We propose and demonstrate a synchronously pumped mode-locked Tm-doped fiber（TDF） laser without any extra mode-locking elements. Pumped by a 1.56 μm pulse fiber laser, the TDF laser generates 1.17 ps pulses with a ...We propose and demonstrate a synchronously pumped mode-locked Tm-doped fiber（TDF） laser without any extra mode-locking elements. Pumped by a 1.56 μm pulse fiber laser, the TDF laser generates 1.17 ps pulses with a spectral width of 9.7 nm and a repetition rate of 9.33 MHz. The emission wavelength is tunable along with the cavity length detuning in a wide range of 3 mm. The high detuning toleration is beneficial to achieve high temperature and vibration stability in all-fiber configuration lasers.展开更多
Religious convictions are a source of bitter confrontations between especially the Muslims and Christians ofNigeria. The problem is so endemic that there are conspicuous spillovers into the political and social sphere...Religious convictions are a source of bitter confrontations between especially the Muslims and Christians ofNigeria. The problem is so endemic that there are conspicuous spillovers into the political and social spheres ofeveryday living in the country. This reality threatens the already fragile unity and social health of the country andhence becomes one that needs special attention. The need to proffer solution to this cankerworm demands that wetake a historical survey of similar or near-similar situations in the human civilization and excavate ideas that weregiven as a way forward. It is in this bid that the ideas of John Locke in his book A Letter Concerning Tolerationbecome very useful. Locke argued for a secular state with a clear dichotomy between government activities, whichbelong to the public domain and hence involve every citizen and matters of faith which are private and devoid ofany form of coercion. Such differentiation is meant to remove the force of compulsion from religion and thepractice thereof as well as keep the government ＂undefiled＂ when the need for adjudication in matters that pertainto religion eventually arises. Locke＇s ideas in the book were aimed at forging peace and decorum in an Englishsociety that was virtually turned asunder by the demon of religious intolerance. This scenario exactly qualifiespresent-day Nigeria, hence there is much need to x-ray these ideas and apply same in our desire to nip the menaceof religious bigotry in the bud. The nature of this work made it necessary to apply the method of text analysis andevaluation to enable us to get an adequate appreciation of Locke＇s intentions and how these can serve our purposein present-day Nigeria.展开更多
In this paper I examine some presuppositions of toleration and pluralism and explore two models, viz., a deontological and a consequentialist model, respectively, which could support the view that rational agents shou...In this paper I examine some presuppositions of toleration and pluralism and explore two models, viz., a deontological and a consequentialist model, respectively, which could support the view that rational agents should act in a tolerant way. Against the background which is offered by the first model, I give two arguments in favor of the view that people are better off and more rational if they act in a tolerant way. The first argument draws upon aprinciple of charity which is usually applied in philosophy of mind and philosophy of language, but which could, equally well, work with regard to foundational issues in ethics and philosophy of action. The second argument is built upon the epistemic principle offallibilism and it is meant to show that acting in a tolerant way is the rational thing to do from this perspective.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
Post-translational modifications(PTMs)regulate the occurrence and development of cancer,and lactylation modification is a new form of PTMs.Recent studies have found that lactic acid modification can regulate the immun...Post-translational modifications(PTMs)regulate the occurrence and development of cancer,and lactylation modification is a new form of PTMs.Recent studies have found that lactic acid modification can regulate the immune tolerance of cancer cells.The classical theory holds that prostate apoptosis response-4(PAR-4)is a tumor suppressor protein.However,our recent research has found that PAR-4 has a biological function of promoting cancer in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and our analysis shows that PAR-4 can be modified of lactic acid.These research evidences suggest that PAR-4 lactylation modification may drive immune tolerance in HCC.Therefore,inhibiting PAR-4 lactylation modification is very likely to increase the sensitivity of HCC to immunotherapy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and of...BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and often the condition is prolonged,and the patients are prone to anxiety and uneasiness,which may be related to the harshness of the plateau environment,somatic discomfort due to the lack of oxygen,anxiety about the disease,and other factors.AIM To investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)on anxiety,sleep disorders,and hypoxia tolerance in patients with high-altitude respiratory diseases.METHODS A total of 2337 patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases treated at our hospital between November 2023 and January 2024 were selected as the study subjects.The subjects’pre-high-altitude residential altitude was approximately 1700 meters.They were divided into two groups.Both groups were given symptomatic treatment,and the control group implemented conventional nursing intervention,while the research group simultaneously conducted CBT intervention;assessed the degree of health knowledge of the two groups,and applied the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess the anxiety and sleep quality of the patients before and after the intervention,respectively.It also observed the length and efficiency of sleep,and detected the level of serum hypoxia inducible factor-1α,erythropoietin(EPO)and clinical intervention before and after intervention.EPO levels,and investigated satisfaction with the clinical intervention.RESULTS The rate of excellent health knowledge in the intervention group was 93.64%,which was higher than that in the control group(74.23%;P<0.05).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores between the two groups(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in sleep duration and sleep efficiency between the groups before the intervention(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly larger than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum hypoxia inducible factor-1αand EPO between the two groups before intervention(P>0.05),and both research groups were significantly lower than the control group after intervention(P<0.05).According to the questionnaire survey,the intervention satisfaction of the study group was 95.53%,which was higher than that of the control group(80.14%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The CBT intervention in the treatment of patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases helps improve patients'health knowledge,relieve anxiety,improve sleep quality and hypoxia tolerance,and improve nursing satisfaction.展开更多
Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistan...Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistance to salt stress.In this study,we used corn steep liquor(CSL),myo-inositol(MI),and their combination to improve salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)under salt stress conditions.All three treatments significantly increased plant biomass and nutrient uptake,and improved soil physicochemical properties,while alleviating oxidative damage and ion toxicity.展开更多
Global warming impacts plant growth and development,which in turn threatens food security.Plants can clearly respond to warm-temperature(such as by thermomorphogenesis)and high-temperature stresses.At the molecular le...Global warming impacts plant growth and development,which in turn threatens food security.Plants can clearly respond to warm-temperature(such as by thermomorphogenesis)and high-temperature stresses.At the molecular level,many small molecules play crucial roles in balancing growth and defense,and stable high yields can be achieved by fine-tuning the responses to external stimuli.Therefore,it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth in response to heat stress and how plants can adjust their biological processes to survive heat stress conditions.In this review,we summarize the heat-responsive genetic networks in plants and crop plants based on recent studies.We focus on how plants sense the elevated temperatures and initiate the cellular and metabolic responses that allow them to adapt to the adverse growing conditions.We also describe the trade-off between plant growth and responses to heat stress.Specifically,we address the regulatory network of plant responses to heat stress,which will facilitate the discovery of novel thermotolerance genes and provide new opportunities for agricultural applications.展开更多
The chalcone isomerase gene OsCHI,one of the key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway,plays an important role in rice(Oryza sativa)resistance to abiotic stresses.This study reveals how the chalcone isomerase ge...The chalcone isomerase gene OsCHI,one of the key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway,plays an important role in rice(Oryza sativa)resistance to abiotic stresses.This study reveals how the chalcone isomerase gene family member OsCHI3 participates in rice responses to drought stress through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis.Overexpression of OsCHI3 increased the tolerance of rice to drought stress.In contrast,CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of OsCHI3 reduced the drought tolerance of rice,an effect that is reversed by exogenous ABA treatment.Transcriptomic and physiological biochemical analyses indicated that flavonoids regulated by OsCHI3 not only scavenge reactive oxygen species(ROS)but also increase drought tolerance in rice by stimulating ABA biosynthesis through the regulation of OsNCED1 and OsABA8ox3 expression.These findings demonstrate that OsCHI3 increases drought stress tolerance in rice by activating the antioxidant defense system and the ABA metabolic pathway,providing new clues for drought-resistant rice breeding research.展开更多
Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in s...Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.展开更多
The leucine-rich repeat(LRR)protein family is involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes in plants,including growth and defense responses.LRR proteins can be divided into two categories:tho...The leucine-rich repeat(LRR)protein family is involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes in plants,including growth and defense responses.LRR proteins can be divided into two categories:those containing LRR domains along with other structural elements,which are further subdivided into five groups,LRR receptor-like kinases,LRR receptor-like proteins,nucleotide-binding site LRR proteins,LRR-extensin proteins,and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins,and those containing only LRR domains.Functionally,various LRR proteins are primarily involved in plant development and responses to environmental stress.Notably,the LRR protein family plays a central role in signal transduction pathways related to stress adaptation.In this review,we classify and analyze the functions of LRR proteins in plants.While extensive research has been conducted on the roles of LRR proteins in disease resistance signaling,these proteins also play important roles in abiotic stress responses.This review highlights recent advances in understanding how LRR proteins mediate responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.Building upon these insights,further exploration of the roles of LRR proteins in abiotic stress resistance may aid efforts to develop rice varieties with enhanced stress and disease tolerance.展开更多
Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing p...Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing plants to resist recurrent severe drought stress.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we subjected wheat plants to drought priming during the vegetative growth stage and to severe drought stress at 10 days after anthesis.We then collected leaf samples at the ends of the drought priming and recovery periods,and at the end of drought stress for transcriptome sequencing in combination with phenotypic and physiological analyses.The drought-primed wheat plants maintained a lower plant temperature,with higher stomatal openness and photosynthesis,thereby resulting in much lower 1,000-grain weight and grain yield losses under the later drought stress than the non-primed plants.Interestingly,416 genes,including 27 transcription factors(e.g.,MYB,NAC,HSF),seemed to be closely related to the improved drought tolerance as indicated by the dynamic transcriptome analysis.Moreover,the candidate genes showed six temporal expression patterns and were significantly enriched in several stress response related pathways,such as plant hormone signal transduction,starch and sucrose metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,inositol phosphate metabolism,and wax synthesis.These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the long-term effects of early drought priming that can effectively improve drought tolerance in wheat,and may provide potential approaches for addressing the challenges of increasing abiotic stresses and securing food safety under global warming scenarios.展开更多
FCS-like zinc finger(FLZ)gene family members are C2-C2 zinc finger proteins that take part in seed dormancy,resistance to Myzus persicae 1,sucrose signaling and abiotic stresse tolerance.However,their functions,especi...FCS-like zinc finger(FLZ)gene family members are C2-C2 zinc finger proteins that take part in seed dormancy,resistance to Myzus persicae 1,sucrose signaling and abiotic stresse tolerance.However,their functions,especially the molecular mechanism through which FLZs function,are not well understood.In this study,we characterized 120FLZs in wheat and revealed the function and mechanism of TaFLZ54D increasing salt stress tolerance in transgenic wheat.Expression analysis demonstrated that TaFLZ54D can be induced by NaCl treatment and it had the highest expression level under NaCl treatment among the 120 FLZs.Over-expression of TaFLZ54D increased wheat salt stress tolerance and the transgenic plants had higher levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)activities and soluble sugar content,but a lower Na^(+)/K^(+)ratio and malondialdehyde(MDA)content than the wild type(WT)plants.Potassium ion transmembrane transporters and serine/threonine kinase inhibitor proteins showed differential expression between Ta FLZ54D transgenic wheat and the WT.Yeast two hybrid and luciferase complementation assays revealed that TaSGT1 and TaPP2C are the proteins that interact directly with TaFLZ54D.In summary,TaFLZ54D enhances salt stress tolerance through interaction with TaSGT1 and TaPP2C to reduce Na^(+)absorption and mitigate oxidative stress.The interaction between TaFLZ54D and TaSGT1,as well as TaPP2C indicated a link between salt stress tolerance of TaFLZ54D and the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of negative regulatory proteins.展开更多
Heat stress causes overgrowth,leaf dryness and fruit malformation,which negatively impacts cucumber quality and yield.Yet,in spite of the devastating consequences of this abiotic stress,few genes for heat tolerance in...Heat stress causes overgrowth,leaf dryness and fruit malformation,which negatively impacts cucumber quality and yield.Yet,in spite of the devastating consequences of this abiotic stress,few genes for heat tolerance in cucumber have been identified.Here,the heat injury indices of 88 cucumber accessions representing diverse ecotypes were collected in two open-field environments,with naturally occurring high temperatures over two years.Seventeen of the 88 accessions were identified as highly heat-tolerant.Using a genome-wide association study,five loci(gHII3.1,gHII3.2,gHII3.3,gHII4.1 and gHII6.1)on three chromosomes associated with heat tolerance were detected.Pairwise linkage disequilibrium correlation,sequence polymorphisms,and qRT-PCR analyses at these loci,identified five candidate genes predicted to be casual for heat stress response in cucumber.CsaV3_3G04883,CsaV3_4G029050 and CsaV3_6G005370 each had nonsynonymous SNPs,and were significantly up-regulated by heat stress in the heat-tolerant genotypes.CsaV3_3G031890 was also induced by heat stress,but in the heatsensitive genotypes,and sequence polymorphism was only found in the promoter region.Identifying these candidate genes lays a foundation for understanding cucumber thermotolerance mechanisms.Our study is one of the few to examine heat stress in adult cucumber plants and it therefore fills a critical gap in knowledge.It is also an important first-step towards accelerating the breeding of robust heat-tolerant varieties.展开更多
Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interan...Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interannual differences in water availability are affecting π_(tlp) as a static trait.I monitored the seasonal variation of π_(tlp) during a drought year starting in early spring with juvenile leaves and assessed the interannual variation in π_(tlp) of fully matured leaves among years with diverting water availability for three temperate broad-leaved tree species.The largest seasonal changes in π_(tlp) occurred during leaf unfolding until leaves were fully developed and matured.After leaves matured,no significant changes occurred for the rest of the vegetation period.Interannual variation that could be related to water availability was only present in one of the three tree species.The results suggest that the investigated species have a rapid period of osmotic adjustment early in the growing season followed by a period of relative stability,when π_(tlp) can be considered as a static trait.展开更多
To ensure the structural integrity of life-limiting component of aeroengines,Probabilistic Damage Tolerance(PDT)assessment is applied to evaluate the failure risk as required by airworthiness regulations and military ...To ensure the structural integrity of life-limiting component of aeroengines,Probabilistic Damage Tolerance(PDT)assessment is applied to evaluate the failure risk as required by airworthiness regulations and military standards.The PDT method holds the view that there exist defects such as machining scratches and service cracks in the tenon-groove structures of aeroengine disks.However,it is challenging to conduct PDT assessment due to the scarcity of effective Probability of Detection(POD)model and anomaly distribution model.Through a series of Nondestructive Testing(NDT)experiments,the POD model of real cracks in tenon-groove structures is constructed for the first time by employing the Transfer Function Method(TFM).A novel anomaly distribution model is derived through the utilization of the POD model,instead of using the infeasible field data accumulation method.Subsequently,a framework for calculating the Probability of Failure(POF)of the tenon-groove structures is established,and the aforementioned two models exert a significant influence on the results of POF.展开更多
Thedeployment of the Internet of Things(IoT)with smart sensors has facilitated the emergence of fog computing as an important technology for delivering services to smart environments such as campuses,smart cities,and ...Thedeployment of the Internet of Things(IoT)with smart sensors has facilitated the emergence of fog computing as an important technology for delivering services to smart environments such as campuses,smart cities,and smart transportation systems.Fog computing tackles a range of challenges,including processing,storage,bandwidth,latency,and reliability,by locally distributing secure information through end nodes.Consisting of endpoints,fog nodes,and back-end cloud infrastructure,it provides advanced capabilities beyond traditional cloud computing.In smart environments,particularly within smart city transportation systems,the abundance of devices and nodes poses significant challenges related to power consumption and system reliability.To address the challenges of latency,energy consumption,and fault tolerance in these environments,this paper proposes a latency-aware,faulttolerant framework for resource scheduling and data management,referred to as the FORD framework,for smart cities in fog environments.This framework is designed to meet the demands of time-sensitive applications,such as those in smart transportation systems.The FORD framework incorporates latency-aware resource scheduling to optimize task execution in smart city environments,leveraging resources from both fog and cloud environments.Through simulation-based executions,tasks are allocated to the nearest available nodes with minimum latency.In the event of execution failure,a fault-tolerantmechanism is employed to ensure the successful completion of tasks.Upon successful execution,data is efficiently stored in the cloud data center,ensuring data integrity and reliability within the smart city ecosystem.展开更多
In this editorial,we comment on the article by Mu et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.We pay special attention to the immune tolerance mechanism caused by hepatitis B ...In this editorial,we comment on the article by Mu et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.We pay special attention to the immune tolerance mechanism caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and the role of antiviral therapy in treating HCC related to HBV infection.HBV infection leads to systemic innate immune tolerance by directly inhibiting pattern recognition receptor recognition and antiviral signaling pathways,as well as by inhibiting the immune functions of macrophages,natural killer cells and dendritic cells.In addition,HBV leads to an immunosuppressive cascade by expressing inhibitory molecules to induce exhaustion of HBV-specific cluster of differentiation 8+T cells,ultimately leading to long-term viral infection.The loss of immune cell function caused by HBV infection ultimately leads to HCC.Long-term antiviral therapy can improve the prognosis of patients with HCC and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.展开更多
An in-memory storage system provides submillisecond latency and improves the concurrency of user applications by caching data into memory from external storage.Fault tolerance of in-memory storage systems is essential...An in-memory storage system provides submillisecond latency and improves the concurrency of user applications by caching data into memory from external storage.Fault tolerance of in-memory storage systems is essential,as the loss of cached data requires access to data from external storage,which evidently increases the response latency.Typically,replication and erasure code(EC)are two fault-tolerant schemes that pose different trade-offs between access performance and storage usage.To help make the best performance and space trade-off,we design ElasticMem,a hybrid fault-tolerant distributed in-memory storage system that supports elastic redundancy transition to dynamically change the fault-tolerant scheme.ElasticMem exploits a novel EC-oriented replication(EOR)that carefully designs the data placement of replication according to the future data layout of EC to enhance the I/O efficiency of redundancy transition.ElasticMem solves the consistency problem caused by concurrent data accesses via a lightweight table-based scheme combined with data bypassing.It detects correlated read and write requests and serves subsequent read requests with local data.We implement a prototype that realizes ElasticMem based on Memcached.Experiments show that ElasticMem remarkably reduces the time of redundancy transition,the overall latency of correlated concurrent data accesses,and the latency of single data access among them.展开更多
Regulatory T cells(Treg cells)are a specialized subset of CD4+T cells defined by expression of the lineage-specifying transcription factor FOXP3 and a potent capacity to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.The modern...Regulatory T cells(Treg cells)are a specialized subset of CD4+T cells defined by expression of the lineage-specifying transcription factor FOXP3 and a potent capacity to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.The modern concept of Tregs was catalyzed by Shimon Sakaguchi's identification of CD4+CD25+suppressive T cells and subsequent work establishing FOXP3 as a central determinant of Treg cell development and function;together with landmark FOXP3 genetic discoveries by Mary E.Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell,these advances transformed understanding of immune homeostasis and were recognized by the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Under normal physiological conditions,FOXP3+Treg cells restrain autoreactive lymphocytes,prevent excessive inflammation,and shape antigen-presenting cell activity through contact-dependent pathways and suppressive cytokines,thereby protecting tissues from immune-mediated damage.Disruption of Treg abundance,stability,or suppressive capacity can therefore lead to immune dysregulation and disease.Over the past two decades,Treg cells have become a major focus of immunology because their roles are highly context-dependent.In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases,impaired Treg cell function or insufficient Treg activity contributes to loss of tolerance and persistent tissue injury,supporting therapeutic approaches designed to enhance Treg cell number,stability,and suppressive potency.In contrast,many cancers exploit Treg cells by promoting their expansion,activation,and recruitment into the tumor microenvironment(TME),where they blunt antitumor immunity by suppressing cytotoxic T-cell priming and effector function,limiting dendritic cell activation,and fostering immune escape.In both settings,immune checkpoint pathways critically influence Treg cell biology.Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4,emerging checkpoints and costimulatory receptors,including TIGIT,TIM-3,LAG-3,and OX40,modulate Treg cell generation,stability,and suppressive functions,thereby shaping the balance between tolerance and immunity.Meanwhile,immunometabolic adaptations further tune Treg cell fitness and function in inflamed tissues and tumors;lipid utilization and mitochondrial programs,among other metabolic axes,enable Treg cells to persist in nutrient-and oxygen-restricted microenvironments,while microenvironmental stress can drive functional remodeling or fragility in a subset-dependent manner.In this review,we summarize the discovery and defining biological features of Treg cells,highlight core suppressive mechanisms and regulatory circuits,and synthesize evidence for the dual roles of Treg cells in preventing autoimmunity yet enabling tumor immune evasion.We further outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at augmenting Treg cell activity to restore tolerance in autoimmune disease,or selectively depleting,functionally inhibiting,and reprogramming tumor-resident Treg cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy.Overall we discuss how deeper insight into Treg heterogeneity,checkpoint control,and immunometabolic regulation may enable more precise Treg celldirected interventions and inform next-generation immunotherapeutic combinations across immune-mediated and malignant diseases.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61675188 and 61875052the Open Fund of Key Laboratory Pulse Power Laser Technology of China under Grant No SKL2016KF03
文摘We propose and demonstrate a synchronously pumped mode-locked Tm-doped fiber（TDF） laser without any extra mode-locking elements. Pumped by a 1.56 μm pulse fiber laser, the TDF laser generates 1.17 ps pulses with a spectral width of 9.7 nm and a repetition rate of 9.33 MHz. The emission wavelength is tunable along with the cavity length detuning in a wide range of 3 mm. The high detuning toleration is beneficial to achieve high temperature and vibration stability in all-fiber configuration lasers.
文摘Religious convictions are a source of bitter confrontations between especially the Muslims and Christians ofNigeria. The problem is so endemic that there are conspicuous spillovers into the political and social spheres ofeveryday living in the country. This reality threatens the already fragile unity and social health of the country andhence becomes one that needs special attention. The need to proffer solution to this cankerworm demands that wetake a historical survey of similar or near-similar situations in the human civilization and excavate ideas that weregiven as a way forward. It is in this bid that the ideas of John Locke in his book A Letter Concerning Tolerationbecome very useful. Locke argued for a secular state with a clear dichotomy between government activities, whichbelong to the public domain and hence involve every citizen and matters of faith which are private and devoid ofany form of coercion. Such differentiation is meant to remove the force of compulsion from religion and thepractice thereof as well as keep the government ＂undefiled＂ when the need for adjudication in matters that pertainto religion eventually arises. Locke＇s ideas in the book were aimed at forging peace and decorum in an Englishsociety that was virtually turned asunder by the demon of religious intolerance. This scenario exactly qualifiespresent-day Nigeria, hence there is much need to x-ray these ideas and apply same in our desire to nip the menaceof religious bigotry in the bud. The nature of this work made it necessary to apply the method of text analysis andevaluation to enable us to get an adequate appreciation of Locke＇s intentions and how these can serve our purposein present-day Nigeria.
文摘In this paper I examine some presuppositions of toleration and pluralism and explore two models, viz., a deontological and a consequentialist model, respectively, which could support the view that rational agents should act in a tolerant way. Against the background which is offered by the first model, I give two arguments in favor of the view that people are better off and more rational if they act in a tolerant way. The first argument draws upon aprinciple of charity which is usually applied in philosophy of mind and philosophy of language, but which could, equally well, work with regard to foundational issues in ethics and philosophy of action. The second argument is built upon the epistemic principle offallibilism and it is meant to show that acting in a tolerant way is the rational thing to do from this perspective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82573045,82460602,82560459)the Hainan Provincial Graduate Student Innovative Research Project(No.Qhys2024-440).
文摘Post-translational modifications(PTMs)regulate the occurrence and development of cancer,and lactylation modification is a new form of PTMs.Recent studies have found that lactic acid modification can regulate the immune tolerance of cancer cells.The classical theory holds that prostate apoptosis response-4(PAR-4)is a tumor suppressor protein.However,our recent research has found that PAR-4 has a biological function of promoting cancer in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and our analysis shows that PAR-4 can be modified of lactic acid.These research evidences suggest that PAR-4 lactylation modification may drive immune tolerance in HCC.Therefore,inhibiting PAR-4 lactylation modification is very likely to increase the sensitivity of HCC to immunotherapy.
基金Supported by Army Logistics Department Health Bureau Project,No.QJGYXYJZX-012.
文摘BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and often the condition is prolonged,and the patients are prone to anxiety and uneasiness,which may be related to the harshness of the plateau environment,somatic discomfort due to the lack of oxygen,anxiety about the disease,and other factors.AIM To investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)on anxiety,sleep disorders,and hypoxia tolerance in patients with high-altitude respiratory diseases.METHODS A total of 2337 patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases treated at our hospital between November 2023 and January 2024 were selected as the study subjects.The subjects’pre-high-altitude residential altitude was approximately 1700 meters.They were divided into two groups.Both groups were given symptomatic treatment,and the control group implemented conventional nursing intervention,while the research group simultaneously conducted CBT intervention;assessed the degree of health knowledge of the two groups,and applied the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess the anxiety and sleep quality of the patients before and after the intervention,respectively.It also observed the length and efficiency of sleep,and detected the level of serum hypoxia inducible factor-1α,erythropoietin(EPO)and clinical intervention before and after intervention.EPO levels,and investigated satisfaction with the clinical intervention.RESULTS The rate of excellent health knowledge in the intervention group was 93.64%,which was higher than that in the control group(74.23%;P<0.05).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores between the two groups(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in sleep duration and sleep efficiency between the groups before the intervention(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly larger than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum hypoxia inducible factor-1αand EPO between the two groups before intervention(P>0.05),and both research groups were significantly lower than the control group after intervention(P<0.05).According to the questionnaire survey,the intervention satisfaction of the study group was 95.53%,which was higher than that of the control group(80.14%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The CBT intervention in the treatment of patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases helps improve patients'health knowledge,relieve anxiety,improve sleep quality and hypoxia tolerance,and improve nursing satisfaction.
基金supported by the sub-project“Research and Application of In-Situ Value-Added Water-Soluble Fertilizer Application Technology”(Grant No.2023YFD1700204-3)under the 14th Five-Year National Key R&D Program Project“Development and Industrialization of Novel Green Value-Added Fertilizers”.
文摘Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistance to salt stress.In this study,we used corn steep liquor(CSL),myo-inositol(MI),and their combination to improve salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)under salt stress conditions.All three treatments significantly increased plant biomass and nutrient uptake,and improved soil physicochemical properties,while alleviating oxidative damage and ion toxicity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171945,32301760)the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province,China(22IRTSTHN023)+2 种基金the Scientific and Technological Research Project of Henan Province,China(242102111116)the National Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Scientists of China(2023M731003)the Postdoctoral Research Subsidize Fund of Henan Province,China(HN2022139)。
文摘Global warming impacts plant growth and development,which in turn threatens food security.Plants can clearly respond to warm-temperature(such as by thermomorphogenesis)and high-temperature stresses.At the molecular level,many small molecules play crucial roles in balancing growth and defense,and stable high yields can be achieved by fine-tuning the responses to external stimuli.Therefore,it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth in response to heat stress and how plants can adjust their biological processes to survive heat stress conditions.In this review,we summarize the heat-responsive genetic networks in plants and crop plants based on recent studies.We focus on how plants sense the elevated temperatures and initiate the cellular and metabolic responses that allow them to adapt to the adverse growing conditions.We also describe the trade-off between plant growth and responses to heat stress.Specifically,we address the regulatory network of plant responses to heat stress,which will facilitate the discovery of novel thermotolerance genes and provide new opportunities for agricultural applications.
基金supported by Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan province(2024NK1010,2023NK1010,2023ZJ1080)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20208).
文摘The chalcone isomerase gene OsCHI,one of the key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway,plays an important role in rice(Oryza sativa)resistance to abiotic stresses.This study reveals how the chalcone isomerase gene family member OsCHI3 participates in rice responses to drought stress through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis.Overexpression of OsCHI3 increased the tolerance of rice to drought stress.In contrast,CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of OsCHI3 reduced the drought tolerance of rice,an effect that is reversed by exogenous ABA treatment.Transcriptomic and physiological biochemical analyses indicated that flavonoids regulated by OsCHI3 not only scavenge reactive oxygen species(ROS)but also increase drought tolerance in rice by stimulating ABA biosynthesis through the regulation of OsNCED1 and OsABA8ox3 expression.These findings demonstrate that OsCHI3 increases drought stress tolerance in rice by activating the antioxidant defense system and the ABA metabolic pathway,providing new clues for drought-resistant rice breeding research.
基金supported by a research grant from the National University of Singapore to WQS(RP-3960366)a collaborative research grant from Sichuan Zhongke Organ Co.Ltd(Chengdu,China).
文摘Objectives:Cold-acclimated organisms accumulate low molecular weight organic solutes such as sugar alcohols and soluble sugars.This study aimed to compare the efficacy of five sugar alcohols and 14 soluble sugars in stabilizing proteins under freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.Materials and methods:Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PD)was used as the model protein.G6PD solutions with or without sugar alcohols and or sugars were subjected to freezing,freeze-drying,and air-drying stresses.The recovery of G6PD activity was measured to evaluate the protective efficacy of these compounds.Results:Without stabilizers,freezing G6PD at-20℃ or-80℃ reduced enzyme activity by around 24%,while freeze-drying or air-drying reduced activity by 90%-95%.Among the five sugar alcohols tested,pinitol,quebrachitol and sorbitol stabilized G6PD,whereas mannitol and myo-inositol destabilized it.Among 14 soluble sugars,trehalose and raffinose showed slightly lower enzyme recovery after repeated freeze-thaw cycles at-20℃.Most soluble sugars(except arabinose and xylose)protected G6PD during freeze-drying,with di-,tri-,and oligosaccharides generally outperforming monosaccharides.During air-drying,lactose was ineffective,while arabinose,galactose,and xylose were detrimental.Conclusion:The study highlights the diverse mechanisms of sugar alcohols and sugars in protein stabilization under stress,offering insights for formulating stable protein-and cell-based drugs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32072048 and U2004204)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1001200)+2 种基金China Rice Research Institute Basal Research Fund(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202404)Academician Workstation of National Nanfan Research Institute(Sanya),Chinese Agricultural Academic Science(CAAS),(Grant Nos.YBXM2422 and YBXM2423)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS,China.
文摘The leucine-rich repeat(LRR)protein family is involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes in plants,including growth and defense responses.LRR proteins can be divided into two categories:those containing LRR domains along with other structural elements,which are further subdivided into five groups,LRR receptor-like kinases,LRR receptor-like proteins,nucleotide-binding site LRR proteins,LRR-extensin proteins,and polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins,and those containing only LRR domains.Functionally,various LRR proteins are primarily involved in plant development and responses to environmental stress.Notably,the LRR protein family plays a central role in signal transduction pathways related to stress adaptation.In this review,we classify and analyze the functions of LRR proteins in plants.While extensive research has been conducted on the roles of LRR proteins in disease resistance signaling,these proteins also play important roles in abiotic stress responses.This review highlights recent advances in understanding how LRR proteins mediate responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.Building upon these insights,further exploration of the roles of LRR proteins in abiotic stress resistance may aid efforts to develop rice varieties with enhanced stress and disease tolerance.
基金supported by the projects of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2300202)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20241543)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272213,32030076,U1803235,and 32021004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(XUEKEN2023013)the Jiangsu Innovation Support Program for International Science and Technology Cooperation Project,China(BZ2023049)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(22)1006)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China(JCIC-MCP)。
文摘Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing plants to resist recurrent severe drought stress.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we subjected wheat plants to drought priming during the vegetative growth stage and to severe drought stress at 10 days after anthesis.We then collected leaf samples at the ends of the drought priming and recovery periods,and at the end of drought stress for transcriptome sequencing in combination with phenotypic and physiological analyses.The drought-primed wheat plants maintained a lower plant temperature,with higher stomatal openness and photosynthesis,thereby resulting in much lower 1,000-grain weight and grain yield losses under the later drought stress than the non-primed plants.Interestingly,416 genes,including 27 transcription factors(e.g.,MYB,NAC,HSF),seemed to be closely related to the improved drought tolerance as indicated by the dynamic transcriptome analysis.Moreover,the candidate genes showed six temporal expression patterns and were significantly enriched in several stress response related pathways,such as plant hormone signal transduction,starch and sucrose metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,inositol phosphate metabolism,and wax synthesis.These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the long-term effects of early drought priming that can effectively improve drought tolerance in wheat,and may provide potential approaches for addressing the challenges of increasing abiotic stresses and securing food safety under global warming scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871622)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2022LZG001)。
文摘FCS-like zinc finger(FLZ)gene family members are C2-C2 zinc finger proteins that take part in seed dormancy,resistance to Myzus persicae 1,sucrose signaling and abiotic stresse tolerance.However,their functions,especially the molecular mechanism through which FLZs function,are not well understood.In this study,we characterized 120FLZs in wheat and revealed the function and mechanism of TaFLZ54D increasing salt stress tolerance in transgenic wheat.Expression analysis demonstrated that TaFLZ54D can be induced by NaCl treatment and it had the highest expression level under NaCl treatment among the 120 FLZs.Over-expression of TaFLZ54D increased wheat salt stress tolerance and the transgenic plants had higher levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)activities and soluble sugar content,but a lower Na^(+)/K^(+)ratio and malondialdehyde(MDA)content than the wild type(WT)plants.Potassium ion transmembrane transporters and serine/threonine kinase inhibitor proteins showed differential expression between Ta FLZ54D transgenic wheat and the WT.Yeast two hybrid and luciferase complementation assays revealed that TaSGT1 and TaPP2C are the proteins that interact directly with TaFLZ54D.In summary,TaFLZ54D enhances salt stress tolerance through interaction with TaSGT1 and TaPP2C to reduce Na^(+)absorption and mitigate oxidative stress.The interaction between TaFLZ54D and TaSGT1,as well as TaPP2C indicated a link between salt stress tolerance of TaFLZ54D and the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of negative regulatory proteins.
基金supported by Beijing Joint Research Program for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding(Grant No.G20220628003-03)Chongqing Municipal People's Government and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences strategic cooperation project,Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B020220001)+3 种基金the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Grant No.CARS-23)Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)Central public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.Y2017PT52)the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China。
文摘Heat stress causes overgrowth,leaf dryness and fruit malformation,which negatively impacts cucumber quality and yield.Yet,in spite of the devastating consequences of this abiotic stress,few genes for heat tolerance in cucumber have been identified.Here,the heat injury indices of 88 cucumber accessions representing diverse ecotypes were collected in two open-field environments,with naturally occurring high temperatures over two years.Seventeen of the 88 accessions were identified as highly heat-tolerant.Using a genome-wide association study,five loci(gHII3.1,gHII3.2,gHII3.3,gHII4.1 and gHII6.1)on three chromosomes associated with heat tolerance were detected.Pairwise linkage disequilibrium correlation,sequence polymorphisms,and qRT-PCR analyses at these loci,identified five candidate genes predicted to be casual for heat stress response in cucumber.CsaV3_3G04883,CsaV3_4G029050 and CsaV3_6G005370 each had nonsynonymous SNPs,and were significantly up-regulated by heat stress in the heat-tolerant genotypes.CsaV3_3G031890 was also induced by heat stress,but in the heatsensitive genotypes,and sequence polymorphism was only found in the promoter region.Identifying these candidate genes lays a foundation for understanding cucumber thermotolerance mechanisms.Our study is one of the few to examine heat stress in adult cucumber plants and it therefore fills a critical gap in knowledge.It is also an important first-step towards accelerating the breeding of robust heat-tolerant varieties.
基金supported by the European Union as a mobility grant
文摘Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interannual differences in water availability are affecting π_(tlp) as a static trait.I monitored the seasonal variation of π_(tlp) during a drought year starting in early spring with juvenile leaves and assessed the interannual variation in π_(tlp) of fully matured leaves among years with diverting water availability for three temperate broad-leaved tree species.The largest seasonal changes in π_(tlp) occurred during leaf unfolding until leaves were fully developed and matured.After leaves matured,no significant changes occurred for the rest of the vegetation period.Interannual variation that could be related to water availability was only present in one of the three tree species.The results suggest that the investigated species have a rapid period of osmotic adjustment early in the growing season followed by a period of relative stability,when π_(tlp) can be considered as a static trait.
基金supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project,China(No.J2019-Ⅳ-0007-0075)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.JKF-20240036)。
文摘To ensure the structural integrity of life-limiting component of aeroengines,Probabilistic Damage Tolerance(PDT)assessment is applied to evaluate the failure risk as required by airworthiness regulations and military standards.The PDT method holds the view that there exist defects such as machining scratches and service cracks in the tenon-groove structures of aeroengine disks.However,it is challenging to conduct PDT assessment due to the scarcity of effective Probability of Detection(POD)model and anomaly distribution model.Through a series of Nondestructive Testing(NDT)experiments,the POD model of real cracks in tenon-groove structures is constructed for the first time by employing the Transfer Function Method(TFM).A novel anomaly distribution model is derived through the utilization of the POD model,instead of using the infeasible field data accumulation method.Subsequently,a framework for calculating the Probability of Failure(POF)of the tenon-groove structures is established,and the aforementioned two models exert a significant influence on the results of POF.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University under research grant number(R.G.P.2/93/45).
文摘Thedeployment of the Internet of Things(IoT)with smart sensors has facilitated the emergence of fog computing as an important technology for delivering services to smart environments such as campuses,smart cities,and smart transportation systems.Fog computing tackles a range of challenges,including processing,storage,bandwidth,latency,and reliability,by locally distributing secure information through end nodes.Consisting of endpoints,fog nodes,and back-end cloud infrastructure,it provides advanced capabilities beyond traditional cloud computing.In smart environments,particularly within smart city transportation systems,the abundance of devices and nodes poses significant challenges related to power consumption and system reliability.To address the challenges of latency,energy consumption,and fault tolerance in these environments,this paper proposes a latency-aware,faulttolerant framework for resource scheduling and data management,referred to as the FORD framework,for smart cities in fog environments.This framework is designed to meet the demands of time-sensitive applications,such as those in smart transportation systems.The FORD framework incorporates latency-aware resource scheduling to optimize task execution in smart city environments,leveraging resources from both fog and cloud environments.Through simulation-based executions,tasks are allocated to the nearest available nodes with minimum latency.In the event of execution failure,a fault-tolerantmechanism is employed to ensure the successful completion of tasks.Upon successful execution,data is efficiently stored in the cloud data center,ensuring data integrity and reliability within the smart city ecosystem.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81970529the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province,No.20230508074RC and No.YDZJ202401218ZYTS.
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the article by Mu et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.We pay special attention to the immune tolerance mechanism caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and the role of antiviral therapy in treating HCC related to HBV infection.HBV infection leads to systemic innate immune tolerance by directly inhibiting pattern recognition receptor recognition and antiviral signaling pathways,as well as by inhibiting the immune functions of macrophages,natural killer cells and dendritic cells.In addition,HBV leads to an immunosuppressive cascade by expressing inhibitory molecules to induce exhaustion of HBV-specific cluster of differentiation 8+T cells,ultimately leading to long-term viral infection.The loss of immune cell function caused by HBV infection ultimately leads to HCC.Long-term antiviral therapy can improve the prognosis of patients with HCC and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2150110022)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2208085QF189)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62202440).
文摘An in-memory storage system provides submillisecond latency and improves the concurrency of user applications by caching data into memory from external storage.Fault tolerance of in-memory storage systems is essential,as the loss of cached data requires access to data from external storage,which evidently increases the response latency.Typically,replication and erasure code(EC)are two fault-tolerant schemes that pose different trade-offs between access performance and storage usage.To help make the best performance and space trade-off,we design ElasticMem,a hybrid fault-tolerant distributed in-memory storage system that supports elastic redundancy transition to dynamically change the fault-tolerant scheme.ElasticMem exploits a novel EC-oriented replication(EOR)that carefully designs the data placement of replication according to the future data layout of EC to enhance the I/O efficiency of redundancy transition.ElasticMem solves the consistency problem caused by concurrent data accesses via a lightweight table-based scheme combined with data bypassing.It detects correlated read and write requests and serves subsequent read requests with local data.We implement a prototype that realizes ElasticMem based on Memcached.Experiments show that ElasticMem remarkably reduces the time of redundancy transition,the overall latency of correlated concurrent data accesses,and the latency of single data access among them.
文摘Regulatory T cells(Treg cells)are a specialized subset of CD4+T cells defined by expression of the lineage-specifying transcription factor FOXP3 and a potent capacity to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.The modern concept of Tregs was catalyzed by Shimon Sakaguchi's identification of CD4+CD25+suppressive T cells and subsequent work establishing FOXP3 as a central determinant of Treg cell development and function;together with landmark FOXP3 genetic discoveries by Mary E.Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell,these advances transformed understanding of immune homeostasis and were recognized by the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Under normal physiological conditions,FOXP3+Treg cells restrain autoreactive lymphocytes,prevent excessive inflammation,and shape antigen-presenting cell activity through contact-dependent pathways and suppressive cytokines,thereby protecting tissues from immune-mediated damage.Disruption of Treg abundance,stability,or suppressive capacity can therefore lead to immune dysregulation and disease.Over the past two decades,Treg cells have become a major focus of immunology because their roles are highly context-dependent.In autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases,impaired Treg cell function or insufficient Treg activity contributes to loss of tolerance and persistent tissue injury,supporting therapeutic approaches designed to enhance Treg cell number,stability,and suppressive potency.In contrast,many cancers exploit Treg cells by promoting their expansion,activation,and recruitment into the tumor microenvironment(TME),where they blunt antitumor immunity by suppressing cytotoxic T-cell priming and effector function,limiting dendritic cell activation,and fostering immune escape.In both settings,immune checkpoint pathways critically influence Treg cell biology.Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4,emerging checkpoints and costimulatory receptors,including TIGIT,TIM-3,LAG-3,and OX40,modulate Treg cell generation,stability,and suppressive functions,thereby shaping the balance between tolerance and immunity.Meanwhile,immunometabolic adaptations further tune Treg cell fitness and function in inflamed tissues and tumors;lipid utilization and mitochondrial programs,among other metabolic axes,enable Treg cells to persist in nutrient-and oxygen-restricted microenvironments,while microenvironmental stress can drive functional remodeling or fragility in a subset-dependent manner.In this review,we summarize the discovery and defining biological features of Treg cells,highlight core suppressive mechanisms and regulatory circuits,and synthesize evidence for the dual roles of Treg cells in preventing autoimmunity yet enabling tumor immune evasion.We further outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at augmenting Treg cell activity to restore tolerance in autoimmune disease,or selectively depleting,functionally inhibiting,and reprogramming tumor-resident Treg cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy.Overall we discuss how deeper insight into Treg heterogeneity,checkpoint control,and immunometabolic regulation may enable more precise Treg celldirected interventions and inform next-generation immunotherapeutic combinations across immune-mediated and malignant diseases.
