The brain is the most complex human organ,and commonly used models,such as two-dimensional-cell cultures and animal brains,often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research.In this context,human cereb...The brain is the most complex human organ,and commonly used models,such as two-dimensional-cell cultures and animal brains,often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research.In this context,human cerebral organoids have emerged as valuable tools offering a more complex,versatile,and human-relevant system than traditional animal models,which are often unable to replicate the intricate architecture and functionality of the human brain.Since human cerebral organoids are a state-of-the-art model for the study of neurodevelopment and different pathologies affecting the brain,this field is currently under constant development,and work in this area is abundant.In this review,we give a complete overview of human cerebral organoids technology,starting from the different types of protocols that exist to generate different human cerebral organoids.We continue with the use of brain organoids for the study of brain pathologies,highlighting neurodevelopmental,psychiatric,neurodegenerative,brain tumor,and infectious diseases.Because of the potential value of human cerebral organoids,we describe their use in transplantation,drug screening,and toxicology assays.We also discuss the technologies available to study cell diversity and physiological characteristics of organoids.Finally,we summarize the limitations that currently exist in the field,such as the development of vasculature and microglia,and highlight some of the novel approaches being pursued through bioengineering.展开更多
1.Discipline origins In 1984,“analytical pharmacology”was firstly used in the paper entitled“The future of analytical pharmacologyda personal view”by Dr.J.S.Cridland,director of a clinical pharmacological laborato...1.Discipline origins In 1984,“analytical pharmacology”was firstly used in the paper entitled“The future of analytical pharmacologyda personal view”by Dr.J.S.Cridland,director of a clinical pharmacological laboratory at Department of Pharmacology,University of Cape Town.He proposed“Analytical pharmacology is at present usually a tool of clinical pharmacology”,which is mainly used for therapeutic drug monitoring,analysis of clinical pharmacokinetics,and toxicological screening to provide a basis for reasonable medication and clinical dose adjustment[1].In 1984,W.J.Black,Director of Wellcome Research Laboratories,was offered a personal Chair at King's College Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry,part of King's College London.He chose“Analytical Pharmacology”as a title for the Chair[2].展开更多
基金supported by the Grant PID2021-126715OB-IOO financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and"ERDFA way of making Europe"by the Grant PI22CⅢ/00055 funded by Instituto de Salud CarlosⅢ(ISCⅢ)+6 种基金the UFIECPY 398/19(PEJ2018-004965) grant to RGS funded by AEI(Spain)the UFIECPY-396/19(PEJ2018-004961)grant financed by MCIN (Spain)FI23CⅢ/00003 grant funded by ISCⅢ-PFIS Spain) to PMMthe UFIECPY 328/22 (PEJ-2021-TL/BMD-21001) grant to LM financed by CAM (Spain)the grant by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)through the PDSE program (Programa de Doutorado Sanduiche no Exterior)to VSCG financed by MEC (Brazil)
文摘The brain is the most complex human organ,and commonly used models,such as two-dimensional-cell cultures and animal brains,often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research.In this context,human cerebral organoids have emerged as valuable tools offering a more complex,versatile,and human-relevant system than traditional animal models,which are often unable to replicate the intricate architecture and functionality of the human brain.Since human cerebral organoids are a state-of-the-art model for the study of neurodevelopment and different pathologies affecting the brain,this field is currently under constant development,and work in this area is abundant.In this review,we give a complete overview of human cerebral organoids technology,starting from the different types of protocols that exist to generate different human cerebral organoids.We continue with the use of brain organoids for the study of brain pathologies,highlighting neurodevelopmental,psychiatric,neurodegenerative,brain tumor,and infectious diseases.Because of the potential value of human cerebral organoids,we describe their use in transplantation,drug screening,and toxicology assays.We also discuss the technologies available to study cell diversity and physiological characteristics of organoids.Finally,we summarize the limitations that currently exist in the field,such as the development of vasculature and microglia,and highlight some of the novel approaches being pursued through bioengineering.
文摘1.Discipline origins In 1984,“analytical pharmacology”was firstly used in the paper entitled“The future of analytical pharmacologyda personal view”by Dr.J.S.Cridland,director of a clinical pharmacological laboratory at Department of Pharmacology,University of Cape Town.He proposed“Analytical pharmacology is at present usually a tool of clinical pharmacology”,which is mainly used for therapeutic drug monitoring,analysis of clinical pharmacokinetics,and toxicological screening to provide a basis for reasonable medication and clinical dose adjustment[1].In 1984,W.J.Black,Director of Wellcome Research Laboratories,was offered a personal Chair at King's College Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry,part of King's College London.He chose“Analytical Pharmacology”as a title for the Chair[2].
