Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed sele...Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed selection, sowing date are used to reduce the infestation of insect pests of common beans in the field and in storage rooms. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens can control the insect pests. Synthetic pesticides such as cypermethion, carbaryl, and lambda-cyhalothrin have reported to be effective, but are toxic to people, destroy natural enemies and contaminate the environment. Botanical pesticides are the promising alternatives. This review paper explains toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of active ingredients of botanical pesticides. Rotenone from T. vogelii has the oral lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of 132 - 1500 mg/kg to mammals. It delays the electron transport chain in mitochondria of the insects and limits the cellular energy production. Azadirachtin is antifeedant and growth disruptor of insects. It has low toxicity to mammals. The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mammals is greater than 3540 mg/kg. Azadirachtin displays strong effects on chemoreceptors of the insects. Pyrethrins are axonic poisons and have repellent effects to insects. It is less toxic to mammals with the LD<sub>50</sub> of about 1500 mg/Kg. It attacks the nervous systems of insects. Sesquiterpene lactones from T. diversifolia, Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Lantana camara, Vernodalin, Vernodalol and Epivernodalol from V. amygdalina have repellent and feeding deterrents chemicals which discourage the insects from feeding the crop. Most active ingredients of botanical pesticides have short life span in the environment.展开更多
Since it is unrealistic to do an experimental mixture assessment on every possible combination, mathematical model plays an important role in predicting the mixture toxicity. The present study is devoted to the furthe...Since it is unrealistic to do an experimental mixture assessment on every possible combination, mathematical model plays an important role in predicting the mixture toxicity. The present study is devoted to the further application of linear concentration addition（CA）-based model（LCA） and independent action（IA）-based model（LIA） to predict the non-interactive mixture toxicity. The 26 mixtures including 312 data points were used to evaluate the predictive powers of LCA and LIA models. The models were internally validated using the leave-one-out cross-validation and y-randomization test, and the external validations were evaluated by the test tests. Both LCA and LIA models agree well with the experimental values for all mixture toxicity, and present high internally（R2 and Q2 〉 0.98） and externally（Q2F1, Q2F2, and Q2F3 〉 0.99） predictive power. The use of LCA and LIA led to improved predictions compared to the estimates based on the CA and IA models. Both LCA and LIA were found to be appropriate methods for modeling toxicity of non-interactive chemical mixtures.展开更多
An Ayurvedic medicine, Liv-52 has been studied as a prophylactic against beryllium induced toxicity in rats. Administration of beryllium per se caused severe degenerative and necrotic changes in liver, kidney, lungs a...An Ayurvedic medicine, Liv-52 has been studied as a prophylactic against beryllium induced toxicity in rats. Administration of beryllium per se caused severe degenerative and necrotic changes in liver, kidney, lungs and spleen. Its administration reduced glycogen content, activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase in these oreans. On the contrary, activities of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were increased singificantly. In Liv-52 primed rats significant recoupment was observed in all the parameters展开更多
Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed and easily accessible. It contains a variety of toxic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In East...Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed and easily accessible. It contains a variety of toxic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In Eastern medicine, especially in Ayurvedic medicine, D. stramonium has been used for curing various human ailments, including ulcers, wounds, inflammation, rheumatism and gout, sciatica, bruises and swellings, fever, asthma and bronchitis, and toothache. A few previous studies have reported on the pharmacological effects of D. stramonium; however, complete information regarding the pharmacology, toxicity, ethnobotany and phytochemistry remains unclear. Ethnomedicinally, the frequent recreational abuse of D. stramonium has resulted in toxic syndromes. D. stramonium, in the form of paste or solution to relieve the local pain, may not have a deleterious effect; however, oral and systemic administration may lead to severe anticholinergic symptoms. For this reason, it is very important for individuals, mainly young people, to be aware of the toxic nature and potential risks associated with the use of this plant. This comprehensive review of D. stramonium includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and ethnomedicinal uses.展开更多
文摘Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed selection, sowing date are used to reduce the infestation of insect pests of common beans in the field and in storage rooms. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens can control the insect pests. Synthetic pesticides such as cypermethion, carbaryl, and lambda-cyhalothrin have reported to be effective, but are toxic to people, destroy natural enemies and contaminate the environment. Botanical pesticides are the promising alternatives. This review paper explains toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of active ingredients of botanical pesticides. Rotenone from T. vogelii has the oral lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of 132 - 1500 mg/kg to mammals. It delays the electron transport chain in mitochondria of the insects and limits the cellular energy production. Azadirachtin is antifeedant and growth disruptor of insects. It has low toxicity to mammals. The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mammals is greater than 3540 mg/kg. Azadirachtin displays strong effects on chemoreceptors of the insects. Pyrethrins are axonic poisons and have repellent effects to insects. It is less toxic to mammals with the LD<sub>50</sub> of about 1500 mg/Kg. It attacks the nervous systems of insects. Sesquiterpene lactones from T. diversifolia, Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Lantana camara, Vernodalin, Vernodalol and Epivernodalol from V. amygdalina have repellent and feeding deterrents chemicals which discourage the insects from feeding the crop. Most active ingredients of botanical pesticides have short life span in the environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21407032,21667013,51578171)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2014GXNSFBA118233)Guilin Scientific Research and Technology Development Program(2016012505)
文摘Since it is unrealistic to do an experimental mixture assessment on every possible combination, mathematical model plays an important role in predicting the mixture toxicity. The present study is devoted to the further application of linear concentration addition（CA）-based model（LCA） and independent action（IA）-based model（LIA） to predict the non-interactive mixture toxicity. The 26 mixtures including 312 data points were used to evaluate the predictive powers of LCA and LIA models. The models were internally validated using the leave-one-out cross-validation and y-randomization test, and the external validations were evaluated by the test tests. Both LCA and LIA models agree well with the experimental values for all mixture toxicity, and present high internally（R2 and Q2 〉 0.98） and externally（Q2F1, Q2F2, and Q2F3 〉 0.99） predictive power. The use of LCA and LIA led to improved predictions compared to the estimates based on the CA and IA models. Both LCA and LIA were found to be appropriate methods for modeling toxicity of non-interactive chemical mixtures.
文摘An Ayurvedic medicine, Liv-52 has been studied as a prophylactic against beryllium induced toxicity in rats. Administration of beryllium per se caused severe degenerative and necrotic changes in liver, kidney, lungs and spleen. Its administration reduced glycogen content, activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase in these oreans. On the contrary, activities of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were increased singificantly. In Liv-52 primed rats significant recoupment was observed in all the parameters
基金supported by Dr. Katsuko Komatsu Award of Year 2008, Japan
文摘Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed and easily accessible. It contains a variety of toxic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In Eastern medicine, especially in Ayurvedic medicine, D. stramonium has been used for curing various human ailments, including ulcers, wounds, inflammation, rheumatism and gout, sciatica, bruises and swellings, fever, asthma and bronchitis, and toothache. A few previous studies have reported on the pharmacological effects of D. stramonium; however, complete information regarding the pharmacology, toxicity, ethnobotany and phytochemistry remains unclear. Ethnomedicinally, the frequent recreational abuse of D. stramonium has resulted in toxic syndromes. D. stramonium, in the form of paste or solution to relieve the local pain, may not have a deleterious effect; however, oral and systemic administration may lead to severe anticholinergic symptoms. For this reason, it is very important for individuals, mainly young people, to be aware of the toxic nature and potential risks associated with the use of this plant. This comprehensive review of D. stramonium includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and ethnomedicinal uses.
