The presence of a positive deep surgical margin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC)significantly elevates the risk of local recurrence.Therefore,a prompt and precise intraoperative assessment of margin status is i...The presence of a positive deep surgical margin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC)significantly elevates the risk of local recurrence.Therefore,a prompt and precise intraoperative assessment of margin status is imperative to ensure thorough tumor resection.In this study,we integrate Raman imaging technology with an artificial intelligence(AI)generative model,proposing an innovative approach for intraoperative margin status diagnosis.This method utilizes Raman imaging to swiftly and non-invasively capture tissue Raman images,which are then transformed into hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)-stained histopathological images using an AI generative model for histopathological diagnosis.The generated H&E-stained images clearly illustrate the tissue’s pathological conditions.Independently reviewed by three pathologists,the overall diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between tumor tissue and normal muscle tissue reaches 86.7%.Notably,it outperforms current clinical practices,especially in TSCC with positive lymph node metastasis or moderately differentiated grades.This advancement highlights the potential of AI-enhanced Raman imaging to significantly improve intraoperative assessments and surgical margin evaluations,promising a versatile diagnostic tool beyond TSCC.展开更多
Objective To identify the key features of facial and tongue images associated with anemia in female populations,establish anemia risk-screening models,and evaluate their performance.Methods A total of 533 female parti...Objective To identify the key features of facial and tongue images associated with anemia in female populations,establish anemia risk-screening models,and evaluate their performance.Methods A total of 533 female participants(anemic and healthy)were recruited from Shuguang Hospital.Facial and tongue images were collected using the TFDA-1 tongue and face diagnosis instrument.Color and texture features from various parts of facial and tongue images were extracted using Face Diagnosis Analysis System(FDAS)and Tongue Diagnosis Analysis System version 2.0(TDAS v2.0).Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(LASSO)regression was used for feature selection.Ten machine learning models and one deep learning model(ResNet50V2+Conv1D)were developed and evaluated.Results Anemic women showed lower a-values,higher L-and b-values across all age groups.Texture features analysis showed that women aged 30–39 with anemia had higher angular second moment(ASM)and lower entropy(ENT)values in facial images,while those aged 40–49 had lower contrast(CON),ENT,and MEAN values in tongue images but higher ASM.Anemic women exhibited age-related trends similar to healthy women,with decreasing L-values and increasing a-,b-,and ASM-values.LASSO identified 19 key features from 62.Among classifiers,the Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model achieved the best performance[area under the curve(AUC):0.849,accuracy:0.781].The ResNet50V2 model achieved comparable results[AUC:0.846,accuracy:0.818].Conclusion Differences in facial and tongue images suggest that color and texture features can serve as potential TCM phenotype and auxiliary diagnostic indicators for female anemia.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with head and neck cancer often develop depressive symptoms during radiochemotherapy due to changes in saliva secretion,radiation-induced oral mucositis,and dysphagia.These symptoms significantly a...BACKGROUND Patients with head and neck cancer often develop depressive symptoms during radiochemotherapy due to changes in saliva secretion,radiation-induced oral mucositis,and dysphagia.These symptoms significantly affect quality of life.Although existing nursing interventions provide some relief,they have limitations in improving swallowing function and developing coping strategies.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of tongue pressure resistance feedback training combined with empowerment education in improving depressive symptoms and swallowing function in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiochemotherapy.METHODS This study included 110 patients with head and neck cancer who exhibited depressive symptoms and underwent radiochemotherapy at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University between January 2021 and December 2023.Patients were randomly assigned to either a reference group or an experimental group,each comprising 55 patients.The reference group received routine care,whereas the experimental group received tongue pressure resistance feedback training and empowerment education.After 6 weeks of continuous intervention,comparisons were made between the two groups regarding depressive symptom scores,swallowing function,coping strategies,and quality of life,both pre-and post-intervention.RESULTS Following the intervention,both groups demonstrated decreased scores for depressive symptoms and swallowing function,with the experimental group showing a significantly greater reduction than the reference group(P<0.05).The experimental group also demonstrated higher confrontation scores and lower avoidance and submission scores for coping strategies than the reference group(P<0.05).Quality of life scores improved in both groups after the intervention,with the experimental group showing markedly higher scores than the reference group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of tongue pressure resistance feedback training and empowerment education is effective in alleviating depressive symptoms,enhancing swallowing function,optimizing coping strategies,and significantly improving the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiochemotherapy.This approach shows promise for clinical applications and promotion.展开更多
Objective To investigate morphological differences between obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease(CAD)patients using computer-aided image analysis,and identify color and texture features for tradition...Objective To investigate morphological differences between obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease(CAD)patients using computer-aided image analysis,and identify color and texture features for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome differentiation.Methods This prospective study enrolled patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography(CTA)at the Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between May 1,2024 and August 7,2025.Based on CTA results,patients were categorized into obstructive CAD and non-obstructive CAD groups.Standardized tongue images were acquired using a dedicated mobile application(Traditional Chinese Medicine Tongue Image-Assisted Diagnosis System)and analyzed for the overall tongue surface and three macroscopic features(tooth marks,fissures,and red dots)from which high-dimensional color and texture parameters were extracted.Multi-scale texture features were derived using spatial-domain Laplacian pyramid and frequency-domain wavelet transform methods.Dimensionality reduction and feature selection were performed using principal component analysis(PCA)and random forest with 5-fold cross-validation.Feature stability was assessed using Hodges-Lehmann estimator and Cliff’s δ.A multi-view XGBoost model was developed to differentiate the two groups and evaluated on a temporally independent validation set using accuracy and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC).SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)analysis was applied to interpret model decisions.Results This study analyzed 373 CAD patients,including 167 with obstructive CAD and 206 with non-obstructive CAD according to CTA results.The whole cohort was divided into training set(n=316,obstructive:non-obstructive=142:174)and validation set(n=57,obstructive:non-obstructive=25:32),with balanced baseline characteristics(P>0.05).Macroscopic tongue analysis revealed that patients with obstructive CAD had fewer tooth marks[odds ratio(OR)=0.43,P<0.05]and red dots(OR=0.46,P<0.05).High-dimensional color analysis identified pronounced intergroup differences,most notably a reduction in hue values in the hue-saturation-intensity(HSI)color space among obstructive CAD patients(Cliff’s δ=-0.31,P=2.72×10^(-6);Hodges-Lehmann estimator:-0.31).PCA results suggested that tongue surface features explained the highest proportion of variance(48.2%).Random forest screening identified 77 stable features across all tongue regions,with wavelet-transformed texture features demonstrating the highest importance.The multi-view XGBoost fusion model achieved an accuracy of 75%and an AUC of 0.779 in the independent validation set.SHAP analysis identified the wavelet-based feature-left-handed lower-level gray-level size zone matrix zone variance(LHL_glszm_ZoneVariance)as the top predictor,accounting for 40.6%of the model's decision variance,and indicated that 85.3%of the predictive power came from wavelet-based texture features.Conclusion This study has provided objective evidence for the TCM concept that“the tongue reflects the heart”by identifying distinct morphological and colorimetric tongue patterns in patients with obstructive CAD through artificial intelligence(AI)-driven image analysis,and the promising performance of the computational model suggests its potential as a non-invasive adjunctive tool for CAD assessment.展开更多
Referring to the questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview,this paper explores the negative transfer of mother tongue in junior high school English writing and analyzes the existing problems.The results show ...Referring to the questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview,this paper explores the negative transfer of mother tongue in junior high school English writing and analyzes the existing problems.The results show that the negative transfer of mother tongue has a significant impact on junior high school students’English writing.The main errors are found at four levels:morphological level,lexical level,syntactic level and textual level.In order to deal with the errors caused by the negative transfer of mother tongue in students’English writing,it is suggested that teachers create an English language environment for students as far as possible and help students form English thinking,use contrastive analysis teaching strategies,making a comparison between English and Chinese expressions and cultural differences and pay attention to the training of students’basic knowledge of English to help students improve their English writing ability.展开更多
The variability of the sea surface salinity measurements provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission reveals the presence of a local salinity maximum(a salty tongue)in the northwestern tropical Atlantic.T...The variability of the sea surface salinity measurements provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission reveals the presence of a local salinity maximum(a salty tongue)in the northwestern tropical Atlantic.The sea surface salinity positive anomaly starts increasing in July,reaches its maximum in January,and then disappears.The local maximum of salinity appears in the late boreal autumn/winter,when the Amazon discharge is minimal and the salty water from the South Atlantic is transported by the North Brazil Current along the shelf break across the equator.The authors validate the satellite observations in this area and assess the vertical structure of the salinity maximum by using in situ measurements and an in situ-interpolated product.展开更多
Objective To propose two novel methods based on deep learning for computer-aided tongue diagnosis,including tongue image segmentation and tongue color classification,improving their diagnostic accuracy.Methods LabelMe...Objective To propose two novel methods based on deep learning for computer-aided tongue diagnosis,including tongue image segmentation and tongue color classification,improving their diagnostic accuracy.Methods LabelMe was used to label the tongue mask and Snake model to optimize the labeling results.A new dataset was constructed for tongue image segmentation.Tongue color was marked to build a classified dataset for network training.In this research,the Inception+Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling(ASPP)+UNet(IAUNet)method was proposed for tongue image segmentation,based on the existing UNet,Inception,and atrous convolution.Moreover,the Tongue Color Classification Net(TCCNet)was constructed with reference to ResNet,Inception,and Triple-Loss.Several important measurement indexes were selected to evaluate and compare the effects of the novel and existing methods for tongue segmentation and tongue color classification.IAUNet was compared with existing mainstream methods such as UNet and DeepLabV3+for tongue segmentation.TCCNet for tongue color classification was compared with VGG16 and GoogLeNet.Results IAUNet can accurately segment the tongue from original images.The results showed that the Mean Intersection over Union(MIoU)of IAUNet reached 96.30%,and its Mean Pixel Accuracy(MPA),mean Average Precision(mAP),F1-Score,G-Score,and Area Under Curve(AUC)reached 97.86%,99.18%,96.71%,96.82%,and 99.71%,respectively,suggesting IAUNet produced better segmentation than other methods,with fewer parameters.Triplet-Loss was applied in the proposed TCCNet to separate different embedded colors.The experiment yielded ideal results,with F1-Score and mAP of the TCCNet reached 88.86% and 93.49%,respectively.Conclusion IAUNet based on deep learning for tongue segmentation is better than traditional ones.IAUNet can not only produce ideal tongue segmentation,but have better effects than those of PSPNet,SegNet,UNet,and DeepLabV3+,the traditional networks.As for tongue color classification,the proposed network,TCCNet,had better F1-Score and mAP values as compared with other neural networks such as VGG16 and GoogLeNet.展开更多
Objective In tongue diagnosis,the location,color,and distribution of spots can be used to speculate on the viscera and severity of the heat evil.This work focuses on the image analysis method of artificial intelligenc...Objective In tongue diagnosis,the location,color,and distribution of spots can be used to speculate on the viscera and severity of the heat evil.This work focuses on the image analysis method of artificial intelligence(AI)to study the spotted tongue recognition of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods A model of spotted tongue recognition and extraction is designed,which is based on the principle of image deep learning and instance segmentation.This model includes multiscale feature map generation,region proposal searching,and target region recognition.Firstly,deep convolution network is used to build multiscale low-and high-abstraction feature maps after which,target candidate box generation algorithm and selection strategy are used to select high-quality target candidate regions.Finally,classification network is used for classifying target regions and calculating target region pixels.As a result,the region segmentation of spotted tongue is obtained.Under non-standard illumination conditions,various tongue images were taken by mobile phones,and experiments were conducted.Results The spotted tongue recognition achieved an area under curve(AUC)of 92.40%,an accuracy of 84.30%with a sensitivity of 88.20%,a specificity of 94.19%,a recall of 88.20%,a regional pixel accuracy index pixel accuracy(PA)of 73.00%,a mean pixel accuracy(m PA)of73.00%,an intersection over union(Io U)of 60.00%,and a mean intersection over union(mIo U)of 56.00%.Conclusion The results of the study verify that the model is suitable for the application of the TCM tongue diagnosis system.Spotted tongue recognition via multiscale convolutional neural network(CNN)would help to improve spot classification and the accurate extraction of pixels of spot area as well as provide a practical method for intelligent tongue diagnosis of TCM.展开更多
Tongue diagnosis is an important process to non-invasively assess the condition of a patient’s internal organs in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and each part of the tongue is related to corresponding internal orga...Tongue diagnosis is an important process to non-invasively assess the condition of a patient’s internal organs in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and each part of the tongue is related to corresponding internal organs.Due to continuing computer technological advances,especially the artificial intelligence(AI)methods have achieved significant success in tackling tongue image acquisition,processing,and classification,novel AI methods are being introduced in traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis medical practices.Traditional tongue diagnose depends on observations of tongue characteristics,such as color,shape,texture,moisture,etc.by traditional Chinese medicine physicians.The appearance of the tongue color,texture and coating reflects the improvement or deterioration of patient’s conditions.Moreover,AI can now distinguish patient’s condition through tongue images,texture or coating,which is all possible increasingly with help from traditional Chinese medicine physicians under the traditional Chinese medicine tongue theory.AI has enabled humans to do what was previously unimagined:traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis with feeding a large amount of tongue image and tongue texture/coating data to train the AI modes.This review focuses on the research advances of AI in TCM tongue diagnosis thus far to identify the major scientific methods and prospects.In this article,we tried to review the AI application in resolving the tongue diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine on color correction,tongue image extraction,tongue texture/coating segmentation.展开更多
Tongue diagnosis is a non-invasive,efficient,and accurate method for determining a person’s physical condition,and plays an essential role in disease diagnosis and health management.However,tongue diagnosis is easily...Tongue diagnosis is a non-invasive,efficient,and accurate method for determining a person’s physical condition,and plays an essential role in disease diagnosis and health management.However,tongue diagnosis is easily influenced by the subjective experience of the practitioner and the light environment.In addition,tongue diagnosis lacks clear quantitative indicators and objective records.This all limits the transmission and development of tongue diagnosis.Therefore,the acquisition and analysis of tongue information using image equipment,image processing and computer vision have become a hot research topic for the objectification of tongue diagnosis.This paper reviews the research progress of tongue diagnosis objectification in Traditional Chinese medicine.The tongue image acquisition,color correction,segmentation,feature extraction and analysis,and disease prediction included in the study of tongue diagnosis objectification are reviewed.The shortcomings of current automated tongue diagnosis systems and future research ideas are also summarized to provide a reference for further development of tongue diagnosis objectification.展开更多
Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Its prevalence varies geographically, typica...Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Its prevalence varies geographically, typically ranging from 0.6% to 11.3%. Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. Clinical presentation varies but is typically asymptomatic, although aesthetic concerns are common. Differential diagnosis includes pseudo-BHT, acanthosis nigricans, oral hairy leukoplakia, pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue, and congenital melanocytic/melanotic nevi/macules. Clinical diagnosis relies on visual observation, detailed history taking, and occasionally microscopic evaluation. Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient’s re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. Complications of BHT (burning mouth syndrome, halitosis, nausea, gagging, dysgeusia) typically respond to therapy. Prognosis is excellent with treatment of underlying medical conditions. BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.展开更多
A winter onshore warm tongue extending from the Yellow Sea Warm Current to the southern Jiangsu coast, and an of fshore cold tongue extending from the southern Jiangsu coast to the southwest of Jeju Island(South Korea...A winter onshore warm tongue extending from the Yellow Sea Warm Current to the southern Jiangsu coast, and an of fshore cold tongue extending from the southern Jiangsu coast to the southwest of Jeju Island(South Korea), are newly identified based on the sea-surface temperature from satellite remote sensing, and further confirmed by the distribution of suspended sediments. In addition, there are two obvious thermal fronts associated with the onshore warm tongue and off shore cold tongue. The narrow gap between the two thermal fronts is supposed to be the pathway for the off shore transport of cold coastal water and suspended sediments. The concurrence of onshore warm and of fshore cold tongues suggests the concurrence of onshore and off shore currents in the western Yellow Sea in winter, which seems to be inconsistent with the previously accepted view that, in winter, the Yellow Sea Coastal Current flows from the Old Huanghe Delta to the southwest of Jeju Island. This distinctive phenomenon helps establish an updated view of the circulation in the western Yellow Sea in winter.展开更多
The study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)by the technology and method of thermal science is a new cut in point in interdisciplinary science, and its purpose is to study the tongue inspection in TCM from the view...The study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)by the technology and method of thermal science is a new cut in point in interdisciplinary science, and its purpose is to study the tongue inspection in TCM from the view of the bio heat transfer theory. In this paper human tongues were studied with the infrared thermal imaging technology. And the characteristic relationship between temperature distribution and age, tongue color as well as infrared thermal tongue image concerning the characteristic of viscera was analyzed by the experimental data,which confirms that the change in temperature distribution in different positions of the tongue is related to the diseases of different internal organs of the body. From a series of invasive experiments in animals, the blood perfusion rate was measured with the equipment of CBI 8000 Doppler Blood Flow Meter and MP 100 Physiologic Research System for the first time and the characteristic relationship curve between the temperature on the surface of the tongue and the blood perfusion rate was obtained. From the experiments the temperature on the surface of the tongue reflects objectively the tongue color which is influenced by the blood perfusion rate. This will help to develop some new cognition in the theory of TCM.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer,commonly associated with locally advanced disease,early metastasis,and poor prognosis.Tongue metastasis from lung cancer is a rare condi...BACKGROUND Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer,commonly associated with locally advanced disease,early metastasis,and poor prognosis.Tongue metastasis from lung cancer is a rare condition that may occur in advanced stage of the disease.CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 70-year-old female with a history of resected pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma(PSC)who presented with subacute tongue swelling,imparting the clinical impression of a lingual abscess.However,histologic examination of the partial glossectomy revealed a high-grade,poorly differentiated spindle and epithelioid carcinoma consistent with metastatic PSC.CONCLUSION Although uncommon,clinicians should be cognizant of the possibility of a metastatic process to the tongue mimicking a benign or inflammatory process.A high index of suspicion for metastatic disease should be maintained when tongue swelling is observed in patients with a known history of PSC.展开更多
In this article,one proved case of flaccid tongue treated by Guan’s tongue acupuncture was introduced by the three-step method of"puncture,prick,and swallowing".This case was an elderly female patient with ...In this article,one proved case of flaccid tongue treated by Guan’s tongue acupuncture was introduced by the three-step method of"puncture,prick,and swallowing".This case was an elderly female patient with Parkinson disease,which had the main clinical symptoms of flaccid and weak tongue,and speech and swallowing disorder,and was diagnosed as flaccid tongue(deficiency of the both qi and blood,and deficiency syndrome of liver and kidney).The patient received diagnosis and treatment based on an overall analysis of its dialectical characteristics,using the five acupoints of Heart,Jīnjīn(金津EX-HN12),Yùyè(玉液EX-HN13),Tongue root acupoint 1,and Tongue root acupoint 2 in total.First,the four acupoints of EX-HN12,EX-HN13,Tongue root acupoint 1,and Tongue root acupoint 2 were punctured successively,and then using the reinforcing method,the Heart on the tongue surface was pricked.Finally,the patient was advised to make a slow swallowing action.Through tongue acupuncture therapy for 6 times,the patient’s speech and swallowing function was improved,which achieved a satisfactory therapeutic effects.展开更多
Evaluation of oral function is useful for tracking longitudinal changes in swallowing function. Using videofluoroscopic(VF) images, we can evaluate swallowing function, but it is extremely difficult to quantitatively ...Evaluation of oral function is useful for tracking longitudinal changes in swallowing function. Using videofluoroscopic(VF) images, we can evaluate swallowing function, but it is extremely difficult to quantitatively evaluate the oral phase. Recently, several studies have tried to quantitatively assess tongue function by analyzing tongue movement on VF images, to measure tongue thickness by ultrasonography, and to measure tongue pressure as surrogate for tongue strength. In this review article,the current state of quantitative assessments of tongue function for identification and management of dysphagia in patients with neuromuscular and other neurological disorders(NNMD) has been outlined. Disturbed bolus transport in patients with NNMD has been quantitatively measured on VF images by analyzing tongue base movement and bolus transport from the mouth to the pharynx. Enlarged tongue in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients were observed by measuring the transverse width of the tongue on ultrasound. Tongue pressures that were measured using a handheld probe in NNMD patients were less than half of those in healthy subjects. More studies are needed to develop guidelines what types of tongue dysfunction give an indication of adjusting diet and introducing tube feeding to NNMD patients.展开更多
The transfer of mother tongue has always been influencing students in second language acquisition.This paper attempts to analyze the negative transfer in vocabulary of non-English majors in vocational colleges and bri...The transfer of mother tongue has always been influencing students in second language acquisition.This paper attempts to analyze the negative transfer in vocabulary of non-English majors in vocational colleges and briefly proposes some strategies to reduce the negative transfer of mother tongue.展开更多
Tongue diagnosis is one of the most precious and widely used diagnostic methods in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, due to its subjective, qualitative and experience-dependent nature, the studies on tongue...Tongue diagnosis is one of the most precious and widely used diagnostic methods in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, due to its subjective, qualitative and experience-dependent nature, the studies on tongue characterization have been widely emphasized. This paper surveys recent progresses in analysis of tongue manifestation. These new developments include the cross-network and cross-media color reproduction of tongue image, the automatic segmentation of tongue body based on knowledge, the automatic analysis of curdiness and griminess for the tongue fur and the automatic analysis of plumpness, wryness and dot -thorn of tongue body. The clinic experiments verify the validity of these new methods.展开更多
The paper discusses 3 significant differences between Chinese and English. It proposes that because of the differences, the transfer of mother tongue into the target language tends to appear in the negative form. The ...The paper discusses 3 significant differences between Chinese and English. It proposes that because of the differences, the transfer of mother tongue into the target language tends to appear in the negative form. The negative transfer of Chinese into English is the major cause of the so-called Chinglish. The paper states some forms of the negative transfer.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82272955 and 22203057)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Grant No.2021J011361).
文摘The presence of a positive deep surgical margin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC)significantly elevates the risk of local recurrence.Therefore,a prompt and precise intraoperative assessment of margin status is imperative to ensure thorough tumor resection.In this study,we integrate Raman imaging technology with an artificial intelligence(AI)generative model,proposing an innovative approach for intraoperative margin status diagnosis.This method utilizes Raman imaging to swiftly and non-invasively capture tissue Raman images,which are then transformed into hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)-stained histopathological images using an AI generative model for histopathological diagnosis.The generated H&E-stained images clearly illustrate the tissue’s pathological conditions.Independently reviewed by three pathologists,the overall diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between tumor tissue and normal muscle tissue reaches 86.7%.Notably,it outperforms current clinical practices,especially in TSCC with positive lymph node metastasis or moderately differentiated grades.This advancement highlights the potential of AI-enhanced Raman imaging to significantly improve intraoperative assessments and surgical margin evaluations,promising a versatile diagnostic tool beyond TSCC.
基金Funding This research was funded by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82305090,No.82104738)Key Discipline Construction Project of High-level Traditional Chinese Medicine of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Traditional Chinese Medical Diagnostics(ZYYZDXK-2023069)+5 种基金Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Project(No.20234Y0168,No.2024QN018)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Rising Star Cultivation Project(No.22YF1448900)Capacity Building of Local Colleges and Universities under the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(21010504400)General Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M732337)Shanghai“Super Postdoctoral”Incentive Plan(2022509)Science and Technology Development Project of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(23KFL005).
文摘Objective To identify the key features of facial and tongue images associated with anemia in female populations,establish anemia risk-screening models,and evaluate their performance.Methods A total of 533 female participants(anemic and healthy)were recruited from Shuguang Hospital.Facial and tongue images were collected using the TFDA-1 tongue and face diagnosis instrument.Color and texture features from various parts of facial and tongue images were extracted using Face Diagnosis Analysis System(FDAS)and Tongue Diagnosis Analysis System version 2.0(TDAS v2.0).Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(LASSO)regression was used for feature selection.Ten machine learning models and one deep learning model(ResNet50V2+Conv1D)were developed and evaluated.Results Anemic women showed lower a-values,higher L-and b-values across all age groups.Texture features analysis showed that women aged 30–39 with anemia had higher angular second moment(ASM)and lower entropy(ENT)values in facial images,while those aged 40–49 had lower contrast(CON),ENT,and MEAN values in tongue images but higher ASM.Anemic women exhibited age-related trends similar to healthy women,with decreasing L-values and increasing a-,b-,and ASM-values.LASSO identified 19 key features from 62.Among classifiers,the Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model achieved the best performance[area under the curve(AUC):0.849,accuracy:0.781].The ResNet50V2 model achieved comparable results[AUC:0.846,accuracy:0.818].Conclusion Differences in facial and tongue images suggest that color and texture features can serve as potential TCM phenotype and auxiliary diagnostic indicators for female anemia.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with head and neck cancer often develop depressive symptoms during radiochemotherapy due to changes in saliva secretion,radiation-induced oral mucositis,and dysphagia.These symptoms significantly affect quality of life.Although existing nursing interventions provide some relief,they have limitations in improving swallowing function and developing coping strategies.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of tongue pressure resistance feedback training combined with empowerment education in improving depressive symptoms and swallowing function in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiochemotherapy.METHODS This study included 110 patients with head and neck cancer who exhibited depressive symptoms and underwent radiochemotherapy at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University between January 2021 and December 2023.Patients were randomly assigned to either a reference group or an experimental group,each comprising 55 patients.The reference group received routine care,whereas the experimental group received tongue pressure resistance feedback training and empowerment education.After 6 weeks of continuous intervention,comparisons were made between the two groups regarding depressive symptom scores,swallowing function,coping strategies,and quality of life,both pre-and post-intervention.RESULTS Following the intervention,both groups demonstrated decreased scores for depressive symptoms and swallowing function,with the experimental group showing a significantly greater reduction than the reference group(P<0.05).The experimental group also demonstrated higher confrontation scores and lower avoidance and submission scores for coping strategies than the reference group(P<0.05).Quality of life scores improved in both groups after the intervention,with the experimental group showing markedly higher scores than the reference group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of tongue pressure resistance feedback training and empowerment education is effective in alleviating depressive symptoms,enhancing swallowing function,optimizing coping strategies,and significantly improving the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiochemotherapy.This approach shows promise for clinical applications and promotion.
基金Youth Qihuang Scholar Support Project(20201A2180)。
文摘Objective To investigate morphological differences between obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease(CAD)patients using computer-aided image analysis,and identify color and texture features for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome differentiation.Methods This prospective study enrolled patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography(CTA)at the Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between May 1,2024 and August 7,2025.Based on CTA results,patients were categorized into obstructive CAD and non-obstructive CAD groups.Standardized tongue images were acquired using a dedicated mobile application(Traditional Chinese Medicine Tongue Image-Assisted Diagnosis System)and analyzed for the overall tongue surface and three macroscopic features(tooth marks,fissures,and red dots)from which high-dimensional color and texture parameters were extracted.Multi-scale texture features were derived using spatial-domain Laplacian pyramid and frequency-domain wavelet transform methods.Dimensionality reduction and feature selection were performed using principal component analysis(PCA)and random forest with 5-fold cross-validation.Feature stability was assessed using Hodges-Lehmann estimator and Cliff’s δ.A multi-view XGBoost model was developed to differentiate the two groups and evaluated on a temporally independent validation set using accuracy and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC).SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)analysis was applied to interpret model decisions.Results This study analyzed 373 CAD patients,including 167 with obstructive CAD and 206 with non-obstructive CAD according to CTA results.The whole cohort was divided into training set(n=316,obstructive:non-obstructive=142:174)and validation set(n=57,obstructive:non-obstructive=25:32),with balanced baseline characteristics(P>0.05).Macroscopic tongue analysis revealed that patients with obstructive CAD had fewer tooth marks[odds ratio(OR)=0.43,P<0.05]and red dots(OR=0.46,P<0.05).High-dimensional color analysis identified pronounced intergroup differences,most notably a reduction in hue values in the hue-saturation-intensity(HSI)color space among obstructive CAD patients(Cliff’s δ=-0.31,P=2.72×10^(-6);Hodges-Lehmann estimator:-0.31).PCA results suggested that tongue surface features explained the highest proportion of variance(48.2%).Random forest screening identified 77 stable features across all tongue regions,with wavelet-transformed texture features demonstrating the highest importance.The multi-view XGBoost fusion model achieved an accuracy of 75%and an AUC of 0.779 in the independent validation set.SHAP analysis identified the wavelet-based feature-left-handed lower-level gray-level size zone matrix zone variance(LHL_glszm_ZoneVariance)as the top predictor,accounting for 40.6%of the model's decision variance,and indicated that 85.3%of the predictive power came from wavelet-based texture features.Conclusion This study has provided objective evidence for the TCM concept that“the tongue reflects the heart”by identifying distinct morphological and colorimetric tongue patterns in patients with obstructive CAD through artificial intelligence(AI)-driven image analysis,and the promising performance of the computational model suggests its potential as a non-invasive adjunctive tool for CAD assessment.
文摘Referring to the questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview,this paper explores the negative transfer of mother tongue in junior high school English writing and analyzes the existing problems.The results show that the negative transfer of mother tongue has a significant impact on junior high school students’English writing.The main errors are found at four levels:morphological level,lexical level,syntactic level and textual level.In order to deal with the errors caused by the negative transfer of mother tongue in students’English writing,it is suggested that teachers create an English language environment for students as far as possible and help students form English thinking,use contrastive analysis teaching strategies,making a comparison between English and Chinese expressions and cultural differences and pay attention to the training of students’basic knowledge of English to help students improve their English writing ability.
基金financed by the Funda?ao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia(FCT)through the project UIDP/04292/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04292/2020)UIDB/04292/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04292/2020)+2 种基金awarded to MARE and through project LA/P/0069/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020)granted to the Associate Laboratory ARNETfunded by the European Space Agency through the SMOS Expert Support Laboratory(ESL)for SMOS Level 2 over land,ocean,ice[4000130567/20/I-BG]MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501,100,011,033 through the project INTERACT[PID2020-114623RB-C31]。
文摘The variability of the sea surface salinity measurements provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission reveals the presence of a local salinity maximum(a salty tongue)in the northwestern tropical Atlantic.The sea surface salinity positive anomaly starts increasing in July,reaches its maximum in January,and then disappears.The local maximum of salinity appears in the late boreal autumn/winter,when the Amazon discharge is minimal and the salty water from the South Atlantic is transported by the North Brazil Current along the shelf break across the equator.The authors validate the satellite observations in this area and assess the vertical structure of the salinity maximum by using in situ measurements and an in situ-interpolated product.
基金Scientific Research Project of the Education Department of Hunan Province(20C1435)Open Fund Project for Computer Science and Technology of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine(2018JK05).
文摘Objective To propose two novel methods based on deep learning for computer-aided tongue diagnosis,including tongue image segmentation and tongue color classification,improving their diagnostic accuracy.Methods LabelMe was used to label the tongue mask and Snake model to optimize the labeling results.A new dataset was constructed for tongue image segmentation.Tongue color was marked to build a classified dataset for network training.In this research,the Inception+Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling(ASPP)+UNet(IAUNet)method was proposed for tongue image segmentation,based on the existing UNet,Inception,and atrous convolution.Moreover,the Tongue Color Classification Net(TCCNet)was constructed with reference to ResNet,Inception,and Triple-Loss.Several important measurement indexes were selected to evaluate and compare the effects of the novel and existing methods for tongue segmentation and tongue color classification.IAUNet was compared with existing mainstream methods such as UNet and DeepLabV3+for tongue segmentation.TCCNet for tongue color classification was compared with VGG16 and GoogLeNet.Results IAUNet can accurately segment the tongue from original images.The results showed that the Mean Intersection over Union(MIoU)of IAUNet reached 96.30%,and its Mean Pixel Accuracy(MPA),mean Average Precision(mAP),F1-Score,G-Score,and Area Under Curve(AUC)reached 97.86%,99.18%,96.71%,96.82%,and 99.71%,respectively,suggesting IAUNet produced better segmentation than other methods,with fewer parameters.Triplet-Loss was applied in the proposed TCCNet to separate different embedded colors.The experiment yielded ideal results,with F1-Score and mAP of the TCCNet reached 88.86% and 93.49%,respectively.Conclusion IAUNet based on deep learning for tongue segmentation is better than traditional ones.IAUNet can not only produce ideal tongue segmentation,but have better effects than those of PSPNet,SegNet,UNet,and DeepLabV3+,the traditional networks.As for tongue color classification,the proposed network,TCCNet,had better F1-Score and mAP values as compared with other neural networks such as VGG16 and GoogLeNet.
基金Anhui Province College Natural Science Fund Key Project of China(KJ2020ZD77)the Project of Education Department of Anhui Province(KJ2020A0379)。
文摘Objective In tongue diagnosis,the location,color,and distribution of spots can be used to speculate on the viscera and severity of the heat evil.This work focuses on the image analysis method of artificial intelligence(AI)to study the spotted tongue recognition of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods A model of spotted tongue recognition and extraction is designed,which is based on the principle of image deep learning and instance segmentation.This model includes multiscale feature map generation,region proposal searching,and target region recognition.Firstly,deep convolution network is used to build multiscale low-and high-abstraction feature maps after which,target candidate box generation algorithm and selection strategy are used to select high-quality target candidate regions.Finally,classification network is used for classifying target regions and calculating target region pixels.As a result,the region segmentation of spotted tongue is obtained.Under non-standard illumination conditions,various tongue images were taken by mobile phones,and experiments were conducted.Results The spotted tongue recognition achieved an area under curve(AUC)of 92.40%,an accuracy of 84.30%with a sensitivity of 88.20%,a specificity of 94.19%,a recall of 88.20%,a regional pixel accuracy index pixel accuracy(PA)of 73.00%,a mean pixel accuracy(m PA)of73.00%,an intersection over union(Io U)of 60.00%,and a mean intersection over union(mIo U)of 56.00%.Conclusion The results of the study verify that the model is suitable for the application of the TCM tongue diagnosis system.Spotted tongue recognition via multiscale convolutional neural network(CNN)would help to improve spot classification and the accurate extraction of pixels of spot area as well as provide a practical method for intelligent tongue diagnosis of TCM.
基金China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(CN)(Grants No.81725024)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M670236).
文摘Tongue diagnosis is an important process to non-invasively assess the condition of a patient’s internal organs in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and each part of the tongue is related to corresponding internal organs.Due to continuing computer technological advances,especially the artificial intelligence(AI)methods have achieved significant success in tackling tongue image acquisition,processing,and classification,novel AI methods are being introduced in traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis medical practices.Traditional tongue diagnose depends on observations of tongue characteristics,such as color,shape,texture,moisture,etc.by traditional Chinese medicine physicians.The appearance of the tongue color,texture and coating reflects the improvement or deterioration of patient’s conditions.Moreover,AI can now distinguish patient’s condition through tongue images,texture or coating,which is all possible increasingly with help from traditional Chinese medicine physicians under the traditional Chinese medicine tongue theory.AI has enabled humans to do what was previously unimagined:traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis with feeding a large amount of tongue image and tongue texture/coating data to train the AI modes.This review focuses on the research advances of AI in TCM tongue diagnosis thus far to identify the major scientific methods and prospects.In this article,we tried to review the AI application in resolving the tongue diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine on color correction,tongue image extraction,tongue texture/coating segmentation.
文摘Tongue diagnosis is a non-invasive,efficient,and accurate method for determining a person’s physical condition,and plays an essential role in disease diagnosis and health management.However,tongue diagnosis is easily influenced by the subjective experience of the practitioner and the light environment.In addition,tongue diagnosis lacks clear quantitative indicators and objective records.This all limits the transmission and development of tongue diagnosis.Therefore,the acquisition and analysis of tongue information using image equipment,image processing and computer vision have become a hot research topic for the objectification of tongue diagnosis.This paper reviews the research progress of tongue diagnosis objectification in Traditional Chinese medicine.The tongue image acquisition,color correction,segmentation,feature extraction and analysis,and disease prediction included in the study of tongue diagnosis objectification are reviewed.The shortcomings of current automated tongue diagnosis systems and future research ideas are also summarized to provide a reference for further development of tongue diagnosis objectification.
文摘Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Its prevalence varies geographically, typically ranging from 0.6% to 11.3%. Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. Clinical presentation varies but is typically asymptomatic, although aesthetic concerns are common. Differential diagnosis includes pseudo-BHT, acanthosis nigricans, oral hairy leukoplakia, pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue, and congenital melanocytic/melanotic nevi/macules. Clinical diagnosis relies on visual observation, detailed history taking, and occasionally microscopic evaluation. Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient’s re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. Complications of BHT (burning mouth syndrome, halitosis, nausea, gagging, dysgeusia) typically respond to therapy. Prognosis is excellent with treatment of underlying medical conditions. BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.
基金Supported by the Strategy Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDA10020104,XDA10020305)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41421005)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41476019,41606040)the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406401)the High Performance Computing Center,Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences in Qingdao
文摘A winter onshore warm tongue extending from the Yellow Sea Warm Current to the southern Jiangsu coast, and an of fshore cold tongue extending from the southern Jiangsu coast to the southwest of Jeju Island(South Korea), are newly identified based on the sea-surface temperature from satellite remote sensing, and further confirmed by the distribution of suspended sediments. In addition, there are two obvious thermal fronts associated with the onshore warm tongue and off shore cold tongue. The narrow gap between the two thermal fronts is supposed to be the pathway for the off shore transport of cold coastal water and suspended sediments. The concurrence of onshore warm and of fshore cold tongues suggests the concurrence of onshore and off shore currents in the western Yellow Sea in winter, which seems to be inconsistent with the previously accepted view that, in winter, the Yellow Sea Coastal Current flows from the Old Huanghe Delta to the southwest of Jeju Island. This distinctive phenomenon helps establish an updated view of the circulation in the western Yellow Sea in winter.
基金SupportedbyNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.59976026ndTianjinNaturalScienceFoundation (No .0 0 36 0 771 1 )
文摘The study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)by the technology and method of thermal science is a new cut in point in interdisciplinary science, and its purpose is to study the tongue inspection in TCM from the view of the bio heat transfer theory. In this paper human tongues were studied with the infrared thermal imaging technology. And the characteristic relationship between temperature distribution and age, tongue color as well as infrared thermal tongue image concerning the characteristic of viscera was analyzed by the experimental data,which confirms that the change in temperature distribution in different positions of the tongue is related to the diseases of different internal organs of the body. From a series of invasive experiments in animals, the blood perfusion rate was measured with the equipment of CBI 8000 Doppler Blood Flow Meter and MP 100 Physiologic Research System for the first time and the characteristic relationship curve between the temperature on the surface of the tongue and the blood perfusion rate was obtained. From the experiments the temperature on the surface of the tongue reflects objectively the tongue color which is influenced by the blood perfusion rate. This will help to develop some new cognition in the theory of TCM.
文摘BACKGROUND Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer,commonly associated with locally advanced disease,early metastasis,and poor prognosis.Tongue metastasis from lung cancer is a rare condition that may occur in advanced stage of the disease.CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 70-year-old female with a history of resected pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma(PSC)who presented with subacute tongue swelling,imparting the clinical impression of a lingual abscess.However,histologic examination of the partial glossectomy revealed a high-grade,poorly differentiated spindle and epithelioid carcinoma consistent with metastatic PSC.CONCLUSION Although uncommon,clinicians should be cognizant of the possibility of a metastatic process to the tongue mimicking a benign or inflammatory process.A high index of suspicion for metastatic disease should be maintained when tongue swelling is observed in patients with a known history of PSC.
文摘In this article,one proved case of flaccid tongue treated by Guan’s tongue acupuncture was introduced by the three-step method of"puncture,prick,and swallowing".This case was an elderly female patient with Parkinson disease,which had the main clinical symptoms of flaccid and weak tongue,and speech and swallowing disorder,and was diagnosed as flaccid tongue(deficiency of the both qi and blood,and deficiency syndrome of liver and kidney).The patient received diagnosis and treatment based on an overall analysis of its dialectical characteristics,using the five acupoints of Heart,Jīnjīn(金津EX-HN12),Yùyè(玉液EX-HN13),Tongue root acupoint 1,and Tongue root acupoint 2 in total.First,the four acupoints of EX-HN12,EX-HN13,Tongue root acupoint 1,and Tongue root acupoint 2 were punctured successively,and then using the reinforcing method,the Heart on the tongue surface was pricked.Finally,the patient was advised to make a slow swallowing action.Through tongue acupuncture therapy for 6 times,the patient’s speech and swallowing function was improved,which achieved a satisfactory therapeutic effects.
文摘Evaluation of oral function is useful for tracking longitudinal changes in swallowing function. Using videofluoroscopic(VF) images, we can evaluate swallowing function, but it is extremely difficult to quantitatively evaluate the oral phase. Recently, several studies have tried to quantitatively assess tongue function by analyzing tongue movement on VF images, to measure tongue thickness by ultrasonography, and to measure tongue pressure as surrogate for tongue strength. In this review article,the current state of quantitative assessments of tongue function for identification and management of dysphagia in patients with neuromuscular and other neurological disorders(NNMD) has been outlined. Disturbed bolus transport in patients with NNMD has been quantitatively measured on VF images by analyzing tongue base movement and bolus transport from the mouth to the pharynx. Enlarged tongue in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients were observed by measuring the transverse width of the tongue on ultrasound. Tongue pressures that were measured using a handheld probe in NNMD patients were less than half of those in healthy subjects. More studies are needed to develop guidelines what types of tongue dysfunction give an indication of adjusting diet and introducing tube feeding to NNMD patients.
文摘The transfer of mother tongue has always been influencing students in second language acquisition.This paper attempts to analyze the negative transfer in vocabulary of non-English majors in vocational colleges and briefly proposes some strategies to reduce the negative transfer of mother tongue.
基金This work is supported by the Natural Science Fund of China under grant number 60301003, 60227101 and 60431020, and bythe Natural Science Fund of Beijing,under grant number 3052005,China
文摘Tongue diagnosis is one of the most precious and widely used diagnostic methods in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, due to its subjective, qualitative and experience-dependent nature, the studies on tongue characterization have been widely emphasized. This paper surveys recent progresses in analysis of tongue manifestation. These new developments include the cross-network and cross-media color reproduction of tongue image, the automatic segmentation of tongue body based on knowledge, the automatic analysis of curdiness and griminess for the tongue fur and the automatic analysis of plumpness, wryness and dot -thorn of tongue body. The clinic experiments verify the validity of these new methods.
文摘The paper discusses 3 significant differences between Chinese and English. It proposes that because of the differences, the transfer of mother tongue into the target language tends to appear in the negative form. The negative transfer of Chinese into English is the major cause of the so-called Chinglish. The paper states some forms of the negative transfer.
