to be in a good agreement with the values measured by using Brun et al. function and Yu et al. function in TRACK_TEST program.展开更多
The reconstruction of the tracks of charged particles with high precision is crucial for HEP experiments to achieve their physics goals.The BESⅢdrift chamber,which is used as the tracking detector of the BESⅢexperim...The reconstruction of the tracks of charged particles with high precision is crucial for HEP experiments to achieve their physics goals.The BESⅢdrift chamber,which is used as the tracking detector of the BESⅢexperiment,has suffered from aging effects resulting in degraded tracking performance after operation for approximately 15 years.To preserve and enhance the tracking performance of BESⅢ,one of the proposals is to add one layer of a thin cylindrical CMOS pixel sensor based on state-of-the-art stitching technology between the beam pipe and the drift chamber.The improvement in the tracking performance of BESⅢwith such an additional pixel detector compared to that with only the existing drift chamber was studied using the modern common tracking software Acts,which provides a set of detector-agnostic and highly performant tracking algorithms that have demonstrated promising performance for a few high-energy physics and nuclear physics experiments.展开更多
The effect of gamma on nuclear track detector type PM-355 (at the dose range 200 to 1600 kGy) and thermal neutron (flux 105 n·cm-2·s-1) was calculated by using of two irradiation methods. First method (G + N...The effect of gamma on nuclear track detector type PM-355 (at the dose range 200 to 1600 kGy) and thermal neutron (flux 105 n·cm-2·s-1) was calculated by using of two irradiation methods. First method (G + N) was an irradiation PM-355 detector by gamma radiation and then irradiation by thermal neutrons, and another method (N + G) was irradiated by thermal neutrons and then gamma radiation. FTIR-spectroscopy was used to measure the change in deferent of transmission percent ΔT% at the wavenumber 1260 cm-1 with wavenumber 2962 cm-1 [ΔT%]1260-2962 and wavenumber 1138 cm-1 [ΔT%]1260-1138. The values of [ΔT%]1260-2962 and [ΔT%]1260-1138 were increasing with the increase of gamma irradiation with maximum response at 820 kGy and then drop after this dose until to 1600 kGy. This study determined the linear equations relation between the effect of gamma radiation on PM-355 detector and the change of [ΔT%]1260-2962 and [ΔT%]1260-1138, and this change appeared in (N + G) irradiation method better than in (G + N) irradiation method. The appearance of wavenumber 2964 cm-1 in (G + N) irradiation method referred to alkyl asymmetry C-H bond stretched out of skelated plane after changes in chemical structure of PM-355 detector by gamma or neutrons radiation.展开更多
In the metrology of radon, an environmental lung carcinogen, the integrated measurements necessary for epidemiological studies are made very often using the tracks detector LR 115 type 2. For dosimetric analysis, the ...In the metrology of radon, an environmental lung carcinogen, the integrated measurements necessary for epidemiological studies are made very often using the tracks detector LR 115 type 2. For dosimetric analysis, the etched tracks from radon alpha particles on this detector are usually counted by means of an optical microscope or a spark counter. An optimal reading of the track densities which must be converted into radon concentrations, can’t be done without a good mastery of the mode of operation and use of these devices. Furthermore, investigations to know as to whether or not each of those can be used to determine radon concentration are necessary. These are the objectives of the present work in which LR 115 samples exposed to radon for at least 3 months, were chemically developed under standard conditions and read. The track densities obtained with the microscope are very much higher than those of the counter for each sample. These results are consistent with those published by other authors. However, each of these devices can be used interchangeably for alpha tracks counting, as both provide radon concentrations with a very good linear correlation coefficient of 0.95 taking into account their respective calibration factors for the reading of this detector. In addition, the saturation phenomenon for the spark counter reading of LR 115 detector occurs beyond 11,000 tr/cm<sup>2</sup>, a density never reached during our environmental radon measurements.展开更多
本文利用CR-39固体核径迹探测器对400 A MeV能区范围内的^(12)C、^(40)Ar、^(56)Fe、^(84)Kr射弹分别作用于Al、 C、 CH_(2)靶的电荷拾取反应截面进行了实验研究,探索在400 A MeV能区重离子电荷拾取反应截面与射弹核大小的依赖关系,为...本文利用CR-39固体核径迹探测器对400 A MeV能区范围内的^(12)C、^(40)Ar、^(56)Fe、^(84)Kr射弹分别作用于Al、 C、 CH_(2)靶的电荷拾取反应截面进行了实验研究,探索在400 A MeV能区重离子电荷拾取反应截面与射弹核大小的依赖关系,为此能区的电荷拾取反应机制研究提供实验依据。通过分别利用幂函数和线性函数关系式拟合电荷拾取反应截面与射弹核质量的数据关系,发现幂函数的幂次拟合参数b在-0.01~0.71之间,这种对于射弹核质量A_(P)的依赖关系,与在更高束流能量更重射弹核观察到的结果不同;线性函数的斜率拟合参数β在-0.004~0.24之间,此结果在一定程度上证实电荷拾取反应过程应为边缘及表面反应过程的集体贡献。展开更多
文摘Abstract:In the present work,studies the effect uv-radiation dose(5 J/cm2 to 360 J/cm2)with power 15 W to LR-115 track detector thickness 100μm.Absorbance-A was measured at wavelength 600 nm and 650 nm by usinguv-visible spectroscopy and measure the transmission percent--T%and deviation at the wavenumber-w2907 cm1 by using Fourier infrared--FTIR spectroscopy.The relationship between the dose of radiation to the uv-radiation(J/cm2)and the absorbance-A at wavelength 600 nm and 650 nm and the wavenumber-w 2907 cm-1 was calculate as a polynomial relation.The present study show that there is a possibility to use the detector LR-115 to assessment doses of exposure to uv-radiation in the medical and environmental fields.
文摘In the present work, uranium concentrations were measured in twenty surface soil samples forselected regions in AI-Anbargovernorate using fission track etch technique, CR-39 track detector was used for registration of induced fission tracks. The results show that, the uranium concentrations ranged from 4.61 ppm, 56.93 Bq/kg （AL-Falluja AL-Jolan District） to 1.81 ppm 22.35 Bq/kg （Anah）with an average 3.42±0.79 ppm, 41.76±9.04 Bq/kg. The present results have shown that the uranium concentrations in the studied surface soil samples were less than the allowed limit 11.7 ppm recommended by UNSCEAR, 1993.
文摘In the present work, we have measured the radon gas concentrations in tap water samples are taken directly from drinking tap water in sites houses being carried in Thi-Qar governorate by using nuclear track detector (CR-39). The results of measurements have shown that the highest average radon concentration in water samples is found in AL-Refai region which is equal to (0.223 ± 0.03 Bq/L), while the lowest average radon gas concentration is found in AL-Fajr region which is equal to (0.108 ± 0.01 Bq/L), with an average value of (0.175 ± 0.03 Bq/L). The highest value of annual effective dose (AED) in tap water samples is found in AL-Refai region, which is equal to (0.814 μSv/y), while the lowest value of (AED) is found in AL-Fajr region which is equal to (0.394 μSv/y), with an average value of (0.640 ± 0.1 μSv/y). The present results have shown that radon gas concentrations in tap water samples are less than the recommended international value (11.1 Bq/L). There for tap water in all the studied sites in Thi-Qar governorate is safe as for as radon concentration being concerned.
文摘Samples of the PM-355 polymeric solid state nuclear track detector were exposed to low gamma absorbed doses from 1 kGy (0.1 Mrad) up to 9 kGy (0.9 Mrad). Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed on irradiated and pristine samples at room temperature. The observed lifetime spectra were resolved into three components where the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime component was associated with the pick-off annihilation of positronium trapped by the free volume. PAL studies of irradiated PM-355 samples showed that ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime increases with an increase in dose up to 4 kGy and decreases at higher doses. In contrast, the intensity of the o-Ps component, I3, decreases with the dose up to about 2 kGy, followed by a much smooth decrease up to 7 kGy, and then it levels off. TGA analysis indicated that the PM-355 detector decomposed in one main breakdown stage. These results are discussed on the basis of chemical and physical changes occurring at the microscopic level in the PM-355 due to irradiation. Crosslinking dominates for doses between 1 and 4 kGy, while the degradation mechanism (Chain scission) prevails for doses up to 9 kGy.
基金under an URAC-15 research contract with the CNRST,Rabat,Morocco
文摘Urban populations in Morocco receive free medical drugs as prescribed by doctors in district health centres.To explore the exposure pathway of ^(238)U and^(232)Th and their decay products on the skin of patients,these radionuclides were measured in various medical drugs by using solid-state nuclear track detectors(SSNTDs).The measured concentrations range of ^(238)U and ^(232)Th in the medical drug samples of interest vary from(4.3±0.3) to(11.1±0.7) mBq 1^(-1) and(0.49±0.03) to(1.3±0.1)mBq 1^(-1),respectively.A new dosimetric model,based on the concept of specific alpha-dose and alpha-particle residual energy,was developed for evaluating radiation doses to skin following the application of different medical drugs by patients.The maximum total equivalent effective dose to skin due to the ^(238)U and ^(232)Th series from cutaneous application of different medical drugs by patients was found to be 2.8 mSv year^(-1) cm^(-2).
文摘The present study focuses on determination of alpha particles concentration in different samples of toothpaste by using nuclear track detector (CR-39). Nine samples of toothpaste have been collected from local Iraqi markets in Babylon Province. These samples have been chosen according to their most commonly use in Babylon Province. The samples were kept with CR-39 detector for six weeks period and then etched by 6.25 N of NaOH solution at temperature of 60°C for 5 hours. The results of the present work show that Sample 3 (Frosty) found to have a high alpha concentration about four times compared with Sample 4 (Aquafresh) and about 2 - 3 times compared with other samples.
文摘The potential of the high resolution nuclear track detector (NTD) CR-39 is examined carefully for the measurement of relativistic nuclear projectile fragmentation cross sections and studies of related processes using the experience of many years of such measurements. The charge resolution and the charge resolving power of CR-39 detectors for the measurements of 158 A GeV 207Pb projectiles and their fragments are presented. Exposures of target-detector stacks, the chemical etching procedure and the nuclear track measurements are described in detail discussing precautions and possible errors. The procedures discussed are also valid for other NTDs. A comparison with electronic active detectors is also made considering important detection and measurement aspects. An experimental design proposing the co-use of NTDs with in-use active detectors is described.
文摘CN-85 detector which covered with boric acid H3Bo3 pellete has been irradiated by thermal neutrons from (241Am-9Be) source with activity 12 Ci and neutron flux 105 n. cm-2. s-1. The irradiation times-TD for detector were 4 h, 8 h, 16 h and 24 h. The track detector has been etched with sodium hydroxide. After chemical etching of the irradiated CN-85 detector, the images have been taken from a digital camera connected to the optical microscope. Image processing for the output images has been performed using MATALB program, and these images were analyzed and we had found the following relations: a) The relation between summation of opened track or surface density for tracks (intensity-IT) varies with radius of opening (track radius-RT). b) The relation between the tracks number-NT varies with the tracks diameter-DT (in micrometer) and tracks area-AT. That analysis of image processing was obtained, and the track intensity-IT was decreased with increase of track radius-RT at all of the irradiation time-TD. And the track intensity-IT was increased with increasing irradiation time-TD (h) for different track radius-RT (0.4225, 0.845, 1.2675 and 1.69 μm). The study indicates the possibility of using the analysis of image processing to CN-85 detector for classification of α-particle emitters through limitation of radius of track-RT, in addition to the contribution of these techniques in preparation of nano-filters and nono-membrane in nanotechnology fields.
文摘The aim of this paper is to determine the maximum values of the track length (Lmax) of alpha particles in Nuclear Track Detector (type CR-39) using a new method by taking the relation between the etching time and the diameter square of alpha particle with different energies at constant bulk etch rate VB (1.45 μm/hr) by using TRACK_TEST program from Brun et al. function and Yu et al. function. Using the new equation, the maximum values of the track lengths of alpha particles measured in CR-39 detector have been found to be in a good agreement with the values measured by using Brun et al. function and Yu et al. function in TRACK_TEST program.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2032203,12275296,12275297,12075142,12175256,12035009)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0406302)。
文摘The reconstruction of the tracks of charged particles with high precision is crucial for HEP experiments to achieve their physics goals.The BESⅢdrift chamber,which is used as the tracking detector of the BESⅢexperiment,has suffered from aging effects resulting in degraded tracking performance after operation for approximately 15 years.To preserve and enhance the tracking performance of BESⅢ,one of the proposals is to add one layer of a thin cylindrical CMOS pixel sensor based on state-of-the-art stitching technology between the beam pipe and the drift chamber.The improvement in the tracking performance of BESⅢwith such an additional pixel detector compared to that with only the existing drift chamber was studied using the modern common tracking software Acts,which provides a set of detector-agnostic and highly performant tracking algorithms that have demonstrated promising performance for a few high-energy physics and nuclear physics experiments.
文摘The effect of gamma on nuclear track detector type PM-355 (at the dose range 200 to 1600 kGy) and thermal neutron (flux 105 n·cm-2·s-1) was calculated by using of two irradiation methods. First method (G + N) was an irradiation PM-355 detector by gamma radiation and then irradiation by thermal neutrons, and another method (N + G) was irradiated by thermal neutrons and then gamma radiation. FTIR-spectroscopy was used to measure the change in deferent of transmission percent ΔT% at the wavenumber 1260 cm-1 with wavenumber 2962 cm-1 [ΔT%]1260-2962 and wavenumber 1138 cm-1 [ΔT%]1260-1138. The values of [ΔT%]1260-2962 and [ΔT%]1260-1138 were increasing with the increase of gamma irradiation with maximum response at 820 kGy and then drop after this dose until to 1600 kGy. This study determined the linear equations relation between the effect of gamma radiation on PM-355 detector and the change of [ΔT%]1260-2962 and [ΔT%]1260-1138, and this change appeared in (N + G) irradiation method better than in (G + N) irradiation method. The appearance of wavenumber 2964 cm-1 in (G + N) irradiation method referred to alkyl asymmetry C-H bond stretched out of skelated plane after changes in chemical structure of PM-355 detector by gamma or neutrons radiation.
文摘In the metrology of radon, an environmental lung carcinogen, the integrated measurements necessary for epidemiological studies are made very often using the tracks detector LR 115 type 2. For dosimetric analysis, the etched tracks from radon alpha particles on this detector are usually counted by means of an optical microscope or a spark counter. An optimal reading of the track densities which must be converted into radon concentrations, can’t be done without a good mastery of the mode of operation and use of these devices. Furthermore, investigations to know as to whether or not each of those can be used to determine radon concentration are necessary. These are the objectives of the present work in which LR 115 samples exposed to radon for at least 3 months, were chemically developed under standard conditions and read. The track densities obtained with the microscope are very much higher than those of the counter for each sample. These results are consistent with those published by other authors. However, each of these devices can be used interchangeably for alpha tracks counting, as both provide radon concentrations with a very good linear correlation coefficient of 0.95 taking into account their respective calibration factors for the reading of this detector. In addition, the saturation phenomenon for the spark counter reading of LR 115 detector occurs beyond 11,000 tr/cm<sup>2</sup>, a density never reached during our environmental radon measurements.
文摘本文利用CR-39固体核径迹探测器对400 A MeV能区范围内的^(12)C、^(40)Ar、^(56)Fe、^(84)Kr射弹分别作用于Al、 C、 CH_(2)靶的电荷拾取反应截面进行了实验研究,探索在400 A MeV能区重离子电荷拾取反应截面与射弹核大小的依赖关系,为此能区的电荷拾取反应机制研究提供实验依据。通过分别利用幂函数和线性函数关系式拟合电荷拾取反应截面与射弹核质量的数据关系,发现幂函数的幂次拟合参数b在-0.01~0.71之间,这种对于射弹核质量A_(P)的依赖关系,与在更高束流能量更重射弹核观察到的结果不同;线性函数的斜率拟合参数β在-0.004~0.24之间,此结果在一定程度上证实电荷拾取反应过程应为边缘及表面反应过程的集体贡献。
