Infections associated with titanium(Ti)-based implants present significant challenges in clinical treatments,especially when biofilms already form on the implant surface.Many antimicrobial agents,including antibiotics...Infections associated with titanium(Ti)-based implants present significant challenges in clinical treatments,especially when biofilms already form on the implant surface.Many antimicrobial agents,including antibiotics,metallic nanoparticles and antimicrobial peptides,have been extensively used to deal with Ti implant infections.However,these chemical approaches suffer from potential toxicity,antibiotic resistance and poor long-term antibacterial performance.Hence,physical antibacterial surfaces on Ti-based implants have attracted increasing attention.The antibacterial behavior of different surfaces on Ti-based biomaterials against various bacteria only by physical properties of the implants themselves(e.g.,nanotopography)or exogenous physical stimulus(e.g.,photocatalysis)was reviewed,as well as parameters influencing the physical antibacterial processes,such as size,shape and density of the surface nanotextures,and bacterial growth phases.Besides,mechanisms of different fabrication techniques for the physical antibacterial surfaces on Ti-based biomaterials were also summarized.展开更多
Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use ...Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics,energy,and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature,the measurement of key characteristics,and their specification,etc.Among these,standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial.The critical parameters are the number of layers,the type and concentration of defects and functional groups,elemental composition,sheet resistance,and carrier mobility.Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113.These give details of applicable or preferred samples,the fundamental principles of the techniques,specific precautions,and points for attention in the relevant standards.The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.展开更多
CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development o...CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.展开更多
Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for ...Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite mo...The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite molecular sieves,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have excellent thermal and chemical stabilities and can be produced in many different forms.Using their different possible construction units,ordered structures for specific applications can be produced,giving them broad prospects in fields such as gas storage.This review analyzes the different types of COFs that have been synthesized and their different methods of CO_(2) capture.It then discusses different ways to increase CO_(2) adsorption by changing the internal structure of COFs and modifying their surfaces.The limitations of COF-derived carbon materials in CO_(2) capture are reviewed and,finally,the key role of machine learning and computational simulation in improving CO_(2) adsorption is mentioned,and the current status and future possible uses of COFs are summarized.展开更多
Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated...Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated technologies is likely to lead to even wider adoption in the automotive industry,driven by rising global vehicle production,particularly in the growing electric vehicle(EV)segment,and an intensified focus on sustainable solutions.展开更多
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale p...Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.展开更多
To solve the problem of abnormal abrasion of Cu-Based Friction Materials(CBFMs),Bionic Non-Smooth Surface(BNS)on friction surface of CBFMs was constructed based on bionic principles,and the optimal bionic prototype wa...To solve the problem of abnormal abrasion of Cu-Based Friction Materials(CBFMs),Bionic Non-Smooth Surface(BNS)on friction surface of CBFMs was constructed based on bionic principles,and the optimal bionic prototype was selected by Finite Element Method(FEM).In addition,the bionic parameters were optimized by Response Surface Method(RSM).Samples holding BNS were prepared by Laser Processing,tribological properties were tested by a Friction and Wear Tester and worn surface morphology was characterized by a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).The results showed that BNS on friction surface could regulate the stress distribution and alleviate the peak stress.Among all samples,the coupled texture of pit-hexagonal got the minimum peak stress.During braking,bionic texture could also collect wear debris or change the motion forms from sliding to rotation,which can reduce abnormal abrasion.The wear rate was reduced by 19.31%.The results in this paper can provide a new idea for enhancing the tribological properties of CBFMs,and can also lay the foundation for further research of bionic tribology.展开更多
Though the formation of polysulfide is desirable,as it contributes to the capacity build-up,it must not leak into the electrolyte.The loss of polysulfide causes capacity fade,a change in the local chemistry of the ele...Though the formation of polysulfide is desirable,as it contributes to the capacity build-up,it must not leak into the electrolyte.The loss of polysulfide causes capacity fade,a change in the local chemistry of the electrolyte,and anode poisoning.Constant efforts are in progress to find suitable polysulfide-absorbing materials;however,the magical polysulfide absorber is yet to be discovered or developed.Experimental methods alone often fall short in accelerating the investigations may be due to the complex Nature of the testing.This review focuses on the importance of computational methods,particularly density functional theory(DFT),in screening suitable polysulfide absorbers.It highlights the critical role of anchoring materials in improving Na-S battery performance,including pristine and doped graphene,metal–organic frameworks,carbon Nanofibers,vanadium disulfide,MXenes,and metal sulfides.By examining adsorption energies,charge transfer mechanisms,and catalytic properties,this review provides insights into the design of advanced materials that can effectively immobilize polysulfides and enhance battery stability.The review aims to guide future research efforts toward the development of high-performance RT Na-S batteries through a comprehensive understanding of the polysulfide-absorbing materials.展开更多
Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement ...Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.展开更多
A soft X-ray energy materials research beamline(BL20U2),a branch of energy materials beamline(E-line),has been constructed in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)Phase-II project.It is now operational for...A soft X-ray energy materials research beamline(BL20U2),a branch of energy materials beamline(E-line),has been constructed in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)Phase-II project.It is now operational for soft X-ray resonant emission spectroscopy(RXES)and soft X-ray resonant elastic scattering(REXS)investigations.Optical optimization was implemented for high performance,e.g.,photon flux,energy-resolving power,and focus spot size.RXES experiments show that the energy range extends from 150 to 1500 eV.The elastic peak measured near titanium absorption edge(@445 eV)indicates an energy resolution of the RXES spectrometer of 65 meV.The measured photon flux is 3×10^(12)photons/s at 244 eV at the RXES sample position for an SSRF electron energy of 3.5 GeV and a projected ring current as 300 mA.The spot size at the RXES sample position is 23μm in the horizontal direction and 7.9μm in the vertical direction,respectively.Moreover,the angular resolution of elastic REXS scatterometer reaches 0.005°through measurement of X-ray reflection from the single-crystal silicon wafers.A sample of the REXS scatterometer is vibrationally decoupled from its chamber and cooled using copper braids connected from an open cycle liquid helium cryo reservoir,whereas the minimum sample temperature is below 15 K.展开更多
The mechanical performance of exceedingly soft materials such as Ag is significantly influenced by various working conditions.Therefore,this study systematically investigates the effects of crack geometry,substrate cr...The mechanical performance of exceedingly soft materials such as Ag is significantly influenced by various working conditions.Therefore,this study systematically investigates the effects of crack geometry,substrate crystal orientation,and indenter shape on crack propagation.The mechanical response of Ag is analyzed using the quasi-continuum(QC)method.A pre-crack with a predefined depth and angle was introduced to initiate fracture behavior.The results show that when the pre-crack height is 50 A,the crack propagates rapidly as the imprint depth increases from0 to 7 A,grows steadily up to 15 A,and then accelerates sharply between 15 and 20 A.For other pre-crack heights,crack propagation occurs at a relatively faster rate.Substrates with[100],[010],and[001]crystal orientations promote crack extension,while the onset of plastic deformation(referred to as the yield point in this study)and the fracture strength both increase with increasing pre-crack height.The yield point,fracture strength,and stress intensity factors are highly sensitive to the pre-crack height.When the pre-crack angle is 90○,the fracture strength reaches its maximum of 0.2%higher than that of the uncracked sample-whereas at 0○,it reaches its minimum,still 53.8%higher than that of the uncracked sample.The sample model is conducted using AutoCAD software.The optimized quasicontinuum(QC)method is used to investigate the effects of different crack geometries,substrate crystal orientations,and indenter shapes on the crack extension of Ag material.Baskes and Dow(FBD)potential is borrowed to describe the interaction forces between Ag-Ag,Ni-Ag,and Ni-Ni.展开更多
Lattice materials have demonstrated promising potential in engineering applications owing to their exceptional lightweight,high specific strength,and tunable mechanical properties.However,the traditional homogenizatio...Lattice materials have demonstrated promising potential in engineering applications owing to their exceptional lightweight,high specific strength,and tunable mechanical properties.However,the traditional homogenization methods based on the classical elasticity theory struggle to accurately describe the non-classical mechanical behaviors of lattice materials,especially when dealing with complex unit-cell geometries featured by non-symmetric configurations or non-single central node connections.In response to this limitation,this study establishes a generalized homogenization model based on the micropolar theory framework,employing Hill's boundary conditions to precisely predict the equivalent moduli of complex lattice materials.By introducing the independent rotational degree of freedom(DOF)characteristic of the micropolar theory,the proposed model successfully overcomes the limitation of conventional methods in accurately describing the asymmetric deformation and scale effects.We initially calculate the constitutive relations of two-dimensional(2D)cross-shaped multi-node chiral lattices and subsequently extend the method to three-dimensional(3D)lattices,successfully predicting the mechanical properties of both traditional and eccentric body-centered cubic(BCC)lattices.The theoretical model is validated through the finite element numerical verification which shows excellent consistency with the theoretical predictions.A further parametric study investigates the influence of geometric parameters,revealing the underlying size-effect mechanism.This paper provides a reliable theoretical tool for the design and property optimization of complex lattice materials.展开更多
As electronic technology continues to evolve towards miniaturization and integration,the demand for micro-refrigeration technology in microelectronic systems is increasing.Ferroelectric(FE)refrigeration technology bas...As electronic technology continues to evolve towards miniaturization and integration,the demand for micro-refrigeration technology in microelectronic systems is increasing.Ferroelectric(FE)refrigeration technology based on the electrocaloric effect(ECE)has emerged as a highly promising candidate in this field,due to its advantages of high energy efficiency,simple structure,easy miniaturization,low cost,and environmental friendliness.The EC performance of FE materials essentially depends on the phase transition features under the coupled electric and thermal fields,making the E–T phase diagram a core tool for decoding the underlying mechanism of ECE.This paper reviews the development of EC materials,focusing on the comprehensive study of E–T phase diagrams.By correlating the microscopic phase structure of FE materials with the macroscopic physical properties,it clarifies the manipulation mechanism for enhanced ECE performance,providing theoretical support for the targeted design of high-performance EC materials.In the future,the introduction of data-driven methods is expected to enable the high-throughput construction of FE phase diagrams,thereby accelerating the optimization of high-performance EC materials and promoting the practical application of FE refrigeration technology.展开更多
Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials have garnered increasing attention for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,they are plagued by the Jahn-Teller distortion of MnO6,Na^(+)/vacancy ordering,and irreversibl...Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials have garnered increasing attention for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,they are plagued by the Jahn-Teller distortion of MnO6,Na^(+)/vacancy ordering,and irreversible lattice oxygen loss,which collectively lead to capacity fading and voltage decay.Herein,we report a P2-type material,Na_(0.67)Ni_(0.3)Mn_(0.6)Li_(0.09)Sn_(0.01)O_(2)(NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01),modified with two closed-shell dopants(i.e.,Li^(+)and Sn^(4+)).Benefiting from the unique electronic configurations of closed-shell ions,NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01 exhibits enhanced structural and electrochemical stability.Specifically,the incorporation of Li^(+)increases the Mn^(4+)/Mn3+ratio,thereby mitigating Jahn-Teller distortion during(de)sodiation process.In addition,Li^(+)disrupts the Ni/Mn ordering in the transition metal layer,suppressing Na^(+)/vacancy ordering.Meanwhile,the introduction of Sn^(4+)forms stronger Sn-O bonds(548 kJ mol-1),thereby enhancing the bonding strength between neighboring transition metal ions and surrounding oxygen atoms,effectively reducing oxygen loss during cycling.NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01 exhibits significantly improved cycling stability,delivering a specific capacity of 90.3 mAh g^(-1)with 62.9%capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 C(1 C=200 mA g^(-1)),along with 90.3%voltage retention.This substitution strategy based on closed-shell ions offers a viable approach for enhancing the structural stability of wide-voltage layered oxide cathodes.展开更多
The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials off...The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.展开更多
Pulmonary diseases have long posed a severe threat to human life and health.The incidence and mortality rates of pulmonary diseases have shown a rising trend year by year,highlighting the urgency of developing safe an...Pulmonary diseases have long posed a severe threat to human life and health.The incidence and mortality rates of pulmonary diseases have shown a rising trend year by year,highlighting the urgency of developing safe and effective therapeutic approaches.In recent years,to address the challenges faced by traditional treatment strategies for pulmonary diseases,the interdisciplinary integration has greatly promoted the rapid development of biomedical polymer materials in the field of pulmonary disease treatment.This review provides a detailed description of the structural characteristics of lung tissue,types of pulmonary diseases,traditional treatment methods,the categories and properties of biomedical polymer materials applied to pulmonary diseases.We systematically elaborate on the applications of biomedical polymer materials in the treatment of different pulmonary diseases and thoroughly discuss their functional roles in pulmonary diseases,particularly in the delivery of therapeutic agents to diseased sites,the formation of pulmonary aerosol formulations,and the facilitation of the effective accumulation of therapeutic agents.The latest research progresses of biomedical polymer materials are also introduced in pulmonary disease treatment.We have highlighted the current challenges and development opportunities of biomedical polymer materials in the treatment of pulmonary diseases,and provide future research directions for biomedical polymer materials in this field.This review will provide valuable reference for the basic research and clinical application of biomedical polymer materials in pulmonary disease treatment.展开更多
Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade...Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.展开更多
Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.B...Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52171114)。
文摘Infections associated with titanium(Ti)-based implants present significant challenges in clinical treatments,especially when biofilms already form on the implant surface.Many antimicrobial agents,including antibiotics,metallic nanoparticles and antimicrobial peptides,have been extensively used to deal with Ti implant infections.However,these chemical approaches suffer from potential toxicity,antibiotic resistance and poor long-term antibacterial performance.Hence,physical antibacterial surfaces on Ti-based implants have attracted increasing attention.The antibacterial behavior of different surfaces on Ti-based biomaterials against various bacteria only by physical properties of the implants themselves(e.g.,nanotopography)or exogenous physical stimulus(e.g.,photocatalysis)was reviewed,as well as parameters influencing the physical antibacterial processes,such as size,shape and density of the surface nanotextures,and bacterial growth phases.Besides,mechanisms of different fabrication techniques for the physical antibacterial surfaces on Ti-based biomaterials were also summarized.
文摘Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics,energy,and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature,the measurement of key characteristics,and their specification,etc.Among these,standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial.The critical parameters are the number of layers,the type and concentration of defects and functional groups,elemental composition,sheet resistance,and carrier mobility.Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113.These give details of applicable or preferred samples,the fundamental principles of the techniques,specific precautions,and points for attention in the relevant standards.The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0109700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106150)。
文摘CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305388,BE0200030)Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1407600)+1 种基金SJTU Explore X programShanghai Jiao Tong University Initiative Scientific Research Program(WH220402021)。
文摘Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.
文摘The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite molecular sieves,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have excellent thermal and chemical stabilities and can be produced in many different forms.Using their different possible construction units,ordered structures for specific applications can be produced,giving them broad prospects in fields such as gas storage.This review analyzes the different types of COFs that have been synthesized and their different methods of CO_(2) capture.It then discusses different ways to increase CO_(2) adsorption by changing the internal structure of COFs and modifying their surfaces.The limitations of COF-derived carbon materials in CO_(2) capture are reviewed and,finally,the key role of machine learning and computational simulation in improving CO_(2) adsorption is mentioned,and the current status and future possible uses of COFs are summarized.
文摘Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated technologies is likely to lead to even wider adoption in the automotive industry,driven by rising global vehicle production,particularly in the growing electric vehicle(EV)segment,and an intensified focus on sustainable solutions.
基金support for carrying out this work was provided by the Doctoral Research Foundation of Weifang University(2024BS20)Science and Technology Development Plan Foundation of Weifang(2024GX017).
文摘Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.
基金Wuxi University Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents(Grant No:2024r031)Technology Development Contract(Contract Registration Number:2024320205000963)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52275288)Ningbo Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2023Z022).
文摘To solve the problem of abnormal abrasion of Cu-Based Friction Materials(CBFMs),Bionic Non-Smooth Surface(BNS)on friction surface of CBFMs was constructed based on bionic principles,and the optimal bionic prototype was selected by Finite Element Method(FEM).In addition,the bionic parameters were optimized by Response Surface Method(RSM).Samples holding BNS were prepared by Laser Processing,tribological properties were tested by a Friction and Wear Tester and worn surface morphology was characterized by a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).The results showed that BNS on friction surface could regulate the stress distribution and alleviate the peak stress.Among all samples,the coupled texture of pit-hexagonal got the minimum peak stress.During braking,bionic texture could also collect wear debris or change the motion forms from sliding to rotation,which can reduce abnormal abrasion.The wear rate was reduced by 19.31%.The results in this paper can provide a new idea for enhancing the tribological properties of CBFMs,and can also lay the foundation for further research of bionic tribology.
基金supported by the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)
文摘Though the formation of polysulfide is desirable,as it contributes to the capacity build-up,it must not leak into the electrolyte.The loss of polysulfide causes capacity fade,a change in the local chemistry of the electrolyte,and anode poisoning.Constant efforts are in progress to find suitable polysulfide-absorbing materials;however,the magical polysulfide absorber is yet to be discovered or developed.Experimental methods alone often fall short in accelerating the investigations may be due to the complex Nature of the testing.This review focuses on the importance of computational methods,particularly density functional theory(DFT),in screening suitable polysulfide absorbers.It highlights the critical role of anchoring materials in improving Na-S battery performance,including pristine and doped graphene,metal–organic frameworks,carbon Nanofibers,vanadium disulfide,MXenes,and metal sulfides.By examining adsorption energies,charge transfer mechanisms,and catalytic properties,this review provides insights into the design of advanced materials that can effectively immobilize polysulfides and enhance battery stability.The review aims to guide future research efforts toward the development of high-performance RT Na-S batteries through a comprehensive understanding of the polysulfide-absorbing materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52242305).
文摘Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.
文摘A soft X-ray energy materials research beamline(BL20U2),a branch of energy materials beamline(E-line),has been constructed in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)Phase-II project.It is now operational for soft X-ray resonant emission spectroscopy(RXES)and soft X-ray resonant elastic scattering(REXS)investigations.Optical optimization was implemented for high performance,e.g.,photon flux,energy-resolving power,and focus spot size.RXES experiments show that the energy range extends from 150 to 1500 eV.The elastic peak measured near titanium absorption edge(@445 eV)indicates an energy resolution of the RXES spectrometer of 65 meV.The measured photon flux is 3×10^(12)photons/s at 244 eV at the RXES sample position for an SSRF electron energy of 3.5 GeV and a projected ring current as 300 mA.The spot size at the RXES sample position is 23μm in the horizontal direction and 7.9μm in the vertical direction,respectively.Moreover,the angular resolution of elastic REXS scatterometer reaches 0.005°through measurement of X-ray reflection from the single-crystal silicon wafers.A sample of the REXS scatterometer is vibrationally decoupled from its chamber and cooled using copper braids connected from an open cycle liquid helium cryo reservoir,whereas the minimum sample temperature is below 15 K.
基金by the Industry–Academia Cooperation Project No.113A00262(Te-Hua Fang).URLs to the sponsor websites are available at:https://www.nstc.gov.tw.
文摘The mechanical performance of exceedingly soft materials such as Ag is significantly influenced by various working conditions.Therefore,this study systematically investigates the effects of crack geometry,substrate crystal orientation,and indenter shape on crack propagation.The mechanical response of Ag is analyzed using the quasi-continuum(QC)method.A pre-crack with a predefined depth and angle was introduced to initiate fracture behavior.The results show that when the pre-crack height is 50 A,the crack propagates rapidly as the imprint depth increases from0 to 7 A,grows steadily up to 15 A,and then accelerates sharply between 15 and 20 A.For other pre-crack heights,crack propagation occurs at a relatively faster rate.Substrates with[100],[010],and[001]crystal orientations promote crack extension,while the onset of plastic deformation(referred to as the yield point in this study)and the fracture strength both increase with increasing pre-crack height.The yield point,fracture strength,and stress intensity factors are highly sensitive to the pre-crack height.When the pre-crack angle is 90○,the fracture strength reaches its maximum of 0.2%higher than that of the uncracked sample-whereas at 0○,it reaches its minimum,still 53.8%higher than that of the uncracked sample.The sample model is conducted using AutoCAD software.The optimized quasicontinuum(QC)method is used to investigate the effects of different crack geometries,substrate crystal orientations,and indenter shapes on the crack extension of Ag material.Baskes and Dow(FBD)potential is borrowed to describe the interaction forces between Ag-Ag,Ni-Ag,and Ni-Ni.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12472077)the supports from Shanghai Gaofeng Project for University Academic Program Development,Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.22120240353).
文摘Lattice materials have demonstrated promising potential in engineering applications owing to their exceptional lightweight,high specific strength,and tunable mechanical properties.However,the traditional homogenization methods based on the classical elasticity theory struggle to accurately describe the non-classical mechanical behaviors of lattice materials,especially when dealing with complex unit-cell geometries featured by non-symmetric configurations or non-single central node connections.In response to this limitation,this study establishes a generalized homogenization model based on the micropolar theory framework,employing Hill's boundary conditions to precisely predict the equivalent moduli of complex lattice materials.By introducing the independent rotational degree of freedom(DOF)characteristic of the micropolar theory,the proposed model successfully overcomes the limitation of conventional methods in accurately describing the asymmetric deformation and scale effects.We initially calculate the constitutive relations of two-dimensional(2D)cross-shaped multi-node chiral lattices and subsequently extend the method to three-dimensional(3D)lattices,successfully predicting the mechanical properties of both traditional and eccentric body-centered cubic(BCC)lattices.The theoretical model is validated through the finite element numerical verification which shows excellent consistency with the theoretical predictions.A further parametric study investigates the influence of geometric parameters,revealing the underlying size-effect mechanism.This paper provides a reliable theoretical tool for the design and property optimization of complex lattice materials.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U25A20232,52325208,52173217,52202128)the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB(Grant No.FRF-IDRY24-002)。
文摘As electronic technology continues to evolve towards miniaturization and integration,the demand for micro-refrigeration technology in microelectronic systems is increasing.Ferroelectric(FE)refrigeration technology based on the electrocaloric effect(ECE)has emerged as a highly promising candidate in this field,due to its advantages of high energy efficiency,simple structure,easy miniaturization,low cost,and environmental friendliness.The EC performance of FE materials essentially depends on the phase transition features under the coupled electric and thermal fields,making the E–T phase diagram a core tool for decoding the underlying mechanism of ECE.This paper reviews the development of EC materials,focusing on the comprehensive study of E–T phase diagrams.By correlating the microscopic phase structure of FE materials with the macroscopic physical properties,it clarifies the manipulation mechanism for enhanced ECE performance,providing theoretical support for the targeted design of high-performance EC materials.In the future,the introduction of data-driven methods is expected to enable the high-throughput construction of FE phase diagrams,thereby accelerating the optimization of high-performance EC materials and promoting the practical application of FE refrigeration technology.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2025YFE0100200)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(24JCJQJC00220 and 24ZXZSSS00310)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22479080,92372203,and 92372001)the Open Foundation of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shaoxing Research Institute of Renewable Energy and Molecular Engineering(JDSX2023003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Nankai University(020-63253167)the"111 Center"(B25010)。
文摘Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials have garnered increasing attention for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,they are plagued by the Jahn-Teller distortion of MnO6,Na^(+)/vacancy ordering,and irreversible lattice oxygen loss,which collectively lead to capacity fading and voltage decay.Herein,we report a P2-type material,Na_(0.67)Ni_(0.3)Mn_(0.6)Li_(0.09)Sn_(0.01)O_(2)(NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01),modified with two closed-shell dopants(i.e.,Li^(+)and Sn^(4+)).Benefiting from the unique electronic configurations of closed-shell ions,NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01 exhibits enhanced structural and electrochemical stability.Specifically,the incorporation of Li^(+)increases the Mn^(4+)/Mn3+ratio,thereby mitigating Jahn-Teller distortion during(de)sodiation process.In addition,Li^(+)disrupts the Ni/Mn ordering in the transition metal layer,suppressing Na^(+)/vacancy ordering.Meanwhile,the introduction of Sn^(4+)forms stronger Sn-O bonds(548 kJ mol-1),thereby enhancing the bonding strength between neighboring transition metal ions and surrounding oxygen atoms,effectively reducing oxygen loss during cycling.NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01 exhibits significantly improved cycling stability,delivering a specific capacity of 90.3 mAh g^(-1)with 62.9%capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 C(1 C=200 mA g^(-1)),along with 90.3%voltage retention.This substitution strategy based on closed-shell ions offers a viable approach for enhancing the structural stability of wide-voltage layered oxide cathodes.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT) (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191, and RS-2025-02303505)partly supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education. (No. 2022R1A6C101A774)the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, through Large Research Project under grant number RGP-2/527/46
文摘The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3800900)Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen,China(No.3502Z202371004)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52473150,51925305,52173115,51873208,51833010,and 52203183)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.20720230004)the Talent Cultivation Project Funds for the Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province(No.HRTP-[2022]52).
文摘Pulmonary diseases have long posed a severe threat to human life and health.The incidence and mortality rates of pulmonary diseases have shown a rising trend year by year,highlighting the urgency of developing safe and effective therapeutic approaches.In recent years,to address the challenges faced by traditional treatment strategies for pulmonary diseases,the interdisciplinary integration has greatly promoted the rapid development of biomedical polymer materials in the field of pulmonary disease treatment.This review provides a detailed description of the structural characteristics of lung tissue,types of pulmonary diseases,traditional treatment methods,the categories and properties of biomedical polymer materials applied to pulmonary diseases.We systematically elaborate on the applications of biomedical polymer materials in the treatment of different pulmonary diseases and thoroughly discuss their functional roles in pulmonary diseases,particularly in the delivery of therapeutic agents to diseased sites,the formation of pulmonary aerosol formulations,and the facilitation of the effective accumulation of therapeutic agents.The latest research progresses of biomedical polymer materials are also introduced in pulmonary disease treatment.We have highlighted the current challenges and development opportunities of biomedical polymer materials in the treatment of pulmonary diseases,and provide future research directions for biomedical polymer materials in this field.This review will provide valuable reference for the basic research and clinical application of biomedical polymer materials in pulmonary disease treatment.
文摘Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276196)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(FSKLCCA2508)the High-level Talent Foundation of Anhui Agricultural University(rc412307).
文摘Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.
