You are cordially invited to the 40th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry,which will be held from 15 to 17 August 2025 in Changchun,China.Changchun is a City of Science,Education,and Resor...You are cordially invited to the 40th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry,which will be held from 15 to 17 August 2025 in Changchun,China.Changchun is a City of Science,Education,and Resort with a population of more than 9 million.展开更多
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis(EoE)is a chronic inflammatory disorder presenting as symptoms of dysphagia,esophageal food impaction,chest pain,and heartburn.After an initial trial of proton pump inhibitor(PPI)the...BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis(EoE)is a chronic inflammatory disorder presenting as symptoms of dysphagia,esophageal food impaction,chest pain,and heartburn.After an initial trial of proton pump inhibitor(PPI)therapy,swallowed topical corticosteroids(STC)are effective as induction therapy for EoE.However,out-come data for STC as a maintenance strategy is limited.RESULTS Three randomized control trials and one observational study were included,involving 303 patients(189 in the STC group,114 in the placebo-controlled group).Analysis showed that histologic recurrence was significantly lower with STC(OR:0.04,95%CI:0.01-0.28,P<0.00001,I^(2)=78%).Overall symptom recurrence was similar between groups(OR:0.23,95%CI:0.02-3.54,P=0.29,I^(2)=92%).On sensitivity analysis,symptom recurrence was significantly lower in the STC group(OR:0.05,95%CI:0.02-0.17,P=0.00001,I^(2)=39%).Odds of repeat dilation were significantly lower in the STC group(OR:0.14,95%CI:0.02-0.91,P=0.04,I^(2)=0%).Candida infection rates were similar between groups(OR:6.13,95%CI:0.85-44.26,P=0.07,I^(2)=24%).Proportion of concomitant PPI use was similar between groups(OR:1.64,95%CI:0.83-3.21,P=0.15,I^(2)=0%).CONCLUSION For patients who successfully achieved remission of EoE with STC induction therapy,maintaining treatment is effective in sustaining histologic remission,while newer regimens may be effective in preventing symptom recurrence compared to placebo.We found no significant difference for oropharyngeal/esophageal candidiasis with STC maintenance therapy.Future studies with longer follow-up periods are needed.展开更多
Background:Corneal scarring following bacterial keratitis,particularly from Pseudomonas infections,poses significant challenges in ophthalmic care.Current treatments often fall short in effectively reducing corneal ha...Background:Corneal scarring following bacterial keratitis,particularly from Pseudomonas infections,poses significant challenges in ophthalmic care.Current treatments often fall short in effectively reducing corneal haze and restoring vision.To our knowledge,this is the first report documenting the use of topical losartan,an angiotensin II receptor antagonist known to inhibit the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)pathway,for treating corneal haze resulting from bacterial keratitis.Case Description:A 30-year-old male presented with a persistent corneal scar in his right eye,178 days post-Pseudomonas keratitis.Despite a prolonged course of topical corticosteroids,his best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)stabilized at 20/40 with a hybrid contact lens over a 2-month period.Given the lack of improvement,we initiated treatment with topical losartan at a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL,administered six times daily.After 4 months of therapy,the patient’s BCVA improved to 20/25.Slit-lamp examination and corneal tomography revealed a significant reduction in corneal haze,indicating a positive response to the treatment.Conclusions:This case suggests that topical losartan may be a promising therapeutic option for reducing corneal opacity following bacterial keratitis by inhibiting the TGF-βpathway.However,further clinical studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety in broader patient populations.展开更多
Peyronie’s disease(PD)presents a multifaceted challenge in contemporary urological practice,marked by penile deformity,pain,and the potential for erectile dysfunction.We meticulously explored the existing literature ...Peyronie’s disease(PD)presents a multifaceted challenge in contemporary urological practice,marked by penile deformity,pain,and the potential for erectile dysfunction.We meticulously explored the existing literature of intralesional/topical interventions,aiming to provide clinicians with a nuanced understanding of available options for comprehensive PD management.To conduct this review,we performed a systematic search using the PubMed,Scopus,and ScienceDirect databases,including the keywords of combination of the“Peyronie’s disease/plastic induration of the penis(PIP)and intralesional/topical treatments”.The study selection was based on adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,resulting in the inclusion of 16 articles.We delve into the effectiveness and safety profiles of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum(CCH),interferon,platelet-rich plasma(PRP),hyaluronic acid,botulinum toxin,stem cell,extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT),and traction therapy,assessing their impact on penile curvature,length improvement,and patient-reported symptoms and outcomes.The best options evaluated are intralesional injections of CCH and penile traction devices,alone or in combination.Despite PD remains a challenge for urologists,the objective of this review is to contribute to the evolving landscape of PD management,fostering informed decision-making,and personalized care for individuals grappling with this challenging condition.展开更多
Topical chemotherapy is increasingly used to treat ocular surface tumors as a primary therapy and an adjuvant treatment after surgical excision.The most employed topical agents include mitomycin C(MMC),5-fluorouracil(...Topical chemotherapy is increasingly used to treat ocular surface tumors as a primary therapy and an adjuvant treatment after surgical excision.The most employed topical agents include mitomycin C(MMC),5-fluorouracil(5-FU),and interferon alpha-2b(IFNα2b),each with distinctmechanisms of action,efficacy profiles,and toxicity risks.Although these agents offer effective tumor control and allow for a non-invasive approach in many cases,ocular surface complications requiring medical or surgical management can occur.This summarizes the adverse effect and outilines practical strategies for their prevention and treatment.MMC is the most potent agent but also the most toxic,with reported complications such as limbal stemcell deficiency,punctal stenosis,and persistent epithelial defects.5-FU demonstrates a more favorable safety profile,although rare cases of corneal ulceration have been described.IFNα2b is well tolerated and associated primarily with mild,reversible reactions.The choice of the proper agent should be tailored according to patient’s clinical presentation,ocular surface status,and ability to adhere to therapy and followup.Timely recognition and management of complications are essential to minimize long-term sequelae.Reliance on compounded formulations highlights the need for stable,standardized,and commercially available topical agents specifically designed for ocular use to ensure safety,reproducibility,and global accessibility.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)printing is an innovative manufacturingmethod with the potential to revolutionize topical and transdermal dosage forms.Nowadays,it is established that Vatbased photopolymerization(VP)3D printing t...Three-dimensional(3D)printing is an innovative manufacturingmethod with the potential to revolutionize topical and transdermal dosage forms.Nowadays,it is established that Vatbased photopolymerization(VP)3D printing technologies offer superior printing efficiency and versatility compared to other 3D printing technologies available on the market.However,there are some limitations that impair their full application in pharmaceutical contexts,such as the lack of a range of biocompatiblematerials for topical and transdermal applications.This reviewarticle explores all types of VP-based 3D printing and discusses the relevance of implementing this kind of technology.We start with a detailed description of the printing process,focusing on the commercial materials available and lab-made resins proposed by different authors.We also review recent studies in this field,which mainly focus on the fabrication of transdermal devices based on microneedle arrays.In the future,it is expected that the manufacturers of 3D printers invest in modifications to the printing apparatus to allow the simultaneous printing of different resins and/or compound types,which will open frontiers to the personalization of treatment approaches.展开更多
Cataract is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide while the only effective cure for cataract is still surgery.Consecutive phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia has been the routine procedu...Cataract is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide while the only effective cure for cataract is still surgery.Consecutive phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia has been the routine procedure for cataract surgery.However,patients often grumbled that they felt more painful during the second-eye surgery compared to the first-eye surgery.The intraoperative pain experience has negative influence on satisfaction and willingness for second-eye cataract surgery of patients with bilateral cataracts.Intraoperative ocular pain is a complicated process induced by the nociceptors activation in the peripheral nervous system.Immunological,neuropsychological,and pharmacological factors work together in the enhancement of intraoperative pain.Accumulating published literatures have focused on the pain enhancement during the secondeye phacoemulsification surgeries.In this review,we searched PubMed database for articles associated with pain perception differences between consecutive cataract surgeries published up to Feb.1,2024.We summarized the recent research progress in mechanisms and interventions for pain perception enhancement in consecutive secondeye phacoemulsification cataract surgeries.This review aimed to provide novel insights into strategies for improving patients’intraoperative experience in second-eye cataract surgeries.展开更多
Focused crawling is an important technique for topical resource discovery on the Web.The key issue in focused crawling is to prioritize uncrawled uniform resource locators(URLs) in the frontier to focus the crawling o...Focused crawling is an important technique for topical resource discovery on the Web.The key issue in focused crawling is to prioritize uncrawled uniform resource locators(URLs) in the frontier to focus the crawling on relevant pages.Traditional focused crawlers mainly rely on content analysis.Link-based techniques are not effectively exploited despite their usefulness.In this paper,we propose a new frontier prioritizing algorithm,namely the on-line topical importance estimation(OTIE) algorithm.OTIE combines link-and content-based analysis to evaluate the priority of an uncrawled URL in the frontier.We performed real crawling experiments over 30 topics selected from the Open Directory Project(ODP) and compared harvest rate and target recall of the four crawling algorithms:breadth-first,link-context-prediction,on-line page importance computation(OPIC) and our OTIE.Experimental results showed that OTIE significantly outperforms the other three algorithms on the average target recall while maintaining an acceptable harvest rate.Moreover,OTIE is much faster than the traditional focused crawling algorithm.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of 0.1% topical salicylic acid（TSA） to treat iatrogenic chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in patients with primary open angle glaucoma（POAG）, treated with topical prostaglandin analogues...AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of 0.1% topical salicylic acid（TSA） to treat iatrogenic chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in patients with primary open angle glaucoma（POAG）, treated with topical prostaglandin analogues（TPAs）.METHODS: Totally 60 patients were randomly distributed into 3 equal size groups, two of which treated with 0.1% TSA（OMKASA;） and 0.1% topical clobetasone butyrate（TCB; VISUCLOBEN;） respectively, and one consisting of untreated controls. The parameters taken into account at baseline（T0） and after 30 d（T1） of therapy were: conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimal function tests [Schirmer I test and break up time（BUT）] and intraocular pressure（IOP）.RESULTS: Conjunctival hyperemia showed a substantial improvement in both treated groups（P<0.001） but not among controls. Similarly, lacrimal function tests displayed an improvement of Schirmer I test in both treated groups（P<0.05） and an extension of BUT only in the group treated with 0.1% TSA（P<0.05）. The IOP increase was statistically significant only in those patients treated with 0.1% TCB（P<0.001）.CONCLUSION: The 0.1% TSA has proved to be an effective anti-inflammatory treatment of blepharoconjunctivitis affecting glaucoma patients on therapy with TPAs, leading to a sizeable decrease of inflammation as well as both quantitative and qualitative improvement of tear film. Furthermore, differently from 0.1% TCB, it does not induce any significant IOP increase.展开更多
Eosinophilic esophagitis(EoE)is an emerging chronic local immune-mediated disease of the esophagus.Beside proton pump inhibitors and food-restrictiondiets swallowed topical corticosteroids(STC)can be offered as a firs...Eosinophilic esophagitis(EoE)is an emerging chronic local immune-mediated disease of the esophagus.Beside proton pump inhibitors and food-restrictiondiets swallowed topical corticosteroids(STC)can be offered as a first line therapy according to current guidelines.This review describes the background and practical management of STCs in EoE.So far,mainly asthma inhalers containing either budesonide or fluticasone have been administered to the esophagus by swallowing these medications“off label”.Recently esophagus-targeted formulations of topical steroids have been developed showing clinicopathological response rates up to 85%-an orodispersible tablet of budesonide has been approved as the first“in label”medication for EoE in Europe in June 2018.Whereas it was shown that disease remission induction of EoE by STCs is highly effective,there is still a lack of data regarding long-term and maintenance therapy.However,current studies on STC maintenance therapy add some movement into the game.展开更多
Oral hairy leukoplakia(OHL) is a disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections. OHL is usually an asymptomatic lesion, but in some cases treatment is recommended to reestablish...Oral hairy leukoplakia(OHL) is a disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections. OHL is usually an asymptomatic lesion, but in some cases treatment is recommended to reestablish the normal characteristics of the tongue, to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, to improve patient comfort and for cosmetic reasons. Proposed treatments for this condition include surgery, systemic antiviral treatment and topical management. Topical treatment is an inexpensive and safe therapy that is easy to apply, noninvasive, free of systemic adverse effects and effective over a long period of time. The aim of this study was to present a review of the literature for topical therapy for OHL. Gentian violet, retinoids, podophyllin, acyclovir and podophyllin associated with topical antiviral drugs were used to treat OHL. Reports with this focus are limited, and since 2010, no new studies have been published that discuss the efficacy of topical treatments for OHL. Podophyllin with acyclovircream was found to be effective, causing regression of lesions with no recurrences. Additional searches are necessary to provide clinical evidence of topical man agement effectiveness.展开更多
Objective To investigate the effects of the topical use of aprotinin on thebasis of comprehensive blood conservations in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods In a prospectiveclinical trial, 20 patients were randomly ...Objective To investigate the effects of the topical use of aprotinin on thebasis of comprehensive blood conservations in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods In a prospectiveclinical trial, 20 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Control group: placebo was usedtopically. Aprotinin group: aprotinin was poured into the pericardial cavity before closure of thesternotomy. Before and 24h after surgery, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), bleeding time (BT),clotting time (CT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured. Meanwhile, amounts of the mediastinaldrainage and the hemoglobin loss were observed at 0, 2, 6 and 24h after operation. The samples fromthe mediastinal drainage were also collected to measure D-Dimer (D-D), tissue type plasminogenactivator (t-PA) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and protein C (PC).Results In Aprotinin group, D-D, t-PA activity and PC were significantly reduced, compared withthose in Control group (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.01). On the contrary, PAI activity was significantlyincreased, compared with that in Control group. Amounts of the mediastinal drainage and thehemoglobin loss were decreased by 43% and 52%, compared with those in Control group. Conclusion Ourresults suggest that the topical use of aprotinin can have better effects on the basis ofcomprehensive moderate blood conservation.展开更多
The objective of this study was to prepare nanostructured lipid carrier(NLC)-based topical gel of Ganoderma Triterpenoids(GTs) and evaluate their effects on frostbite treatment. GT-NLCs was prepared by the high pressu...The objective of this study was to prepare nanostructured lipid carrier(NLC)-based topical gel of Ganoderma Triterpenoids(GTs) and evaluate their effects on frostbite treatment. GT-NLCs was prepared by the high pressure homogenization method and then characterized by morphology and analyses of particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency(EE), and drug loading(DL). The NLCs was suitably gelled for skin permeation studies in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluation in vivo, compared with the GT emulgel. The GT-NLC remained within the colloidal range and was uniformly dispersed after suitably gelled by carbopol preparation. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) study showed GT-NLCs was spherical in shape. The EE(%) and DL(%) could reach up to(81.84 ± 0.60)% and(2.13 ± 0.12)%, respectively. The result of X-ray diffractograms(XRD) showed that GTs were in an amorphous state in the NLC-gel. In vitro permeation studies through rat skin indicated that the amount of GTs permeated through skin of GT-NLCs after 24 h was higher than that of GT emulsion, and GT-NLCs increased the accumulative amounts of GTs in epidermis 7.76 times greater than GT emulsion. GT-NLC-gel was found to possess superior therapeutic effect for frostbite, compared with the GT emulgel. The NLC based topical gel of GTs could improve-their therapeutic effect for frostbite.展开更多
·AIM:To determine the value of Schirmer Ⅰtest (SⅠt) without anesthesia and with topical anesthesia for diagnosing dry eye (DE). ·METHODS:Totally 220 eyes in 110 patients, male (44) and female (66), (39.56&...·AIM:To determine the value of Schirmer Ⅰtest (SⅠt) without anesthesia and with topical anesthesia for diagnosing dry eye (DE). ·METHODS:Totally 220 eyes in 110 patients, male (44) and female (66), (39.56±12.67) years old diagnosed with DE were examined. SⅠt without anesthesia was performed firstly, and 15 minutes later, it was applied again in the same person after topical anesthesia with 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops. The wetting strips counted <10mm per 5 minutes were defined positive, while ≤5mm per 5 minutes were defined strong positive. ·RESULTS:The wetting length in SⅠt after topical anesthesia was significantly lower than that in SⅠt without anesthesia(P < 0.001). The positive rate and strong positive rate of SⅠt after topical anesthesia were significantly higher than that of SⅠt without anesthesia (P <0.001). The positive rate and strong positive rate of SⅠt without anesthesia and the strong positive rate of SⅠt after topical anesthesia in patients with aqueous-deficiency dry eye (ADDE) were significantly higher than those in total patients whereas those in patients with evaporative dry eye (EDE) were significantly lower than those in total patients (P <0.001). ·CONCLUSION:SⅠt after topical anesthesia with 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops is more objective and reliable than that without anesthesia in reflecting the status of DE, and its diagnostic value in patients with ADDE was even higher, making itself a meaningful evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of DE.展开更多
Skin is considered as an important route of administration of drugs for both local and systemic effects. The effectiveness of topical therapy depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug and adherence of the ...Skin is considered as an important route of administration of drugs for both local and systemic effects. The effectiveness of topical therapy depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug and adherence of the patient to the treatment regimen as well as the system’s ability to adhere to skin during the therapy so as to promote drug penetration through the skin barrier.Conventional formulations for topical and dermatological administration of drugs have certain limitations like poor adherence to skin, poor permeability and compromised patient compliance.For the treatment of diseases of body tissues and wounds, the drug has to be maintained at the site of treatment for an effective period of time. Topical film forming systems are such developing drug delivery systems meant for topical application to the skin, which adhere to the body, forming a thin transparent film and provide delivery of the active ingredients to the body tissue. These are intended for skin application as emollient or protective and for local action or transdermal penetration of medicament for systemic action. The transparency is an appreciable feature of this polymeric system which greatly influences the patient acceptance.In the current discussion, the film forming systems are described as a promising choice for topical and transdermal drug delivery. Further the various types of film forming systems (sprays/solutions, gels and emulsions) along with their evaluation parameters have also been reviewed.展开更多
· AIM: To determine the effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) on corneal endothelium in patients with dry eye disease. · METHODS: Observational, prospective, case series study. Fifty-five eyes of 29 c...· AIM: To determine the effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) on corneal endothelium in patients with dry eye disease. · METHODS: Observational, prospective, case series study. Fifty-five eyes of 29 consecutive patients (9 males and 20 females; median age: 66.8 years, interquartile range: 61 -73.2 years) with moderate -severe dry eye disease were evaluated. All patients were treated with topical 0.05% CsA ophthalmic emulsion twice a day in addition to lubricant eyedrops 5 times a day. The follow- up period was 12 months. Before treatment and at 3 and 12 months post -treatment central corneal specular microscopy was performed. The endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation of cell size (CoV), and percentage of hexagonal cells (Hex %) were analyzed. ·RESULTS: The median ECDs pre-treatment and at 3 and 12 months post-treatment were 2 352.5/mm 2 (inter- quartile range, 2 178 -2548.5), 2 364/mm 2 (interquartile range, 2 174.25 -2 657.5), and 2 366 cells/mm 2 (inter - quartile range, 2 174.75-2 539.75), respectively (P=0.927, one way ANOVA). The median CoVs pre-treatment and at 3 and 12 months post -treatment were 34.5 (interquartile range, 30 -37), 35 (interquartile range, 30 -38), and 34 (interquartile range, 30.75-38.25), respectively (P=0.7193, one way ANOVA). The median Hex % values pre - treatment and at 3 and 12 months post -treatment were 53 (interquartile range, 47 -58), 54 (interquartile range, 45.75 -59), and 50.5 (interquartile range, 45.75 -58), respectively (P=0.824, one way ANOVA). · CONCLUSION: Treatment of patients with dry eye disease for 12 months with topical 0.05% CsA does not seem to cause substantial changes on corneal endothelium.展开更多
In micro-blogging contexts such as Twitter,the number of content producers can easily reach tens of thousands,and many users can participate in discussion of any given topic.While many users can introduce diversity,as...In micro-blogging contexts such as Twitter,the number of content producers can easily reach tens of thousands,and many users can participate in discussion of any given topic.While many users can introduce diversity,as not all users are equally influential,it makes it challenging to identify the true influencers,who are generally rated as being interesting and authoritative on a given topic.In this study,the influence of users is measured by performing random walks of the multi-relational data in micro-blogging:retweet,reply,reintroduce,and read.Due to the uncertainty of the reintroduce and read operations,a new method is proposed to determine the transition probabilities of uncertain relational networks.Moreover,we propose a method for performing the combined random walks for the multi-relational influence network,considering both the transition probabilities for intra-and inter-networking.Experiments were conducted on a real Twitter dataset containing about 260 000 users and 2.7million tweets,and the results show that our method is more effective than TwitterRank and other methods used to discover influencers.展开更多
We investigated the delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye by non-invasive topical instillation using submicron-sized poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) nanoparticles(NPs). Surface-modified PLGA NPs w...We investigated the delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye by non-invasive topical instillation using submicron-sized poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) nanoparticles(NPs). Surface-modified PLGA NPs were developed to improve the drug delivery efficiency to the retina and were administered as topical eye drops to mice. Chitosan(CS) and glycol chitosan(GCS), which are mucoadhesive polymers, and polysorbate 80(P80) were used as surface modifiers, and have been reported to increase the association of NPs with cells.Coumarin-6 was used as a model drug and fluorescent marker, and after ocular administration of PLGA NP eye drops, the fluorescence intensity of coumarin-6 was observed in the retina. The fluorescence image analysis indicated that there are several possible routes to the retina and fates of PLGA NPs in ocular tissue, and that these pathways involved the corneal,non-corneal, or uveal routes. Delivery to the mouse retina segments after topical administration was increased by surface modification with CS, GCS, or P80. Surface-modified PLGA NPs are a promising method for retinal drug delivery via topical instillation.展开更多
A retained bile duct stone after operation for cholelithiasis still occurs and causes symptoms such as biliary colic and obstructive jaundice.An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincter...A retained bile duct stone after operation for cholelithiasis still occurs and causes symptoms such as biliary colic and obstructive jaundice.An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST),followed by stone extraction,are usually an effective treatment for this condition.However,these procedures are associated with severe complications including pancreatitis,bleeding,and duodenal perforation.Nitrates such as glyceryl trinitrate(GTN) and isosorbide dinitrate(ISDN) are known to relax the sphincter of Oddi.In 6 cases in which a retained stone was detected following cholecystectomy,topical nitrate drip infusion via cystic duct tube(C-tube) was carried out.Retained stones of 2-3 mm diameter and no dilated common bile duct in 3 patients were removed by drip infusion of 50 mg GTN or 10 mg ISDN,which was the regular dose of intravenous injection.Three other cases failed,and EST in 2 cases and endoscopic biliary balloon dilatation in 1 case were performed.One patient developed an adverse event of nausea.Severe complications were not observed.We consider the topical nitrate drip infusion via C-tube to be old but safe,easy,and inexpensive procedure for retained bile duct stone following cholecystectomy,inasmuch as removal rate was about 50% in our cases.展开更多
Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(...Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.展开更多
文摘You are cordially invited to the 40th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry,which will be held from 15 to 17 August 2025 in Changchun,China.Changchun is a City of Science,Education,and Resort with a population of more than 9 million.
文摘BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis(EoE)is a chronic inflammatory disorder presenting as symptoms of dysphagia,esophageal food impaction,chest pain,and heartburn.After an initial trial of proton pump inhibitor(PPI)therapy,swallowed topical corticosteroids(STC)are effective as induction therapy for EoE.However,out-come data for STC as a maintenance strategy is limited.RESULTS Three randomized control trials and one observational study were included,involving 303 patients(189 in the STC group,114 in the placebo-controlled group).Analysis showed that histologic recurrence was significantly lower with STC(OR:0.04,95%CI:0.01-0.28,P<0.00001,I^(2)=78%).Overall symptom recurrence was similar between groups(OR:0.23,95%CI:0.02-3.54,P=0.29,I^(2)=92%).On sensitivity analysis,symptom recurrence was significantly lower in the STC group(OR:0.05,95%CI:0.02-0.17,P=0.00001,I^(2)=39%).Odds of repeat dilation were significantly lower in the STC group(OR:0.14,95%CI:0.02-0.91,P=0.04,I^(2)=0%).Candida infection rates were similar between groups(OR:6.13,95%CI:0.85-44.26,P=0.07,I^(2)=24%).Proportion of concomitant PPI use was similar between groups(OR:1.64,95%CI:0.83-3.21,P=0.15,I^(2)=0%).CONCLUSION For patients who successfully achieved remission of EoE with STC induction therapy,maintaining treatment is effective in sustaining histologic remission,while newer regimens may be effective in preventing symptom recurrence compared to placebo.We found no significant difference for oropharyngeal/esophageal candidiasis with STC maintenance therapy.Future studies with longer follow-up periods are needed.
文摘Background:Corneal scarring following bacterial keratitis,particularly from Pseudomonas infections,poses significant challenges in ophthalmic care.Current treatments often fall short in effectively reducing corneal haze and restoring vision.To our knowledge,this is the first report documenting the use of topical losartan,an angiotensin II receptor antagonist known to inhibit the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)pathway,for treating corneal haze resulting from bacterial keratitis.Case Description:A 30-year-old male presented with a persistent corneal scar in his right eye,178 days post-Pseudomonas keratitis.Despite a prolonged course of topical corticosteroids,his best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)stabilized at 20/40 with a hybrid contact lens over a 2-month period.Given the lack of improvement,we initiated treatment with topical losartan at a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL,administered six times daily.After 4 months of therapy,the patient’s BCVA improved to 20/25.Slit-lamp examination and corneal tomography revealed a significant reduction in corneal haze,indicating a positive response to the treatment.Conclusions:This case suggests that topical losartan may be a promising therapeutic option for reducing corneal opacity following bacterial keratitis by inhibiting the TGF-βpathway.However,further clinical studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy and safety in broader patient populations.
文摘Peyronie’s disease(PD)presents a multifaceted challenge in contemporary urological practice,marked by penile deformity,pain,and the potential for erectile dysfunction.We meticulously explored the existing literature of intralesional/topical interventions,aiming to provide clinicians with a nuanced understanding of available options for comprehensive PD management.To conduct this review,we performed a systematic search using the PubMed,Scopus,and ScienceDirect databases,including the keywords of combination of the“Peyronie’s disease/plastic induration of the penis(PIP)and intralesional/topical treatments”.The study selection was based on adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,resulting in the inclusion of 16 articles.We delve into the effectiveness and safety profiles of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum(CCH),interferon,platelet-rich plasma(PRP),hyaluronic acid,botulinum toxin,stem cell,extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT),and traction therapy,assessing their impact on penile curvature,length improvement,and patient-reported symptoms and outcomes.The best options evaluated are intralesional injections of CCH and penile traction devices,alone or in combination.Despite PD remains a challenge for urologists,the objective of this review is to contribute to the evolving landscape of PD management,fostering informed decision-making,and personalized care for individuals grappling with this challenging condition.
文摘Topical chemotherapy is increasingly used to treat ocular surface tumors as a primary therapy and an adjuvant treatment after surgical excision.The most employed topical agents include mitomycin C(MMC),5-fluorouracil(5-FU),and interferon alpha-2b(IFNα2b),each with distinctmechanisms of action,efficacy profiles,and toxicity risks.Although these agents offer effective tumor control and allow for a non-invasive approach in many cases,ocular surface complications requiring medical or surgical management can occur.This summarizes the adverse effect and outilines practical strategies for their prevention and treatment.MMC is the most potent agent but also the most toxic,with reported complications such as limbal stemcell deficiency,punctal stenosis,and persistent epithelial defects.5-FU demonstrates a more favorable safety profile,although rare cases of corneal ulceration have been described.IFNα2b is well tolerated and associated primarily with mild,reversible reactions.The choice of the proper agent should be tailored according to patient’s clinical presentation,ocular surface status,and ability to adhere to therapy and followup.Timely recognition and management of complications are essential to minimize long-term sequelae.Reliance on compounded formulations highlights the need for stable,standardized,and commercially available topical agents specifically designed for ocular use to ensure safety,reproducibility,and global accessibility.
基金funded by the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia,Portugal[UIDB/04138/2020 and UIDP/04138/2020 to iMed.ULisboa,CEECINST/00145/2018 to J Marto,fellowship 2020.10138BD to A.Graca and UI/BD/153624/2022 to S.Bom].
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)printing is an innovative manufacturingmethod with the potential to revolutionize topical and transdermal dosage forms.Nowadays,it is established that Vatbased photopolymerization(VP)3D printing technologies offer superior printing efficiency and versatility compared to other 3D printing technologies available on the market.However,there are some limitations that impair their full application in pharmaceutical contexts,such as the lack of a range of biocompatiblematerials for topical and transdermal applications.This reviewarticle explores all types of VP-based 3D printing and discusses the relevance of implementing this kind of technology.We start with a detailed description of the printing process,focusing on the commercial materials available and lab-made resins proposed by different authors.We also review recent studies in this field,which mainly focus on the fabrication of transdermal devices based on microneedle arrays.In the future,it is expected that the manufacturers of 3D printers invest in modifications to the printing apparatus to allow the simultaneous printing of different resins and/or compound types,which will open frontiers to the personalization of treatment approaches.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82171038No.81974129)Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (No.JSDW202245).
文摘Cataract is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide while the only effective cure for cataract is still surgery.Consecutive phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia has been the routine procedure for cataract surgery.However,patients often grumbled that they felt more painful during the second-eye surgery compared to the first-eye surgery.The intraoperative pain experience has negative influence on satisfaction and willingness for second-eye cataract surgery of patients with bilateral cataracts.Intraoperative ocular pain is a complicated process induced by the nociceptors activation in the peripheral nervous system.Immunological,neuropsychological,and pharmacological factors work together in the enhancement of intraoperative pain.Accumulating published literatures have focused on the pain enhancement during the secondeye phacoemulsification surgeries.In this review,we searched PubMed database for articles associated with pain perception differences between consecutive cataract surgeries published up to Feb.1,2024.We summarized the recent research progress in mechanisms and interventions for pain perception enhancement in consecutive secondeye phacoemulsification cataract surgeries.This review aimed to provide novel insights into strategies for improving patients’intraoperative experience in second-eye cataract surgeries.
基金Project (No.2007C23086) supported by the Science and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province,China
文摘Focused crawling is an important technique for topical resource discovery on the Web.The key issue in focused crawling is to prioritize uncrawled uniform resource locators(URLs) in the frontier to focus the crawling on relevant pages.Traditional focused crawlers mainly rely on content analysis.Link-based techniques are not effectively exploited despite their usefulness.In this paper,we propose a new frontier prioritizing algorithm,namely the on-line topical importance estimation(OTIE) algorithm.OTIE combines link-and content-based analysis to evaluate the priority of an uncrawled URL in the frontier.We performed real crawling experiments over 30 topics selected from the Open Directory Project(ODP) and compared harvest rate and target recall of the four crawling algorithms:breadth-first,link-context-prediction,on-line page importance computation(OPIC) and our OTIE.Experimental results showed that OTIE significantly outperforms the other three algorithms on the average target recall while maintaining an acceptable harvest rate.Moreover,OTIE is much faster than the traditional focused crawling algorithm.
文摘AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of 0.1% topical salicylic acid（TSA） to treat iatrogenic chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in patients with primary open angle glaucoma（POAG）, treated with topical prostaglandin analogues（TPAs）.METHODS: Totally 60 patients were randomly distributed into 3 equal size groups, two of which treated with 0.1% TSA（OMKASA;） and 0.1% topical clobetasone butyrate（TCB; VISUCLOBEN;） respectively, and one consisting of untreated controls. The parameters taken into account at baseline（T0） and after 30 d（T1） of therapy were: conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimal function tests [Schirmer I test and break up time（BUT）] and intraocular pressure（IOP）.RESULTS: Conjunctival hyperemia showed a substantial improvement in both treated groups（P<0.001） but not among controls. Similarly, lacrimal function tests displayed an improvement of Schirmer I test in both treated groups（P<0.05） and an extension of BUT only in the group treated with 0.1% TSA（P<0.05）. The IOP increase was statistically significant only in those patients treated with 0.1% TCB（P<0.001）.CONCLUSION: The 0.1% TSA has proved to be an effective anti-inflammatory treatment of blepharoconjunctivitis affecting glaucoma patients on therapy with TPAs, leading to a sizeable decrease of inflammation as well as both quantitative and qualitative improvement of tear film. Furthermore, differently from 0.1% TCB, it does not induce any significant IOP increase.
文摘Eosinophilic esophagitis(EoE)is an emerging chronic local immune-mediated disease of the esophagus.Beside proton pump inhibitors and food-restrictiondiets swallowed topical corticosteroids(STC)can be offered as a first line therapy according to current guidelines.This review describes the background and practical management of STCs in EoE.So far,mainly asthma inhalers containing either budesonide or fluticasone have been administered to the esophagus by swallowing these medications“off label”.Recently esophagus-targeted formulations of topical steroids have been developed showing clinicopathological response rates up to 85%-an orodispersible tablet of budesonide has been approved as the first“in label”medication for EoE in Europe in June 2018.Whereas it was shown that disease remission induction of EoE by STCs is highly effective,there is still a lack of data regarding long-term and maintenance therapy.However,current studies on STC maintenance therapy add some movement into the game.
基金National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)Office of the Dean of Research of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais(PRPq,#01/2014).
文摘Oral hairy leukoplakia(OHL) is a disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections. OHL is usually an asymptomatic lesion, but in some cases treatment is recommended to reestablish the normal characteristics of the tongue, to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, to improve patient comfort and for cosmetic reasons. Proposed treatments for this condition include surgery, systemic antiviral treatment and topical management. Topical treatment is an inexpensive and safe therapy that is easy to apply, noninvasive, free of systemic adverse effects and effective over a long period of time. The aim of this study was to present a review of the literature for topical therapy for OHL. Gentian violet, retinoids, podophyllin, acyclovir and podophyllin associated with topical antiviral drugs were used to treat OHL. Reports with this focus are limited, and since 2010, no new studies have been published that discuss the efficacy of topical treatments for OHL. Podophyllin with acyclovircream was found to be effective, causing regression of lesions with no recurrences. Additional searches are necessary to provide clinical evidence of topical man agement effectiveness.
基金Supported by the Jiangsu Health Bureau Grand (B9606)
文摘Objective To investigate the effects of the topical use of aprotinin on thebasis of comprehensive blood conservations in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods In a prospectiveclinical trial, 20 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Control group: placebo was usedtopically. Aprotinin group: aprotinin was poured into the pericardial cavity before closure of thesternotomy. Before and 24h after surgery, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), bleeding time (BT),clotting time (CT) and prothrombin time (PT) were measured. Meanwhile, amounts of the mediastinaldrainage and the hemoglobin loss were observed at 0, 2, 6 and 24h after operation. The samples fromthe mediastinal drainage were also collected to measure D-Dimer (D-D), tissue type plasminogenactivator (t-PA) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and protein C (PC).Results In Aprotinin group, D-D, t-PA activity and PC were significantly reduced, compared withthose in Control group (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.01). On the contrary, PAI activity was significantlyincreased, compared with that in Control group. Amounts of the mediastinal drainage and thehemoglobin loss were decreased by 43% and 52%, compared with those in Control group. Conclusion Ourresults suggest that the topical use of aprotinin can have better effects on the basis ofcomprehensive moderate blood conservation.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China(No.7122176)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81102821)National Key New Drugs Innovation Foundation(Nos.2014ZX09J14106-01A and CWS11J165)
文摘The objective of this study was to prepare nanostructured lipid carrier(NLC)-based topical gel of Ganoderma Triterpenoids(GTs) and evaluate their effects on frostbite treatment. GT-NLCs was prepared by the high pressure homogenization method and then characterized by morphology and analyses of particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency(EE), and drug loading(DL). The NLCs was suitably gelled for skin permeation studies in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluation in vivo, compared with the GT emulgel. The GT-NLC remained within the colloidal range and was uniformly dispersed after suitably gelled by carbopol preparation. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) study showed GT-NLCs was spherical in shape. The EE(%) and DL(%) could reach up to(81.84 ± 0.60)% and(2.13 ± 0.12)%, respectively. The result of X-ray diffractograms(XRD) showed that GTs were in an amorphous state in the NLC-gel. In vitro permeation studies through rat skin indicated that the amount of GTs permeated through skin of GT-NLCs after 24 h was higher than that of GT emulsion, and GT-NLCs increased the accumulative amounts of GTs in epidermis 7.76 times greater than GT emulsion. GT-NLC-gel was found to possess superior therapeutic effect for frostbite, compared with the GT emulgel. The NLC based topical gel of GTs could improve-their therapeutic effect for frostbite.
文摘·AIM:To determine the value of Schirmer Ⅰtest (SⅠt) without anesthesia and with topical anesthesia for diagnosing dry eye (DE). ·METHODS:Totally 220 eyes in 110 patients, male (44) and female (66), (39.56±12.67) years old diagnosed with DE were examined. SⅠt without anesthesia was performed firstly, and 15 minutes later, it was applied again in the same person after topical anesthesia with 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops. The wetting strips counted <10mm per 5 minutes were defined positive, while ≤5mm per 5 minutes were defined strong positive. ·RESULTS:The wetting length in SⅠt after topical anesthesia was significantly lower than that in SⅠt without anesthesia(P < 0.001). The positive rate and strong positive rate of SⅠt after topical anesthesia were significantly higher than that of SⅠt without anesthesia (P <0.001). The positive rate and strong positive rate of SⅠt without anesthesia and the strong positive rate of SⅠt after topical anesthesia in patients with aqueous-deficiency dry eye (ADDE) were significantly higher than those in total patients whereas those in patients with evaporative dry eye (EDE) were significantly lower than those in total patients (P <0.001). ·CONCLUSION:SⅠt after topical anesthesia with 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops is more objective and reliable than that without anesthesia in reflecting the status of DE, and its diagnostic value in patients with ADDE was even higher, making itself a meaningful evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of DE.
基金Vivekanand Education Society’s College of Pharmacy, Chembur, Mumbai, for their support and encouragement
文摘Skin is considered as an important route of administration of drugs for both local and systemic effects. The effectiveness of topical therapy depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug and adherence of the patient to the treatment regimen as well as the system’s ability to adhere to skin during the therapy so as to promote drug penetration through the skin barrier.Conventional formulations for topical and dermatological administration of drugs have certain limitations like poor adherence to skin, poor permeability and compromised patient compliance.For the treatment of diseases of body tissues and wounds, the drug has to be maintained at the site of treatment for an effective period of time. Topical film forming systems are such developing drug delivery systems meant for topical application to the skin, which adhere to the body, forming a thin transparent film and provide delivery of the active ingredients to the body tissue. These are intended for skin application as emollient or protective and for local action or transdermal penetration of medicament for systemic action. The transparency is an appreciable feature of this polymeric system which greatly influences the patient acceptance.In the current discussion, the film forming systems are described as a promising choice for topical and transdermal drug delivery. Further the various types of film forming systems (sprays/solutions, gels and emulsions) along with their evaluation parameters have also been reviewed.
文摘· AIM: To determine the effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) on corneal endothelium in patients with dry eye disease. · METHODS: Observational, prospective, case series study. Fifty-five eyes of 29 consecutive patients (9 males and 20 females; median age: 66.8 years, interquartile range: 61 -73.2 years) with moderate -severe dry eye disease were evaluated. All patients were treated with topical 0.05% CsA ophthalmic emulsion twice a day in addition to lubricant eyedrops 5 times a day. The follow- up period was 12 months. Before treatment and at 3 and 12 months post -treatment central corneal specular microscopy was performed. The endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation of cell size (CoV), and percentage of hexagonal cells (Hex %) were analyzed. ·RESULTS: The median ECDs pre-treatment and at 3 and 12 months post-treatment were 2 352.5/mm 2 (inter- quartile range, 2 178 -2548.5), 2 364/mm 2 (interquartile range, 2 174.25 -2 657.5), and 2 366 cells/mm 2 (inter - quartile range, 2 174.75-2 539.75), respectively (P=0.927, one way ANOVA). The median CoVs pre-treatment and at 3 and 12 months post -treatment were 34.5 (interquartile range, 30 -37), 35 (interquartile range, 30 -38), and 34 (interquartile range, 30.75-38.25), respectively (P=0.7193, one way ANOVA). The median Hex % values pre - treatment and at 3 and 12 months post -treatment were 53 (interquartile range, 47 -58), 54 (interquartile range, 45.75 -59), and 50.5 (interquartile range, 45.75 -58), respectively (P=0.824, one way ANOVA). · CONCLUSION: Treatment of patients with dry eye disease for 12 months with topical 0.05% CsA does not seem to cause substantial changes on corneal endothelium.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 60933005, No. 91124002under Grants No. 012505, No. 2011AA010702, No. 2012AA01A401, No. 2012AA01A402 (863 program)+1 种基金under Grant No.2011A010 (242)NSTM under Grants No.2012BAH38B04, No.2012BAH38B06
文摘In micro-blogging contexts such as Twitter,the number of content producers can easily reach tens of thousands,and many users can participate in discussion of any given topic.While many users can introduce diversity,as not all users are equally influential,it makes it challenging to identify the true influencers,who are generally rated as being interesting and authoritative on a given topic.In this study,the influence of users is measured by performing random walks of the multi-relational data in micro-blogging:retweet,reply,reintroduce,and read.Due to the uncertainty of the reintroduce and read operations,a new method is proposed to determine the transition probabilities of uncertain relational networks.Moreover,we propose a method for performing the combined random walks for the multi-relational influence network,considering both the transition probabilities for intra-and inter-networking.Experiments were conducted on a real Twitter dataset containing about 260 000 users and 2.7million tweets,and the results show that our method is more effective than TwitterRank and other methods used to discover influencers.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K18948
文摘We investigated the delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye by non-invasive topical instillation using submicron-sized poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) nanoparticles(NPs). Surface-modified PLGA NPs were developed to improve the drug delivery efficiency to the retina and were administered as topical eye drops to mice. Chitosan(CS) and glycol chitosan(GCS), which are mucoadhesive polymers, and polysorbate 80(P80) were used as surface modifiers, and have been reported to increase the association of NPs with cells.Coumarin-6 was used as a model drug and fluorescent marker, and after ocular administration of PLGA NP eye drops, the fluorescence intensity of coumarin-6 was observed in the retina. The fluorescence image analysis indicated that there are several possible routes to the retina and fates of PLGA NPs in ocular tissue, and that these pathways involved the corneal,non-corneal, or uveal routes. Delivery to the mouse retina segments after topical administration was increased by surface modification with CS, GCS, or P80. Surface-modified PLGA NPs are a promising method for retinal drug delivery via topical instillation.
文摘A retained bile duct stone after operation for cholelithiasis still occurs and causes symptoms such as biliary colic and obstructive jaundice.An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST),followed by stone extraction,are usually an effective treatment for this condition.However,these procedures are associated with severe complications including pancreatitis,bleeding,and duodenal perforation.Nitrates such as glyceryl trinitrate(GTN) and isosorbide dinitrate(ISDN) are known to relax the sphincter of Oddi.In 6 cases in which a retained stone was detected following cholecystectomy,topical nitrate drip infusion via cystic duct tube(C-tube) was carried out.Retained stones of 2-3 mm diameter and no dilated common bile duct in 3 patients were removed by drip infusion of 50 mg GTN or 10 mg ISDN,which was the regular dose of intravenous injection.Three other cases failed,and EST in 2 cases and endoscopic biliary balloon dilatation in 1 case were performed.One patient developed an adverse event of nausea.Severe complications were not observed.We consider the topical nitrate drip infusion via C-tube to be old but safe,easy,and inexpensive procedure for retained bile duct stone following cholecystectomy,inasmuch as removal rate was about 50% in our cases.
文摘Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.
