Allowable levels for pesticide residues in foods, known as tolerances in the US and as maximum residue limits （MRLs） in much of the world, are widely yet inappropriately perceived as levels of safety concern. A nove...Allowable levels for pesticide residues in foods, known as tolerances in the US and as maximum residue limits （MRLs） in much of the world, are widely yet inappropriately perceived as levels of safety concern. A novel approach to develop scientifically defensible levels of safety concern is presented and an example to determine acute and chronic pesticide food safety standard （PFSS） levels for the fungicide captan on strawberries is provided. Using this approach, the chronic PFSS level for captan on strawberries was determined to be 2 000 mg kg-1 and the acute PFSS level was determined to be 250 mg kg-1. Both levels are far above the existing tolerance and MRLs that commonly range from 3 to 20 mg kg-~, and provide evidence that captan residues detected at levels greater than the tolerance or MRLs are not of acute or chronic health concern even though they represent violative residues. The benefits of developing the PFSS approach to serve as a companion to existing tolerances/MRLs include a greater understanding concerning the health significance, if any, from exposure to violative pesticide residues. In addition, the PFSS approach can be universally applied to all potential pesticide residues on all food commodities, can be modified by specific jurisdictions to take into account differences in food consumption practices, and can help prioritize food residue monitoring by identifying the pesticide/commodity combinations of the greatest potential food safety concern and guiding development of field level analytical methods to detect pesticide residues on prioritized pesticide/commodity combinations.展开更多
According to the dimensional tolerances on hydrodynamic journal bearing system, a nonlinear oil film force model was established,and the Reynolds' equation was solved by adopting finite difference method. In order...According to the dimensional tolerances on hydrodynamic journal bearing system, a nonlinear oil film force model was established,and the Reynolds' equation was solved by adopting finite difference method. In order to fulfill different dimensional tolerances in the system,adopting 2kfactor design and using the eccentricity ratio corresponding to the stability critical curve,the effects of the friction power loss brought by the dimensional tolerances of the dynamic viscosity,bearing width,bearing diameter and journal diameter were analyzed. The effect on dynamic characteristics of the hydrodynamic journal bearing system was quantitatively analyzed,and the nonlinear dynamic analysis, modeling and calculation methods were studied while considering the manufacturing tolerances. The results show that in contrast to the impacts of the tolerances in journal diameter,dynamic viscosity and bearing width,the bearing diameter tolerance would lead to the rise in the power loss, and the dimensional tolerances have different degrees of impacts on the journal bearing system. The friction power loss decreased as the eccentricity ratio increased, and when the eccentricity ratio was 0. 695 the power loss came to the minimum.The investigation would find the best solution and reduce energy consumption,then control varieties of nonlinear dynamical behavior effectively,and provide a theoretical basis for hydrodynamic journal bearing system in parameter design.展开更多
A method for robust analog fault diagnosis using hybrid neural networks is proposed. The primary focus of the paper is to provide robust diagnosis using a mechanism to deal with the problem of element tolerances and r...A method for robust analog fault diagnosis using hybrid neural networks is proposed. The primary focus of the paper is to provide robust diagnosis using a mechanism to deal with the problem of element tolerances and reduce testing time. The proposed approach is based on the fault dictionary diagnosis method and backward propagation neural network (BPNN) and the adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network. Simulation results show that the method is robust and fast for fault diagnosis of analog circuits with tolerances.展开更多
If specification interval is asymmetric, basic specification is the target value of quality characteristics. In this paper Taguchi's quality loss function is applied to describe quality loss based on asymmetric to...If specification interval is asymmetric, basic specification is the target value of quality characteristics. In this paper Taguchi's quality loss function is applied to describe quality loss based on asymmetric tolerances. The measurement of quality loss which is caused by the deviation of quality characteristics from basic specification is further presented.展开更多
The backcross(BC) breeding strategy has been increasingly used for developing high yielding varieties with improved abiotic stress tolerances in rice. In this study, 189Huang-Hua-Zhan(HHZ) introgression lines(ILs) dev...The backcross(BC) breeding strategy has been increasingly used for developing high yielding varieties with improved abiotic stress tolerances in rice. In this study, 189Huang-Hua-Zhan(HHZ) introgression lines(ILs) developed from three different selection schemes were evaluated for yield related traits under drought stress and non-stress conditions in the target and off-season winter nursery environments to assess the selection efficiency of BC breeding for improving different complex traits, and led us to five important results. The first result indicated that the primary target traits should be selected first in the target environments(TEs) in order to achieve the maximum genetic gain. Secondly, BC breeding for drought tolerance(DT) in rice was almost equally effective by strong phenotypic selection in the main target environments and in the winter-season of Hainan.Thirdly, exploiting genetic diversity in the subspecific gene pools is of great importance for future genetic improvement of complex traits in rice. Fourthly, considerable genetic gain can be effectively achieved by selection for secondary target traits among the ILs with the primary traits. Finally, the developed ILs provide useful materials for future genetic/genomic dissection and molecular breeding of complex traits.展开更多
An abnormally high temperature produces a stress response in turbot causing large economic losses in the turbot aquaculture industry of China.A genetic improvement of the upper thermal tolerance(UTT)of turbot could al...An abnormally high temperature produces a stress response in turbot causing large economic losses in the turbot aquaculture industry of China.A genetic improvement of the upper thermal tolerance(UTT)of turbot could allow cultured fi sh to adapt.A genetic evaluation of UTT is required for determining the practicability of including this trait into a breeding program.In this study,data were recorded from a temperature tolerance test conducted on 3200 individual turbots from 32 full-sib groups.A cross-sectional linear model and a cross-sectional threshold probit model were used to analyze the test-period survival and a cross-sectional threshold logit model was used to analyze the test-day survival.In addition,phenotypic and genetic correlations between body weight and survival data were estimated.The estimated heritability values obtained from the cross-sectional linear model(CSL),the cross-sectional threshold(probit)model(THRp),and the cross-sectional threshold(logit)model(THRl)were 0.2479±0.1083,0.2883±0.1612,and 0.1069±0.0452,respectively.The correlation coeffi cients among the full-sib family estimated breeding values(EBVs)obtained from the three models were greater than 0.9986 and all models produced an almost identical family ranking.The accuracies of selection obtained with the CSL,THRp,and THRl model were 0.7738,0.7754,and 0.7844,respectively,the greatest from the THRl model.The genetic correlations between body weight and survival data EBVs from the CSL,THRp,and THRl models were 0.0201,-6.2011×10^(-4),and-3.1154×10^(-4),respectively,and the phenotypic correlations between the two traits were-0.8371 and-0.6671,respectively.The findings of this study provide background information to determine the best strategy of selection for the genetic improvement of UTT in turbot.展开更多
In order to improve stress tolerances of turf-type tall fescue （Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying plasmid pCMD containing stress tolerance-related CBF1 gene from Arabidop...In order to improve stress tolerances of turf-type tall fescue （Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying plasmid pCMD containing stress tolerance-related CBF1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was used to transform mature seeds-derived embryogenic calli of four cultivars. A total of 112 transgenic plants were regenerated from 32 independent lines and verified by histochemical detection of GUS activity, PCR assay and Southern hybridization analysis. The transformation frequency ranged from 0.92 to 2.87% with apparent differences among the cultivars. Stress tolerances of transgenic plants were enhanced, which was shown by the facts that transgenic plants had distinct growth superiority and significantly higher survival rate than non-transformed ones under high salinity and high osmosis stresses, and that relative electronic conductivity of in vitro leaves treated with low and high temoeratures, dehvdration and high salinity stresses was 25-30% lower in transgenic plants than in control plants.In addition,it was observed that growth of transgenic plants was inhibited due to constitutive overexpression of CBF1 gene under normal environmental conditions.展开更多
Iron and zinc are two trace elements that are essential for rice. But they are toxic at higher concentrations, leading to severe rice yield losses especially in acid soils and inland valleys. In this study, two recipr...Iron and zinc are two trace elements that are essential for rice. But they are toxic at higher concentrations, leading to severe rice yield losses especially in acid soils and inland valleys. In this study, two reciprocal introgression line(IL) populations sharing the same parents were used with high-density SNP bin markers to identify QTL tolerant to iron and zinc toxicities. The results indicated that the japonica variety 02,428 had stronger tolerance to iron and zinc toxicities than the indica variety Minghui 63. Nine and ten QTL contributing to iron and zinc toxicity tolerances,respectively, were identified in the two IL populations. The favorable alleles of most QTL came from 02,428. Among them, q FRRDW2, q ZRRDW3, and q FRSDW11 appeared to be independent of genetic background. The region C11S49–C11S60 on chromosome 11 harbored QTL affecting multiple iron and zinc toxicity tolerance-related traits, indicating partial genetic overlap between the two toxicity tolerances. Our results provide essential information and materials for developing excellent rice cultivars with iron and/or zinc tolerance by marker-assisted selection(MAS).展开更多
The application of normal distribution for quality characteristics has its limits on the condition that specification interval is asymmetric. In this paper, the compound normal distribution N(L,σ12,σ22) was proposed...The application of normal distribution for quality characteristics has its limits on the condition that specification interval is asymmetric. In this paper, the compound normal distribution N(L,σ12,σ22) was proposed and simulated, the property of the parameters Lσ1 and σ2 was studied. The distribution was further applied toangle quality process control.展开更多
Consu<span>mption of flaxseed provides health benefits. Bile tolerance allows </span>survival of probiotics in the intestinal tract. The objective was to determine whether or not flaxseed enhances bile tol...Consu<span>mption of flaxseed provides health benefits. Bile tolerance allows </span>survival of probiotics in the intestinal tract. The objective was to determine whether or not flaxseed enhances bile tolerance of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">Lactobacillus acidophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:""> (<i>L. acidophilus</i></span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">) LA-K<i>, </i></span><i><span style="font-family:""><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">Lactobacillus delbruekii</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> ssp.<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:""><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">bulgaricus </span></i><span style="font-family:"">(</span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">) LB-12,<span> </span></span><span style="font-family:"">and </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">Streptococcus salivarius</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:"">ssp.<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:""><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">thermophilus </span></i><span style="font-family:"">(<i>S. </i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">thermophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">) ST-M5</span><i><span style="font-family:"">. </span></i><span style="font-family:"">Control and experimental (62 g flaxseed/L) broths containing 0.3% oxgall were prepared for each culture, sterilized, cooled, inoculated, and plated for 8 h. <span>Growth of each microorganism in both the control and </span>experimental broths was evaluated by the slope of the regression line of its log count versus time after inoculation. Flaxseed significantly enhanced growth of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L.</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> acidophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> but not </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. </span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> and </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">S. thermophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> over 8 h compared to its corresponding control. Therefore, flaxseed improved the bile tolerance of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. acidophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:"">but not of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">S. thermophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> and </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">.展开更多
This article is about a comparison of different measures for determining the robustness or reliability of electric machine designs in the presence of inevitable tolerances.The selected criteria shall be suitable for c...This article is about a comparison of different measures for determining the robustness or reliability of electric machine designs in the presence of inevitable tolerances.The selected criteria shall be suitable for concurrent evaluation in the course of solving state-of-the-art large scale multi-objective opti-mization problems.In the past,besides particularly customized criteria,mainly gradient based measures,worst case information,or standard deviation based quantities were considered.In this work,the quantile measure is introduced for electric machine design optimization and compared with the existing solutions.The evaluation of a design’s robustness is typically examined based on finite element simulations.As for most measures a signif-icant number of parameter combinations and thus computations are required,a surrogate model assisted approach is presented to minimize computational effort and runtime.A test problem is defined and analyzed to illustrate the differences of selected robustness measures.Results reveal the importance of considering robustness in the optimization process.Moreover,a careful choice of appropriate measures has to be taken.Selected designs are compared and conclusions and an outlook on future activities are presented.展开更多
Thirty bread wheat genotypes were used as material during the 2014-2015 cropping season. The experimental layout was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The sowing rate was 500 seeds square meter. ...Thirty bread wheat genotypes were used as material during the 2014-2015 cropping season. The experimental layout was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The sowing rate was 500 seeds square meter. Sowing was done in plots of 6 rows （1.2 m × 5 m, spaced 20 cm apart） in Namlk Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department experimental area. Two sowing times were performed. First sowing was made in November suggested usual （standard） and second one was made in January as delayed sown in order to push growing stages of plants into periods in which heat stress is expected will be effected. Sowing times were allotted to main-plots while genotypes were allotted to sub-plots. When the bread wheat varieties and lines used in the experiment are evaluated in terms of tolerance to high temperature, it was shown that Dropia and Nota varieties and CIMMYT-HTN 2014/15-2, CIMMYT-HTN 2014/15 -6, CIMMYT-HTN 2014/15 - 10 lines were better tolerance to high temperature. However, it was noticed that these genotypes were not included in the first groups in terms of grain yield. It is possible to utilize these genotypes as a genitor in cross-breeding programs for breeding studies for tolerance to high temperatures.展开更多
Frequency-selective surface （FSS） is a two-dimensional periodic structure consisting of a dielectric substrate and the metal units （or apertures） arranged periodically on it. When manufacturing the substrate, its ...Frequency-selective surface （FSS） is a two-dimensional periodic structure consisting of a dielectric substrate and the metal units （or apertures） arranged periodically on it. When manufacturing the substrate, its thickness and dielectric constant suffer process tolerances. This may induce the center frequency of the FSS to shift, and consequently influence its characteristics. In this paper, a bandpass FSS structure is designed. The units are the Jerusalem crosses arranged squarely. The mode-matching technique is used for simulation. The influence of the tolerances of the substrate＇s thickness and dielectric constant on the center frequency is analyzed. Results show that the tolerances of thickness and dielectric constant have different influences on the center frequency of the FSS. It is necessary to ensure the process tolerance of the dielectric constant in the design and manufacturing of the substrate in order to stabilize the center frequency.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
Post-translational modifications(PTMs)regulate the occurrence and development of cancer,and lactylation modification is a new form of PTMs.Recent studies have found that lactic acid modification can regulate the immun...Post-translational modifications(PTMs)regulate the occurrence and development of cancer,and lactylation modification is a new form of PTMs.Recent studies have found that lactic acid modification can regulate the immune tolerance of cancer cells.The classical theory holds that prostate apoptosis response-4(PAR-4)is a tumor suppressor protein.However,our recent research has found that PAR-4 has a biological function of promoting cancer in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and our analysis shows that PAR-4 can be modified of lactic acid.These research evidences suggest that PAR-4 lactylation modification may drive immune tolerance in HCC.Therefore,inhibiting PAR-4 lactylation modification is very likely to increase the sensitivity of HCC to immunotherapy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and of...BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and often the condition is prolonged,and the patients are prone to anxiety and uneasiness,which may be related to the harshness of the plateau environment,somatic discomfort due to the lack of oxygen,anxiety about the disease,and other factors.AIM To investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)on anxiety,sleep disorders,and hypoxia tolerance in patients with high-altitude respiratory diseases.METHODS A total of 2337 patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases treated at our hospital between November 2023 and January 2024 were selected as the study subjects.The subjects’pre-high-altitude residential altitude was approximately 1700 meters.They were divided into two groups.Both groups were given symptomatic treatment,and the control group implemented conventional nursing intervention,while the research group simultaneously conducted CBT intervention;assessed the degree of health knowledge of the two groups,and applied the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess the anxiety and sleep quality of the patients before and after the intervention,respectively.It also observed the length and efficiency of sleep,and detected the level of serum hypoxia inducible factor-1α,erythropoietin(EPO)and clinical intervention before and after intervention.EPO levels,and investigated satisfaction with the clinical intervention.RESULTS The rate of excellent health knowledge in the intervention group was 93.64%,which was higher than that in the control group(74.23%;P<0.05).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores between the two groups(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in sleep duration and sleep efficiency between the groups before the intervention(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly larger than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum hypoxia inducible factor-1αand EPO between the two groups before intervention(P>0.05),and both research groups were significantly lower than the control group after intervention(P<0.05).According to the questionnaire survey,the intervention satisfaction of the study group was 95.53%,which was higher than that of the control group(80.14%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The CBT intervention in the treatment of patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases helps improve patients'health knowledge,relieve anxiety,improve sleep quality and hypoxia tolerance,and improve nursing satisfaction.展开更多
Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistan...Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistance to salt stress.In this study,we used corn steep liquor(CSL),myo-inositol(MI),and their combination to improve salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)under salt stress conditions.All three treatments significantly increased plant biomass and nutrient uptake,and improved soil physicochemical properties,while alleviating oxidative damage and ion toxicity.展开更多
Since pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPCase） has been cloned from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and other cyanobacteria, the effects of pepc gene expression on photosynthesis have not been reported yet...Since pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPCase） has been cloned from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and other cyanobacteria, the effects of pepc gene expression on photosynthesis have not been reported yet. In this study, we constructed mutants containing either upregu-lated （forward） or downregulated （reverse） pepc gene in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Results from real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT‐qPCR）, Western blot and enzymatic analysis showed that PEPCase activity was signifi-cantly reduced in the reverse mutant compared with the wild type, and that of the forward mutant was obviously increased. Interestingly, the net photosynthesis in both the reverse mutant and the forward mutant were higher than that of the wild type, but dark respiration was decreased only in the reverse mutant. The absorbance changes of P700 upon saturation pulse showed the photosystem I （PSI） activity was inhibited, as reflected by Y（I）, and Y（NA） was elevated, and＆amp;nbsp;dark reduction of P700t was stimulated, indicating enhanced cyclic electron flow （CEF） around PSI in the reverse mutant. Additional y, the reverse mutant photosynthesis was higher than that of the wild type in low temperature, low and high pH, and high salinity, and this implies increased tolerance in the reverse mutant through downregulated pepc gene.展开更多
Aims Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are plant storage compounds used for metabolism,transport,osmoregulation and regrowth following the loss of plant tissue.Even in conditions suitable for optimal growth,plants con...Aims Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are plant storage compounds used for metabolism,transport,osmoregulation and regrowth following the loss of plant tissue.Even in conditions suitable for optimal growth,plants continue to store NSCs.This storage may be due to passive accumulation from sink-inhibited growth or active reserves that come at the expense of growth.The former pathway implies that NSCs may be a by-product of sink limitation,while the latter suggests a functional role of NSCs for use during poor conditions.Methods Using 13C pulse labelling,we traced the source of soluble sugars in stem and root organs during drought and everwet conditions for seedlings of two tropical tree species that differ in drought tolerance to estimate the relative allocation of NSCs stored prior to drought versus NSCs assimilated during drought.We monitored growth,stomatal conductance,stem water potential and NSC storage to assess a broad carbon response to drought.Important Findings We found that the drought-sensitive species had reduced growth,conserved NSC concentrations in leaf,stem and root organs and had a larger proportion of soluble sugars in stem and root organs that originated from pre-drought storage relative to seedlings in control conditions.In contrast,the drought-tolerant species maintained growth and stem and root NSC concentrations but had reduced leaf NSCs concentrations with a larger proportion of stem and root soluble sugars originated from freshly assimilated photosynthates relative to control seedlings.These results suggest the drought-sensitive species passively accumulated NSCs during water deficit due to growth inhibition,while the drought-tolerant species actively responded to water deficit by allocating NSCs to stem and root organs.These strategies seem correlated with baseline maximum growth rates,which supports previous research suggesting a trade-off between growth and drought tolerance while providing new evidence for the importance of plasticity in NSC allocation during drought.展开更多
Global warming impacts plant growth and development,which in turn threatens food security.Plants can clearly respond to warm-temperature(such as by thermomorphogenesis)and high-temperature stresses.At the molecular le...Global warming impacts plant growth and development,which in turn threatens food security.Plants can clearly respond to warm-temperature(such as by thermomorphogenesis)and high-temperature stresses.At the molecular level,many small molecules play crucial roles in balancing growth and defense,and stable high yields can be achieved by fine-tuning the responses to external stimuli.Therefore,it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth in response to heat stress and how plants can adjust their biological processes to survive heat stress conditions.In this review,we summarize the heat-responsive genetic networks in plants and crop plants based on recent studies.We focus on how plants sense the elevated temperatures and initiate the cellular and metabolic responses that allow them to adapt to the adverse growing conditions.We also describe the trade-off between plant growth and responses to heat stress.Specifically,we address the regulatory network of plant responses to heat stress,which will facilitate the discovery of novel thermotolerance genes and provide new opportunities for agricultural applications.展开更多
基金the Chilean Government and the National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) for supporting this work through the Becas Chile Scholarships
文摘Allowable levels for pesticide residues in foods, known as tolerances in the US and as maximum residue limits （MRLs） in much of the world, are widely yet inappropriately perceived as levels of safety concern. A novel approach to develop scientifically defensible levels of safety concern is presented and an example to determine acute and chronic pesticide food safety standard （PFSS） levels for the fungicide captan on strawberries is provided. Using this approach, the chronic PFSS level for captan on strawberries was determined to be 2 000 mg kg-1 and the acute PFSS level was determined to be 250 mg kg-1. Both levels are far above the existing tolerance and MRLs that commonly range from 3 to 20 mg kg-~, and provide evidence that captan residues detected at levels greater than the tolerance or MRLs are not of acute or chronic health concern even though they represent violative residues. The benefits of developing the PFSS approach to serve as a companion to existing tolerances/MRLs include a greater understanding concerning the health significance, if any, from exposure to violative pesticide residues. In addition, the PFSS approach can be universally applied to all potential pesticide residues on all food commodities, can be modified by specific jurisdictions to take into account differences in food consumption practices, and can help prioritize food residue monitoring by identifying the pesticide/commodity combinations of the greatest potential food safety concern and guiding development of field level analytical methods to detect pesticide residues on prioritized pesticide/commodity combinations.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.11272100,No.50865001)
文摘According to the dimensional tolerances on hydrodynamic journal bearing system, a nonlinear oil film force model was established,and the Reynolds' equation was solved by adopting finite difference method. In order to fulfill different dimensional tolerances in the system,adopting 2kfactor design and using the eccentricity ratio corresponding to the stability critical curve,the effects of the friction power loss brought by the dimensional tolerances of the dynamic viscosity,bearing width,bearing diameter and journal diameter were analyzed. The effect on dynamic characteristics of the hydrodynamic journal bearing system was quantitatively analyzed,and the nonlinear dynamic analysis, modeling and calculation methods were studied while considering the manufacturing tolerances. The results show that in contrast to the impacts of the tolerances in journal diameter,dynamic viscosity and bearing width,the bearing diameter tolerance would lead to the rise in the power loss, and the dimensional tolerances have different degrees of impacts on the journal bearing system. The friction power loss decreased as the eccentricity ratio increased, and when the eccentricity ratio was 0. 695 the power loss came to the minimum.The investigation would find the best solution and reduce energy consumption,then control varieties of nonlinear dynamical behavior effectively,and provide a theoretical basis for hydrodynamic journal bearing system in parameter design.
文摘A method for robust analog fault diagnosis using hybrid neural networks is proposed. The primary focus of the paper is to provide robust diagnosis using a mechanism to deal with the problem of element tolerances and reduce testing time. The proposed approach is based on the fault dictionary diagnosis method and backward propagation neural network (BPNN) and the adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network. Simulation results show that the method is robust and fast for fault diagnosis of analog circuits with tolerances.
文摘If specification interval is asymmetric, basic specification is the target value of quality characteristics. In this paper Taguchi's quality loss function is applied to describe quality loss based on asymmetric tolerances. The measurement of quality loss which is caused by the deviation of quality characteristics from basic specification is further presented.
基金funded by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2012AA101101) from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinathe National Science Foundation Project (30570996)+1 种基金the Program of Introducing International Super Agricultural Science and Technology (#2011-G2B) from the Ministry of Agriculture of Chinathe Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Project (OPP51587)
文摘The backcross(BC) breeding strategy has been increasingly used for developing high yielding varieties with improved abiotic stress tolerances in rice. In this study, 189Huang-Hua-Zhan(HHZ) introgression lines(ILs) developed from three different selection schemes were evaluated for yield related traits under drought stress and non-stress conditions in the target and off-season winter nursery environments to assess the selection efficiency of BC breeding for improving different complex traits, and led us to five important results. The first result indicated that the primary target traits should be selected first in the target environments(TEs) in order to achieve the maximum genetic gain. Secondly, BC breeding for drought tolerance(DT) in rice was almost equally effective by strong phenotypic selection in the main target environments and in the winter-season of Hainan.Thirdly, exploiting genetic diversity in the subspecific gene pools is of great importance for future genetic improvement of complex traits in rice. Fourthly, considerable genetic gain can be effectively achieved by selection for secondary target traits among the ILs with the primary traits. Finally, the developed ILs provide useful materials for future genetic/genomic dissection and molecular breeding of complex traits.
基金Supported by the Special Funds to the Construction of Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(No.CARS-47-01)the“Aoshan”Talent Plan of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province(No.2016GSF115019)the Agricultural Fine-Breed Project of Shandong Province(No.2016LZGC031)
文摘An abnormally high temperature produces a stress response in turbot causing large economic losses in the turbot aquaculture industry of China.A genetic improvement of the upper thermal tolerance(UTT)of turbot could allow cultured fi sh to adapt.A genetic evaluation of UTT is required for determining the practicability of including this trait into a breeding program.In this study,data were recorded from a temperature tolerance test conducted on 3200 individual turbots from 32 full-sib groups.A cross-sectional linear model and a cross-sectional threshold probit model were used to analyze the test-period survival and a cross-sectional threshold logit model was used to analyze the test-day survival.In addition,phenotypic and genetic correlations between body weight and survival data were estimated.The estimated heritability values obtained from the cross-sectional linear model(CSL),the cross-sectional threshold(probit)model(THRp),and the cross-sectional threshold(logit)model(THRl)were 0.2479±0.1083,0.2883±0.1612,and 0.1069±0.0452,respectively.The correlation coeffi cients among the full-sib family estimated breeding values(EBVs)obtained from the three models were greater than 0.9986 and all models produced an almost identical family ranking.The accuracies of selection obtained with the CSL,THRp,and THRl model were 0.7738,0.7754,and 0.7844,respectively,the greatest from the THRl model.The genetic correlations between body weight and survival data EBVs from the CSL,THRp,and THRl models were 0.0201,-6.2011×10^(-4),and-3.1154×10^(-4),respectively,and the phenotypic correlations between the two traits were-0.8371 and-0.6671,respectively.The findings of this study provide background information to determine the best strategy of selection for the genetic improvement of UTT in turbot.
文摘In order to improve stress tolerances of turf-type tall fescue （Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying plasmid pCMD containing stress tolerance-related CBF1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was used to transform mature seeds-derived embryogenic calli of four cultivars. A total of 112 transgenic plants were regenerated from 32 independent lines and verified by histochemical detection of GUS activity, PCR assay and Southern hybridization analysis. The transformation frequency ranged from 0.92 to 2.87% with apparent differences among the cultivars. Stress tolerances of transgenic plants were enhanced, which was shown by the facts that transgenic plants had distinct growth superiority and significantly higher survival rate than non-transformed ones under high salinity and high osmosis stresses, and that relative electronic conductivity of in vitro leaves treated with low and high temoeratures, dehvdration and high salinity stresses was 25-30% lower in transgenic plants than in control plants.In addition,it was observed that growth of transgenic plants was inhibited due to constitutive overexpression of CBF1 gene under normal environmental conditions.
基金funded by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2014AA10A601)Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry (No.LXT-16-01) to JLX+2 种基金the Shenzhen Peacock Plan (No.20130415095710361) to ZKLthe CAAS Innovative Team Award to JLX's teamKey Discipline of Crop Science of Yangtze University to HL
文摘Iron and zinc are two trace elements that are essential for rice. But they are toxic at higher concentrations, leading to severe rice yield losses especially in acid soils and inland valleys. In this study, two reciprocal introgression line(IL) populations sharing the same parents were used with high-density SNP bin markers to identify QTL tolerant to iron and zinc toxicities. The results indicated that the japonica variety 02,428 had stronger tolerance to iron and zinc toxicities than the indica variety Minghui 63. Nine and ten QTL contributing to iron and zinc toxicity tolerances,respectively, were identified in the two IL populations. The favorable alleles of most QTL came from 02,428. Among them, q FRRDW2, q ZRRDW3, and q FRSDW11 appeared to be independent of genetic background. The region C11S49–C11S60 on chromosome 11 harbored QTL affecting multiple iron and zinc toxicity tolerance-related traits, indicating partial genetic overlap between the two toxicity tolerances. Our results provide essential information and materials for developing excellent rice cultivars with iron and/or zinc tolerance by marker-assisted selection(MAS).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(7007203370372064).
文摘The application of normal distribution for quality characteristics has its limits on the condition that specification interval is asymmetric. In this paper, the compound normal distribution N(L,σ12,σ22) was proposed and simulated, the property of the parameters Lσ1 and σ2 was studied. The distribution was further applied toangle quality process control.
文摘Consu<span>mption of flaxseed provides health benefits. Bile tolerance allows </span>survival of probiotics in the intestinal tract. The objective was to determine whether or not flaxseed enhances bile tolerance of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">Lactobacillus acidophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:""> (<i>L. acidophilus</i></span><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">) LA-K<i>, </i></span><i><span style="font-family:""><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">Lactobacillus delbruekii</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> ssp.<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:""><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">bulgaricus </span></i><span style="font-family:"">(</span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">) LB-12,<span> </span></span><span style="font-family:"">and </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">Streptococcus salivarius</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:"">ssp.<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:""><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">thermophilus </span></i><span style="font-family:"">(<i>S. </i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">thermophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">) ST-M5</span><i><span style="font-family:"">. </span></i><span style="font-family:"">Control and experimental (62 g flaxseed/L) broths containing 0.3% oxgall were prepared for each culture, sterilized, cooled, inoculated, and plated for 8 h. <span>Growth of each microorganism in both the control and </span>experimental broths was evaluated by the slope of the regression line of its log count versus time after inoculation. Flaxseed significantly enhanced growth of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L.</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> acidophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> but not </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. </span></i><i><span style="font-family:"">bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> and </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">S. thermophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> over 8 h compared to its corresponding control. Therefore, flaxseed improved the bile tolerance of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. acidophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:"">but not of </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">S. thermophilus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""> and </span><span style="font-family:""><i></span><i><span style="font-family:"">L. bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:""></i></span></i><span style="font-family:"">.
文摘This article is about a comparison of different measures for determining the robustness or reliability of electric machine designs in the presence of inevitable tolerances.The selected criteria shall be suitable for concurrent evaluation in the course of solving state-of-the-art large scale multi-objective opti-mization problems.In the past,besides particularly customized criteria,mainly gradient based measures,worst case information,or standard deviation based quantities were considered.In this work,the quantile measure is introduced for electric machine design optimization and compared with the existing solutions.The evaluation of a design’s robustness is typically examined based on finite element simulations.As for most measures a signif-icant number of parameter combinations and thus computations are required,a surrogate model assisted approach is presented to minimize computational effort and runtime.A test problem is defined and analyzed to illustrate the differences of selected robustness measures.Results reveal the importance of considering robustness in the optimization process.Moreover,a careful choice of appropriate measures has to be taken.Selected designs are compared and conclusions and an outlook on future activities are presented.
文摘Thirty bread wheat genotypes were used as material during the 2014-2015 cropping season. The experimental layout was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The sowing rate was 500 seeds square meter. Sowing was done in plots of 6 rows （1.2 m × 5 m, spaced 20 cm apart） in Namlk Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department experimental area. Two sowing times were performed. First sowing was made in November suggested usual （standard） and second one was made in January as delayed sown in order to push growing stages of plants into periods in which heat stress is expected will be effected. Sowing times were allotted to main-plots while genotypes were allotted to sub-plots. When the bread wheat varieties and lines used in the experiment are evaluated in terms of tolerance to high temperature, it was shown that Dropia and Nota varieties and CIMMYT-HTN 2014/15-2, CIMMYT-HTN 2014/15 -6, CIMMYT-HTN 2014/15 - 10 lines were better tolerance to high temperature. However, it was noticed that these genotypes were not included in the first groups in terms of grain yield. It is possible to utilize these genotypes as a genitor in cross-breeding programs for breeding studies for tolerance to high temperatures.
文摘Frequency-selective surface （FSS） is a two-dimensional periodic structure consisting of a dielectric substrate and the metal units （or apertures） arranged periodically on it. When manufacturing the substrate, its thickness and dielectric constant suffer process tolerances. This may induce the center frequency of the FSS to shift, and consequently influence its characteristics. In this paper, a bandpass FSS structure is designed. The units are the Jerusalem crosses arranged squarely. The mode-matching technique is used for simulation. The influence of the tolerances of the substrate＇s thickness and dielectric constant on the center frequency is analyzed. Results show that the tolerances of thickness and dielectric constant have different influences on the center frequency of the FSS. It is necessary to ensure the process tolerance of the dielectric constant in the design and manufacturing of the substrate in order to stabilize the center frequency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82573045,82460602,82560459)the Hainan Provincial Graduate Student Innovative Research Project(No.Qhys2024-440).
文摘Post-translational modifications(PTMs)regulate the occurrence and development of cancer,and lactylation modification is a new form of PTMs.Recent studies have found that lactic acid modification can regulate the immune tolerance of cancer cells.The classical theory holds that prostate apoptosis response-4(PAR-4)is a tumor suppressor protein.However,our recent research has found that PAR-4 has a biological function of promoting cancer in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and our analysis shows that PAR-4 can be modified of lactic acid.These research evidences suggest that PAR-4 lactylation modification may drive immune tolerance in HCC.Therefore,inhibiting PAR-4 lactylation modification is very likely to increase the sensitivity of HCC to immunotherapy.
基金Supported by Army Logistics Department Health Bureau Project,No.QJGYXYJZX-012.
文摘BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and often the condition is prolonged,and the patients are prone to anxiety and uneasiness,which may be related to the harshness of the plateau environment,somatic discomfort due to the lack of oxygen,anxiety about the disease,and other factors.AIM To investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)on anxiety,sleep disorders,and hypoxia tolerance in patients with high-altitude respiratory diseases.METHODS A total of 2337 patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases treated at our hospital between November 2023 and January 2024 were selected as the study subjects.The subjects’pre-high-altitude residential altitude was approximately 1700 meters.They were divided into two groups.Both groups were given symptomatic treatment,and the control group implemented conventional nursing intervention,while the research group simultaneously conducted CBT intervention;assessed the degree of health knowledge of the two groups,and applied the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess the anxiety and sleep quality of the patients before and after the intervention,respectively.It also observed the length and efficiency of sleep,and detected the level of serum hypoxia inducible factor-1α,erythropoietin(EPO)and clinical intervention before and after intervention.EPO levels,and investigated satisfaction with the clinical intervention.RESULTS The rate of excellent health knowledge in the intervention group was 93.64%,which was higher than that in the control group(74.23%;P<0.05).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores between the two groups(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in sleep duration and sleep efficiency between the groups before the intervention(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly larger than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum hypoxia inducible factor-1αand EPO between the two groups before intervention(P>0.05),and both research groups were significantly lower than the control group after intervention(P<0.05).According to the questionnaire survey,the intervention satisfaction of the study group was 95.53%,which was higher than that of the control group(80.14%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The CBT intervention in the treatment of patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases helps improve patients'health knowledge,relieve anxiety,improve sleep quality and hypoxia tolerance,and improve nursing satisfaction.
基金supported by the sub-project“Research and Application of In-Situ Value-Added Water-Soluble Fertilizer Application Technology”(Grant No.2023YFD1700204-3)under the 14th Five-Year National Key R&D Program Project“Development and Industrialization of Novel Green Value-Added Fertilizers”.
文摘Salinization of agricultural land is becoming increasingly severe worldwide,posing a significant threat to food security.The exogenous application of bioactive substances has been widely used to enhance plant resistance to salt stress.In this study,we used corn steep liquor(CSL),myo-inositol(MI),and their combination to improve salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)under salt stress conditions.All three treatments significantly increased plant biomass and nutrient uptake,and improved soil physicochemical properties,while alleviating oxidative damage and ion toxicity.
基金supported by the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) (Nos.2009AA064401 and 2014AA093506)National Administration Project from Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (No.04)supported by Shanghai Universities First-class Disciplines Project of Fisheries
文摘Since pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPCase） has been cloned from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and other cyanobacteria, the effects of pepc gene expression on photosynthesis have not been reported yet. In this study, we constructed mutants containing either upregu-lated （forward） or downregulated （reverse） pepc gene in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Results from real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT‐qPCR）, Western blot and enzymatic analysis showed that PEPCase activity was signifi-cantly reduced in the reverse mutant compared with the wild type, and that of the forward mutant was obviously increased. Interestingly, the net photosynthesis in both the reverse mutant and the forward mutant were higher than that of the wild type, but dark respiration was decreased only in the reverse mutant. The absorbance changes of P700 upon saturation pulse showed the photosystem I （PSI） activity was inhibited, as reflected by Y（I）, and Y（NA） was elevated, and＆amp;nbsp;dark reduction of P700t was stimulated, indicating enhanced cyclic electron flow （CEF） around PSI in the reverse mutant. Additional y, the reverse mutant photosynthesis was higher than that of the wild type in low temperature, low and high pH, and high salinity, and this implies increased tolerance in the reverse mutant through downregulated pepc gene.
基金supported by the Universität Zürich MSc Ecology Program with additional support by the Universität Zürich Research Priority Program on Global Change and Biodiversity(URPP-GCB).M.O.B.was supported by the Atracción de Talento Investigador Modalidad I Fellowship from the Comunidad de Madrid(grant number 2018-T1/AMB-11095)during the preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Aims Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are plant storage compounds used for metabolism,transport,osmoregulation and regrowth following the loss of plant tissue.Even in conditions suitable for optimal growth,plants continue to store NSCs.This storage may be due to passive accumulation from sink-inhibited growth or active reserves that come at the expense of growth.The former pathway implies that NSCs may be a by-product of sink limitation,while the latter suggests a functional role of NSCs for use during poor conditions.Methods Using 13C pulse labelling,we traced the source of soluble sugars in stem and root organs during drought and everwet conditions for seedlings of two tropical tree species that differ in drought tolerance to estimate the relative allocation of NSCs stored prior to drought versus NSCs assimilated during drought.We monitored growth,stomatal conductance,stem water potential and NSC storage to assess a broad carbon response to drought.Important Findings We found that the drought-sensitive species had reduced growth,conserved NSC concentrations in leaf,stem and root organs and had a larger proportion of soluble sugars in stem and root organs that originated from pre-drought storage relative to seedlings in control conditions.In contrast,the drought-tolerant species maintained growth and stem and root NSC concentrations but had reduced leaf NSCs concentrations with a larger proportion of stem and root soluble sugars originated from freshly assimilated photosynthates relative to control seedlings.These results suggest the drought-sensitive species passively accumulated NSCs during water deficit due to growth inhibition,while the drought-tolerant species actively responded to water deficit by allocating NSCs to stem and root organs.These strategies seem correlated with baseline maximum growth rates,which supports previous research suggesting a trade-off between growth and drought tolerance while providing new evidence for the importance of plasticity in NSC allocation during drought.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171945,32301760)the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province,China(22IRTSTHN023)+2 种基金the Scientific and Technological Research Project of Henan Province,China(242102111116)the National Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Scientists of China(2023M731003)the Postdoctoral Research Subsidize Fund of Henan Province,China(HN2022139)。
文摘Global warming impacts plant growth and development,which in turn threatens food security.Plants can clearly respond to warm-temperature(such as by thermomorphogenesis)and high-temperature stresses.At the molecular level,many small molecules play crucial roles in balancing growth and defense,and stable high yields can be achieved by fine-tuning the responses to external stimuli.Therefore,it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth in response to heat stress and how plants can adjust their biological processes to survive heat stress conditions.In this review,we summarize the heat-responsive genetic networks in plants and crop plants based on recent studies.We focus on how plants sense the elevated temperatures and initiate the cellular and metabolic responses that allow them to adapt to the adverse growing conditions.We also describe the trade-off between plant growth and responses to heat stress.Specifically,we address the regulatory network of plant responses to heat stress,which will facilitate the discovery of novel thermotolerance genes and provide new opportunities for agricultural applications.
