Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact o...Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact of germicide is often more than the target intended by those who use them.The purpose of the current study was to ascertain the toxicity levels and behavioral alterations of Juvenile African catfish,Clarias gariepinus,subjected to Izal exposure.Methods:The stock solution was created from the 100 mL by mixing 1 mL of the Izal with 99 mL of water.After that,different nominal concentrations of Izal were prepared using the stock solution by diluting the toxin with tap water in determined amounts(10 L).The fish were exposed to acute concentrations of 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0 mg/L of Izal had a control that served as a reference point.Results:The lethal concentration of Izal(24 h LC50)was found to be 2.4136 mg/L(95%confidence interval=2.1707–2.6838)for test fish under a semi-static system showing that Izal is moderately poisonous to the species in a dose-dependent manner and time(duration).The highest mortality was recorded in the highest concentration(3.0 mg/L)of Izal while the least mortality was observed in the 1.5 mg/L group.Izal-exposed fish had aberrant behavior,including hyperactivity,gasping of air,respiratory distress,attempts to jump out of the water,erratic swimming,refusal to feed,lethargic movement,and slow response to feed,loss of balance and depigmentation.The severity of the abnormal behavior decreased after 24 h,but remained mildly to moderately high at 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L of Izal.It was found that the death rate increased with Izal concentration and duration.Conclusion:The present study revealed that Izal was moderately toxic to Claris gariepinus juveniles and should be used prudently in the environment to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms such as fish.For this reason,the use of the germicides should be with caution especially near water bodies.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal do...[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.展开更多
Chlorpyrifos and dimethoate are overused agricultural pesticides that can trigger trophic cascades, resulting in toxicity to both terrestrial and aquatic organisms as well as altered ecosystems. In previous studies, s...Chlorpyrifos and dimethoate are overused agricultural pesticides that can trigger trophic cascades, resulting in toxicity to both terrestrial and aquatic organisms as well as altered ecosystems. In previous studies, substantial attention has been given to the effects of pesticides on vertebrate species and, to a lesser extent, species of zooplankton. The present study was designed to show that the fission time effective concentration in ciliates is a potential aquatic detection index for environmental monitoring. The ciliate Urostyla grandis was treated with doses of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate. After exposed to the pesticides, the LC_(50)(i.e., concentration that killed 50% of the ciliate cells within 24 h) values were 0.029 mg L^(-1) for chlorpyrifos and 0.0685 mg L^(-1) for dimethoate. The fission time effective concentrations after 168 h of exposure were 0.0075–0.0093 mg L^(-1) for chlorpyrifos and 0.2640–0.2750 mg L^(-1) for dimethoate. These results show that the fission time effective concentration is lower than the LC_(50) value in ciliates, indicating that fission time effective concentration is more suitable than the LC_(50) value for environmental monitoring using ciliates. The effects of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate on ciliate cell ultrastructures included agglutination of chromatin in the macronucleus, protruded and discontinuous macronuclear and micronuclear membranes, loss of integrity of mitochondrial membranes and contents, and abscission and deformation of the adoral zone of membranelles.展开更多
As emerging pollutants,microplastics have recently received considerable attention owing to detection in various organisms and environments.Mass production and widespread use of plastic products increase their potenti...As emerging pollutants,microplastics have recently received considerable attention owing to detection in various organisms and environments.Mass production and widespread use of plastic products increase their potential risks to humans owing to their persistent,mobile,and toxic properties.Numerous methods have been used to identify and quantify the various forms of microplastics,however,unified standards do not exist.In this review,we systematically summarize the sources,migration,transformation,and analytical methods for microplastics in diverse ecosystems,particularly the most recent sampling and identification techniques.Additionally,the environmental effects and health hazards of microplastics on aquatic and terrestrial systems,as well as human beings are discussed.We also present management strategies for reducing microplastics in a broader social and policy context.This review aims to provide an overview of the migration,transformation,sampling,analysis,and environmental effects of microplastics,which addresses knowledge gaps in microplastic pollution and provides proposals for key research gaps.展开更多
Cadmium accumulation in seafood has become a major concern for human health.Recently,there has been an increasing focus on the potential risks associated with food-borne fluorescent carbon dots(CDs)that are formed dur...Cadmium accumulation in seafood has become a major concern for human health.Recently,there has been an increasing focus on the potential risks associated with food-borne fluorescent carbon dots(CDs)that are formed during the thermal processing of seafood.The co-occurrence of cadmium and CDs from cooked seafood become a common phenomenon and co-exposure of them to human has been an inevitable route during long-term seafood consuming.In addition,it has been widely recognized that CDs can be used as nanocarriers for metal ion chelation for their transport into organisms,thereby,they could influence the bioavailability of metal ion.While there have been numerous studies on the toxic effects of cadmium or CDs,none have explored the combined toxicity of food-borne CDs from clams(CCDs)and Cd^(2+).In this study,we investigated the single or co-exposure(combined exposure)of Cd^(2+)and CCDs on PC12 cells to investigate the combined toxicity of them.Our analysis of cell viability revealed that CCDs significantly augmented the cytotoxicity induced by Cd^(2+).More in-depth metabolomics and lipidomics investigation indicated that the combined exposure of Cd^(2+)and CCDs led to significant metabolic disorders,causing an antagonistic effect on energy metabolism,and a synergistic effect on amino acids and lipids metabolism.The disturbance in metabolomics and lipidomics was further supported by the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species following co-exposure.These findings provide new evidence that support the enhanced cytotoxicity of Cd^(2+)by the CCDs derived from the thermal processing of clams.This study also declares the necessary that prioritize the investigation of the potential impact of other thermal processing hazards originating from heat-processed foods on the toxicity of heavy metal ions.展开更多
In the present study, the chemical composition, antinociceptive effect and acute toxicity of essential oils（EOs） of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum（Maxim.） Kitag.（AHM）, A. sieboldii Miq. var...In the present study, the chemical composition, antinociceptive effect and acute toxicity of essential oils（EOs） of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum（Maxim.） Kitag.（AHM）, A. sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai（ASS） and A. himalaicum Hook. f. et Thoms. ex Klotzsch.（AH） were comparatively evaluated. A total of 55 compounds were identified in EOs of AHM, ASS and AH by GC-MS. Methyleugenol（20.16%–62.89%）, safrole（2.67%–32.42%）, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene（2.00%–18.59%） and eucarvone（1.52%–19.16%） were the major constituents of EO of AHM, and methyleugenol（48.35%–61.06%）, eucarvone（11.13%–13.93%） and elemicin（4.79%–11.14%） were the major constituents of EO of ASS. The EO of AH was different from that of AHM and ASS, in which patchouli alcohol（27.42%–51.95%） and elemicin（13.11%–42.23%） were found in a greater amount. Moreover, the antinociceptive effect of EOs of AHM（5.5, 11.0, 16.5 μL/kg） and AH（2.0, 4.0, 6.0 μL/kg） was comparatively assayed in acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and formalin tests. The results indicated a weak central, but potent peripheral antinociceptive effect of EO of AHM, and more potent central and peripheral antinociceptive effect of EO of AH. The LD50 of the EOs of AHM and AH were 1.7 and 7.7 mL/kg, respectively. These findings suggest that EOs of AHM and AH possess evident antinociceptive activity and are probably safe within the range of its clinical doses. However, their chemical compositions are quite different. Therefore, AH can be clinically used as an herbal medicinal product with broad analgesic effects, but should not be confused with AHM and ASS used in traditional Chinese medicine.展开更多
[ Objective] The toxicity effect of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） on alga growth in eutrophic water was studied to provide reference for biomonitoring and bioremediation of eutrophic water. [ Method ] The mother liquid of alga,...[ Objective] The toxicity effect of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） on alga growth in eutrophic water was studied to provide reference for biomonitoring and bioremediation of eutrophic water. [ Method ] The mother liquid of alga, which was separated from the eutrophic water, were put into the solutions of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） with different concentrations and their mixture solution, respectively. And the toxicity effect of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） on the growth and propagation of alga in eutrophic water was observed. [ Result] The alga in eutrophic water performed rather sensitive to Cr（Ⅵ） and when its concentration was over 1 mg/L, threre was obvious effect on alga growth. The alga was not very sensitive to Hg^2＋ when its concentration was lower, but its toxicity became stronger and stronger when its concentration increased to some extent and the toxicity effect of Cr（Ⅵ） on alga growth was just on the contrary. When the ion concentration was lower than 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2＋ on alga was lower than that of Cr（Ⅵ）. When the concentration was over 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2＋ exceeded that of Cr（Ⅵ）. The toxicity of ion mixture solution of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） had synergism inhibition on alga, which could be performed only when the concentration was over 4 mg/L. [ Conclusion] The toxicity of heavy metal on alga not only related to the alga cell, but also related to the concentration of heavy metal ion.展开更多
The toxic effects of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium and heavy metal elements such as chromium, zinc on Potamogeton malaianus Miq. were studied. The results show that the contents of chlorophyll and solu...The toxic effects of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium and heavy metal elements such as chromium, zinc on Potamogeton malaianus Miq. were studied. The results show that the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein increase to a certain degree and then decrease under La3+ Ce3+ Zn2+ stress, while there is a constantly dropping tendency under Cr6+ stress. The four ions have different effects on protective enzyme systems of Potamogeton malaianus. They can induce rises of the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxides (POD) at lower concentration, however, with the increase of ions concentration, the activities decline. The change of SOD activity is exactly opposite to that of CAT and POD activity. It falls at first and rises later. An increasing tendency of MDA content appears with the increasing concentration. The toxicities of La3+, Zn2+, Ce3+ and Cr6+ become more serious in the order. The lethal concentration of Cr6+ to Potamogeton malaianus ranges from 0.5 to I mg(-1) that of Ce3+ and Zn2+ ranges from 3 to 5 mg(-1) and that of La3+ ranges from 7 to 10 mg(.)L(-1). The toxic mechanism of La3 + and Ce3+ is similar to that of Cr6+ and Zn2+.展开更多
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil ...Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.展开更多
This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd2+】Cu2+】Zn2+】NH3-...This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd2+】Cu2+】Zn2+】NH3-Nm is the toxic order of these chemicals to Chinese prawn. The toxic order of concentrated Zn2+ and Cd2+ in tissues and organs of Chinese prawn is in the order gill 】 shell + appendage】viscera 】 muscle..展开更多
Objective This study aims to investigate and compare the toxic effects of four types of metal oxide(ZnO,TiO_(2),SiO_(2),and Al_(2)O_(3))nanoparticles with similar primary size(-20 nm)on human fetal lung fibroblasts(HF...Objective This study aims to investigate and compare the toxic effects of four types of metal oxide(ZnO,TiO_(2),SiO_(2),and Al_(2)O_(3))nanoparticles with similar primary size(-20 nm)on human fetal lung fibroblasts(HFL1)in vitro.Methods The HFL1 cells were exposed to the nanoparticles,and toxic effects were analyzed by using MTT assay,cellular morphology observation and Hoechst 33258 staining.Results The results show that the four types of metal oxide nanoparticles lead to cellular mitochondrial dysfunction,morphological modifications and apoptosis at the concentration range of 0.25-1.50 mg/mL and the toxic effects are obviously displayed in dose-dependent manner.ZnO is the most toxic nanomaterials followed by TiO_(2),SiO_(2),and Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles in a descending order.Conclusion The results highlight the differential cytotoxicity associated with exposure to ZnO,TiO_(2),SiO_(2),and Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles,and suggest an extreme attention to safety utilization of these nanomaterials.展开更多
Single and joint toxic effects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran （HHCB） and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene （AHTN） a...Single and joint toxic effects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran （HHCB） and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene （AHTN） and cadmium （Cd） on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat （Triticum aestivum） were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate 〉 shoot elongation 〉 root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation 〉 shoot elongation 〉 germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had different toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic effects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50mix value of the mixture （EC50mix = 0.530 TUrnix）. The EC50mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.展开更多
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)can be taken up and bioaccumulated in plants,but the toxic mechanisms of PFASs on wetland plants are still unclear.In present study,the toxic influences of perfluorooctane sulf...Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)can be taken up and bioaccumulated in plants,but the toxic mechanisms of PFASs on wetland plants are still unclear.In present study,the toxic influences of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)on Eichhornia crassipes(E.crassipes)and Cy perus alternifolius(C.alternifolius)in a vertical-sub surface-flow constructed wetland were evaluated.The results showed that E.crassipes was more tolerant to PFOS stress than C.alternifolius,and the growth and chlorophyll synthesis of the two plants were promoted by low concentration(<0.1 mg/L)of PFOS,and the chlorophyll synthesis was inhibited by high concentration(10 mg/L)of PFOS but the growth did not change obviously.The catalase activity and malondialdehyde content in the leaves of the two plants increased,peroxidase activity decreased under exposure to high concentrations of PFOS,and superoxide dismutase activity did not change.Under PFOS stress,the membrane of plant leaves and the cell structure of the two wetland plants were destroyed,and the mitochondrial contour of root cells became incomplete.Tanscriptomic analysis showed that the expression levels of genes related to cell wall formation,the cell apoptosis pathway,material synthesis,and metabolism in the plants were changed by PFOS.Analysis in fluorogenic quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)also confirmed that the photosynthesis system of E.crassipes was inhibited,while that of C.alternifolius was promoted.展开更多
Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. ...Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.展开更多
Since the beginning of the 21 st century,the increasing production and application of nano-TiO_(2)in consumer products have inevitably led to its release into aquatic systems and therefore caused the exposure of aquat...Since the beginning of the 21 st century,the increasing production and application of nano-TiO_(2)in consumer products have inevitably led to its release into aquatic systems and therefore caused the exposure of aquatic organisms,resulting in growing environmental concerns.However,the safety of nano-TiO_(2)in aquatic environments has not been systematically assessed,especially in coastal and estuary waters where a large number of filterfeeding animals live.Bivalves are considered around the world to be a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity,and numerous studies have been conducted to test the toxic effects of nano-TiO_(2)on bivalves.The aim of this review was to systematically summarize and analyze published data concerning the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)in bivalves.In particular,the toxicity of nano-TiO_(2)to the antioxidant system and cell physiology was subjected to meta-analysis to reveal the mechanism of the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)and the factors affecting its toxicological effects.To reveal the cooperation,hot keywords and cocitations in this field,bibliometric analysis was conducted,and the results showed that the toxicological molecular mechanisms of nano-TiO_(2)and the combined effects of nano-TiO_(2)and other environmental factors are two major hot spots.Finally,some perspectives and insights were provided in this review for future research on nano-TiO_(2)toxicology in bivalves.展开更多
The 96 h acute toxic effects of nano-CuO (N-CuO), micro-CuO (M-CuO) and 2+ on Chlorella sp. were investigated in this paper. The results showed that toxicities decreased in an order of Cu2+>N-CuO>M-CuO. The 96 h...The 96 h acute toxic effects of nano-CuO (N-CuO), micro-CuO (M-CuO) and 2+ on Chlorella sp. were investigated in this paper. The results showed that toxicities decreased in an order of Cu2+>N-CuO>M-CuO. The 96 h EC50 of Cu2+ on Chlorella sp. was 1.06 mg /L, and of N-CuO it was 74.61 mg /L, while no pronounced toxicity was observed when the concentration of M-CuO was lower than 160 mg/L. Further experiments were carried out in order to study the toxicity mechanism of nano-CuO on Chlorella sp.. The results of Cu2+ release from N-CuO showed less than 0.2 mg/L Cu2+ were released, so the release of Cu2+ was not responsible for the toxicity. Further experiments showed N-CuO inhibited formation of Chlorophyll A. Content of Chlorophyll A in the control group was 4.75 mg/108 cells, while it declined to 2.89 mg/108 cells for 160 mg/L N-CuO after 96 h, which indicated that N-CuO could inhibit photosynthesis of Chlorella sp.. Moreover, N-CuO condensed with algal cells. It affected the activity of SOD and POD, indicating that N-CuO could cause oxidant stress to Chlorella sp.. These may be the toxicity mechanism.展开更多
Laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cvaluated for its hepatotoxic effects in rats. The lyophilized cell extract injected intraperitoneally at 1 and 2 ...Laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cvaluated for its hepatotoxic effects in rats. The lyophilized cell extract injected intraperitoneally at 1 and 2 LD50 (15.8 and 31.6 mg/kg, respectively) produced significant increase in liver-specific enzymes viz. plasma alkaline phosphatase,γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase. A corresponding increase in liver body weight index and histopathological changes in liver (degeneration of hepatocytes, congestion and hemorrhage etc.) are indicative of a dose and time dependent hepatotoxic nature of the algal extract展开更多
In the present study,we aimed to observe the effects of ethanol extract of Oxalis corniculata L.on bleeding time(BT)and coagulation time(CT)and determine its acute toxicity in mice.Firstly,the ethanol extract of O.cor...In the present study,we aimed to observe the effects of ethanol extract of Oxalis corniculata L.on bleeding time(BT)and coagulation time(CT)and determine its acute toxicity in mice.Firstly,the ethanol extract of O.corniculata was administered to 40 mice,which were randomly divided into the normal control group,Yunnan Baiyao control group,low-dose group,and high-dose group.The low-dose(0.6 g/kg)and high-dose(1.2 g/kg)groups received ethanol extract of O.corniculata by gavage,and the BT and CT of the mice were measured by the slide method and tail clipping method,respectively.Secondly,the median lethal dose method was used with 50 mice to observe the physiological state,poisoning reaction,and death of the mice after intragastric administration.Finally,on the 14th day of the experiment,a necropsy was performed to observe any abnormality of the organs.In conclusion,in the coagulation and hemostasis tests,there were no statistical differences between the groups(P>0.05),while there was a significant dose-response relationship,and the BT and CT were significantly shorter than those of the negative control group,which were comparable to the Yunnan Baiyao control group.Moreover,in the acute toxicity test,the median lethal dose of ethanol extract of O.corniculata was 6.0291 g/kg,with a 95%confidence interval of 5.3065–6.7829 mg/kg.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verd...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>展开更多
Protective effects of calcium antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and nimodepine (NI-MO), on cadmium-induced toxicity were investigated. After giving CdCl2 (0. 44mg Cd/kg,ip), CPZ (5mg/kg, ip) or NIMO (8mg/kg, po) were ...Protective effects of calcium antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and nimodepine (NI-MO), on cadmium-induced toxicity were investigated. After giving CdCl2 (0. 44mg Cd/kg,ip), CPZ (5mg/kg, ip) or NIMO (8mg/kg, po) were administered every day to Sprague-Dawley (S. D. ) rats for a week. Then, urinary N- acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG ), uri -nary cadmium and bloocl cadmium were measured. The accumulation of cadmium in the kid-ney cortex, content of renal calmodulin, hemoglobin and the ultrastructural damage of proxi-mal convoluted tubules of rats were examined three weeks after the last administration. Re-sults indicated that the calcium antagonists partly protected against toxic effects induced bycadmium in different manners. These data provide further evidence for the new hypothesisthat the cross effect of cadmium and calcium in calmodulin regulated systems may be responsi-ble for the mechanism of cadmium intoxication. 'The results suggested that the calcium antag-onists could be a new and promising approach in the therapy of heavy metaLinduced diseases展开更多
文摘Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact of germicide is often more than the target intended by those who use them.The purpose of the current study was to ascertain the toxicity levels and behavioral alterations of Juvenile African catfish,Clarias gariepinus,subjected to Izal exposure.Methods:The stock solution was created from the 100 mL by mixing 1 mL of the Izal with 99 mL of water.After that,different nominal concentrations of Izal were prepared using the stock solution by diluting the toxin with tap water in determined amounts(10 L).The fish were exposed to acute concentrations of 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0 mg/L of Izal had a control that served as a reference point.Results:The lethal concentration of Izal(24 h LC50)was found to be 2.4136 mg/L(95%confidence interval=2.1707–2.6838)for test fish under a semi-static system showing that Izal is moderately poisonous to the species in a dose-dependent manner and time(duration).The highest mortality was recorded in the highest concentration(3.0 mg/L)of Izal while the least mortality was observed in the 1.5 mg/L group.Izal-exposed fish had aberrant behavior,including hyperactivity,gasping of air,respiratory distress,attempts to jump out of the water,erratic swimming,refusal to feed,lethargic movement,and slow response to feed,loss of balance and depigmentation.The severity of the abnormal behavior decreased after 24 h,but remained mildly to moderately high at 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L of Izal.It was found that the death rate increased with Izal concentration and duration.Conclusion:The present study revealed that Izal was moderately toxic to Claris gariepinus juveniles and should be used prudently in the environment to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms such as fish.For this reason,the use of the germicides should be with caution especially near water bodies.
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31601866 and 31501844)the Heilongjiang Province Colleges and Universities Youth Innovative Training Program (Nos. UNPYSCT2017178 and 2017180)
文摘Chlorpyrifos and dimethoate are overused agricultural pesticides that can trigger trophic cascades, resulting in toxicity to both terrestrial and aquatic organisms as well as altered ecosystems. In previous studies, substantial attention has been given to the effects of pesticides on vertebrate species and, to a lesser extent, species of zooplankton. The present study was designed to show that the fission time effective concentration in ciliates is a potential aquatic detection index for environmental monitoring. The ciliate Urostyla grandis was treated with doses of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate. After exposed to the pesticides, the LC_(50)(i.e., concentration that killed 50% of the ciliate cells within 24 h) values were 0.029 mg L^(-1) for chlorpyrifos and 0.0685 mg L^(-1) for dimethoate. The fission time effective concentrations after 168 h of exposure were 0.0075–0.0093 mg L^(-1) for chlorpyrifos and 0.2640–0.2750 mg L^(-1) for dimethoate. These results show that the fission time effective concentration is lower than the LC_(50) value in ciliates, indicating that fission time effective concentration is more suitable than the LC_(50) value for environmental monitoring using ciliates. The effects of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate on ciliate cell ultrastructures included agglutination of chromatin in the macronucleus, protruded and discontinuous macronuclear and micronuclear membranes, loss of integrity of mitochondrial membranes and contents, and abscission and deformation of the adoral zone of membranelles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21906179 and 22074098)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2021ZYD0047)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘As emerging pollutants,microplastics have recently received considerable attention owing to detection in various organisms and environments.Mass production and widespread use of plastic products increase their potential risks to humans owing to their persistent,mobile,and toxic properties.Numerous methods have been used to identify and quantify the various forms of microplastics,however,unified standards do not exist.In this review,we systematically summarize the sources,migration,transformation,and analytical methods for microplastics in diverse ecosystems,particularly the most recent sampling and identification techniques.Additionally,the environmental effects and health hazards of microplastics on aquatic and terrestrial systems,as well as human beings are discussed.We also present management strategies for reducing microplastics in a broader social and policy context.This review aims to provide an overview of the migration,transformation,sampling,analysis,and environmental effects of microplastics,which addresses knowledge gaps in microplastic pollution and provides proposals for key research gaps.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2017YFC1600702)the Central Funds Guiding the Local Science and Technology Development of China(2020JH6/10500002).
文摘Cadmium accumulation in seafood has become a major concern for human health.Recently,there has been an increasing focus on the potential risks associated with food-borne fluorescent carbon dots(CDs)that are formed during the thermal processing of seafood.The co-occurrence of cadmium and CDs from cooked seafood become a common phenomenon and co-exposure of them to human has been an inevitable route during long-term seafood consuming.In addition,it has been widely recognized that CDs can be used as nanocarriers for metal ion chelation for their transport into organisms,thereby,they could influence the bioavailability of metal ion.While there have been numerous studies on the toxic effects of cadmium or CDs,none have explored the combined toxicity of food-borne CDs from clams(CCDs)and Cd^(2+).In this study,we investigated the single or co-exposure(combined exposure)of Cd^(2+)and CCDs on PC12 cells to investigate the combined toxicity of them.Our analysis of cell viability revealed that CCDs significantly augmented the cytotoxicity induced by Cd^(2+).More in-depth metabolomics and lipidomics investigation indicated that the combined exposure of Cd^(2+)and CCDs led to significant metabolic disorders,causing an antagonistic effect on energy metabolism,and a synergistic effect on amino acids and lipids metabolism.The disturbance in metabolomics and lipidomics was further supported by the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species following co-exposure.These findings provide new evidence that support the enhanced cytotoxicity of Cd^(2+)by the CCDs derived from the thermal processing of clams.This study also declares the necessary that prioritize the investigation of the potential impact of other thermal processing hazards originating from heat-processed foods on the toxicity of heavy metal ions.
基金the National Science and Technology Support Program during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of China(Grant No.2011BAI03B05)the Distinguished Professor Foundation of Liaoning Province of China of 2011,Innovative Drug Incubation Base Plan Project from Liaoning Province of China of 2013(Grant No.2013226027) National College Students Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program of China(Grant No.201310163019)
文摘In the present study, the chemical composition, antinociceptive effect and acute toxicity of essential oils（EOs） of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum（Maxim.） Kitag.（AHM）, A. sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai（ASS） and A. himalaicum Hook. f. et Thoms. ex Klotzsch.（AH） were comparatively evaluated. A total of 55 compounds were identified in EOs of AHM, ASS and AH by GC-MS. Methyleugenol（20.16%–62.89%）, safrole（2.67%–32.42%）, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene（2.00%–18.59%） and eucarvone（1.52%–19.16%） were the major constituents of EO of AHM, and methyleugenol（48.35%–61.06%）, eucarvone（11.13%–13.93%） and elemicin（4.79%–11.14%） were the major constituents of EO of ASS. The EO of AH was different from that of AHM and ASS, in which patchouli alcohol（27.42%–51.95%） and elemicin（13.11%–42.23%） were found in a greater amount. Moreover, the antinociceptive effect of EOs of AHM（5.5, 11.0, 16.5 μL/kg） and AH（2.0, 4.0, 6.0 μL/kg） was comparatively assayed in acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and formalin tests. The results indicated a weak central, but potent peripheral antinociceptive effect of EO of AHM, and more potent central and peripheral antinociceptive effect of EO of AH. The LD50 of the EOs of AHM and AH were 1.7 and 7.7 mL/kg, respectively. These findings suggest that EOs of AHM and AH possess evident antinociceptive activity and are probably safe within the range of its clinical doses. However, their chemical compositions are quite different. Therefore, AH can be clinically used as an herbal medicinal product with broad analgesic effects, but should not be confused with AHM and ASS used in traditional Chinese medicine.
文摘[ Objective] The toxicity effect of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） on alga growth in eutrophic water was studied to provide reference for biomonitoring and bioremediation of eutrophic water. [ Method ] The mother liquid of alga, which was separated from the eutrophic water, were put into the solutions of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） with different concentrations and their mixture solution, respectively. And the toxicity effect of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） on the growth and propagation of alga in eutrophic water was observed. [ Result] The alga in eutrophic water performed rather sensitive to Cr（Ⅵ） and when its concentration was over 1 mg/L, threre was obvious effect on alga growth. The alga was not very sensitive to Hg^2＋ when its concentration was lower, but its toxicity became stronger and stronger when its concentration increased to some extent and the toxicity effect of Cr（Ⅵ） on alga growth was just on the contrary. When the ion concentration was lower than 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2＋ on alga was lower than that of Cr（Ⅵ）. When the concentration was over 10 mg/L, the toxicity of Hg^2＋ exceeded that of Cr（Ⅵ）. The toxicity of ion mixture solution of Hg^2＋ and Cr（Ⅵ） had synergism inhibition on alga, which could be performed only when the concentration was over 4 mg/L. [ Conclusion] The toxicity of heavy metal on alga not only related to the alga cell, but also related to the concentration of heavy metal ion.
文摘The toxic effects of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium and heavy metal elements such as chromium, zinc on Potamogeton malaianus Miq. were studied. The results show that the contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein increase to a certain degree and then decrease under La3+ Ce3+ Zn2+ stress, while there is a constantly dropping tendency under Cr6+ stress. The four ions have different effects on protective enzyme systems of Potamogeton malaianus. They can induce rises of the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxides (POD) at lower concentration, however, with the increase of ions concentration, the activities decline. The change of SOD activity is exactly opposite to that of CAT and POD activity. It falls at first and rises later. An increasing tendency of MDA content appears with the increasing concentration. The toxicities of La3+, Zn2+, Ce3+ and Cr6+ become more serious in the order. The lethal concentration of Cr6+ to Potamogeton malaianus ranges from 0.5 to I mg(-1) that of Ce3+ and Zn2+ ranges from 3 to 5 mg(-1) and that of La3+ ranges from 7 to 10 mg(.)L(-1). The toxic mechanism of La3 + and Ce3+ is similar to that of Cr6+ and Zn2+.
基金Preject supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China(No. 2004CB418503)the Overseas Fund of Institute of AppliedEcology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.
文摘This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd2+】Cu2+】Zn2+】NH3-Nm is the toxic order of these chemicals to Chinese prawn. The toxic order of concentrated Zn2+ and Cd2+ in tissues and organs of Chinese prawn is in the order gill 】 shell + appendage】viscera 】 muscle..
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(2011CB933404)the Science Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices(2010LBMD05)the Science Foundation of Southeast University(XJ2008335)
文摘Objective This study aims to investigate and compare the toxic effects of four types of metal oxide(ZnO,TiO_(2),SiO_(2),and Al_(2)O_(3))nanoparticles with similar primary size(-20 nm)on human fetal lung fibroblasts(HFL1)in vitro.Methods The HFL1 cells were exposed to the nanoparticles,and toxic effects were analyzed by using MTT assay,cellular morphology observation and Hoechst 33258 staining.Results The results show that the four types of metal oxide nanoparticles lead to cellular mitochondrial dysfunction,morphological modifications and apoptosis at the concentration range of 0.25-1.50 mg/mL and the toxic effects are obviously displayed in dose-dependent manner.ZnO is the most toxic nanomaterials followed by TiO_(2),SiO_(2),and Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles in a descending order.Conclusion The results highlight the differential cytotoxicity associated with exposure to ZnO,TiO_(2),SiO_(2),and Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles,and suggest an extreme attention to safety utilization of these nanomaterials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 20777040)the Ministry of Education of China(No. 707011)
文摘Single and joint toxic effects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran （HHCB） and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene （AHTN） and cadmium （Cd） on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat （Triticum aestivum） were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate 〉 shoot elongation 〉 root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation 〉 shoot elongation 〉 germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had different toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic effects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50mix value of the mixture （EC50mix = 0.530 TUrnix）. The EC50mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1803100)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)can be taken up and bioaccumulated in plants,but the toxic mechanisms of PFASs on wetland plants are still unclear.In present study,the toxic influences of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)on Eichhornia crassipes(E.crassipes)and Cy perus alternifolius(C.alternifolius)in a vertical-sub surface-flow constructed wetland were evaluated.The results showed that E.crassipes was more tolerant to PFOS stress than C.alternifolius,and the growth and chlorophyll synthesis of the two plants were promoted by low concentration(<0.1 mg/L)of PFOS,and the chlorophyll synthesis was inhibited by high concentration(10 mg/L)of PFOS but the growth did not change obviously.The catalase activity and malondialdehyde content in the leaves of the two plants increased,peroxidase activity decreased under exposure to high concentrations of PFOS,and superoxide dismutase activity did not change.Under PFOS stress,the membrane of plant leaves and the cell structure of the two wetland plants were destroyed,and the mitochondrial contour of root cells became incomplete.Tanscriptomic analysis showed that the expression levels of genes related to cell wall formation,the cell apoptosis pathway,material synthesis,and metabolism in the plants were changed by PFOS.Analysis in fluorogenic quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)also confirmed that the photosynthesis system of E.crassipes was inhibited,while that of C.alternifolius was promoted.
基金Project supported by the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(No.104250).
文摘Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31872587)the Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program(No.18PJ1404000)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.17ZR1412900)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0207003)。
文摘Since the beginning of the 21 st century,the increasing production and application of nano-TiO_(2)in consumer products have inevitably led to its release into aquatic systems and therefore caused the exposure of aquatic organisms,resulting in growing environmental concerns.However,the safety of nano-TiO_(2)in aquatic environments has not been systematically assessed,especially in coastal and estuary waters where a large number of filterfeeding animals live.Bivalves are considered around the world to be a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity,and numerous studies have been conducted to test the toxic effects of nano-TiO_(2)on bivalves.The aim of this review was to systematically summarize and analyze published data concerning the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)in bivalves.In particular,the toxicity of nano-TiO_(2)to the antioxidant system and cell physiology was subjected to meta-analysis to reveal the mechanism of the toxicological effects of nano-TiO_(2)and the factors affecting its toxicological effects.To reveal the cooperation,hot keywords and cocitations in this field,bibliometric analysis was conducted,and the results showed that the toxicological molecular mechanisms of nano-TiO_(2)and the combined effects of nano-TiO_(2)and other environmental factors are two major hot spots.Finally,some perspectives and insights were provided in this review for future research on nano-TiO_(2)toxicology in bivalves.
文摘The 96 h acute toxic effects of nano-CuO (N-CuO), micro-CuO (M-CuO) and 2+ on Chlorella sp. were investigated in this paper. The results showed that toxicities decreased in an order of Cu2+>N-CuO>M-CuO. The 96 h EC50 of Cu2+ on Chlorella sp. was 1.06 mg /L, and of N-CuO it was 74.61 mg /L, while no pronounced toxicity was observed when the concentration of M-CuO was lower than 160 mg/L. Further experiments were carried out in order to study the toxicity mechanism of nano-CuO on Chlorella sp.. The results of Cu2+ release from N-CuO showed less than 0.2 mg/L Cu2+ were released, so the release of Cu2+ was not responsible for the toxicity. Further experiments showed N-CuO inhibited formation of Chlorophyll A. Content of Chlorophyll A in the control group was 4.75 mg/108 cells, while it declined to 2.89 mg/108 cells for 160 mg/L N-CuO after 96 h, which indicated that N-CuO could inhibit photosynthesis of Chlorella sp.. Moreover, N-CuO condensed with algal cells. It affected the activity of SOD and POD, indicating that N-CuO could cause oxidant stress to Chlorella sp.. These may be the toxicity mechanism.
文摘Laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cvaluated for its hepatotoxic effects in rats. The lyophilized cell extract injected intraperitoneally at 1 and 2 LD50 (15.8 and 31.6 mg/kg, respectively) produced significant increase in liver-specific enzymes viz. plasma alkaline phosphatase,γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase. A corresponding increase in liver body weight index and histopathological changes in liver (degeneration of hepatocytes, congestion and hemorrhage etc.) are indicative of a dose and time dependent hepatotoxic nature of the algal extract
基金Yunnan Province Education Department Scientific Research Fund Project(Grant No.2022J1683)。
文摘In the present study,we aimed to observe the effects of ethanol extract of Oxalis corniculata L.on bleeding time(BT)and coagulation time(CT)and determine its acute toxicity in mice.Firstly,the ethanol extract of O.corniculata was administered to 40 mice,which were randomly divided into the normal control group,Yunnan Baiyao control group,low-dose group,and high-dose group.The low-dose(0.6 g/kg)and high-dose(1.2 g/kg)groups received ethanol extract of O.corniculata by gavage,and the BT and CT of the mice were measured by the slide method and tail clipping method,respectively.Secondly,the median lethal dose method was used with 50 mice to observe the physiological state,poisoning reaction,and death of the mice after intragastric administration.Finally,on the 14th day of the experiment,a necropsy was performed to observe any abnormality of the organs.In conclusion,in the coagulation and hemostasis tests,there were no statistical differences between the groups(P>0.05),while there was a significant dose-response relationship,and the BT and CT were significantly shorter than those of the negative control group,which were comparable to the Yunnan Baiyao control group.Moreover,in the acute toxicity test,the median lethal dose of ethanol extract of O.corniculata was 6.0291 g/kg,with a 95%confidence interval of 5.3065–6.7829 mg/kg.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>
文摘Protective effects of calcium antagonists, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and nimodepine (NI-MO), on cadmium-induced toxicity were investigated. After giving CdCl2 (0. 44mg Cd/kg,ip), CPZ (5mg/kg, ip) or NIMO (8mg/kg, po) were administered every day to Sprague-Dawley (S. D. ) rats for a week. Then, urinary N- acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG ), uri -nary cadmium and bloocl cadmium were measured. The accumulation of cadmium in the kid-ney cortex, content of renal calmodulin, hemoglobin and the ultrastructural damage of proxi-mal convoluted tubules of rats were examined three weeks after the last administration. Re-sults indicated that the calcium antagonists partly protected against toxic effects induced bycadmium in different manners. These data provide further evidence for the new hypothesisthat the cross effect of cadmium and calcium in calmodulin regulated systems may be responsi-ble for the mechanism of cadmium intoxication. 'The results suggested that the calcium antag-onists could be a new and promising approach in the therapy of heavy metaLinduced diseases
