Mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have great potential for treating various diseases, especially those related to tissue damage involving immune reactions. Various studies have demonstrated that MSCs are strongly immuno...Mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have great potential for treating various diseases, especially those related to tissue damage involving immune reactions. Various studies have demonstrated that MSCs are strongly immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. Our recent studies have shown that un-stimulated MSCs are indeed incapable of immunosuppression; they become potently immunosuppressive upon stimulation with the supernatant of activated lymphocytes, or with combinations of IFN-γ, with TNF-α, IL-1α or IL-1β. This observation revealed that under certain circumstances, inflammatory cytokines can actually become immunosuppressive. We showed that there is a species variation in the mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunosuppression： immunosuppression by cytokine-primed mouse MSCs is mediated by nitric oxide （NO）, whereas immunosuppression by cytokine-primed human MSCs is executed through indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase （IDO）. Additionally, upon stimulation with the inflammatory cytokines, both mouse and human MSCs secrete several leukocyte chemokines that apparently serve to attract immune cells into the proximity with MSCs, where NO or IDO is predicted to be most active. Therefore, immunosuppression by inflammatory cytokine-stimulated MSCs occurs via the concerted action of chemokines and immune-inhibitory NO or IDO produced by MSCs. Thus, our results provide novel information about the mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunosuppression and for better application of MSCs in treating tissue injuries induced by immune responses.展开更多
Bone tissue engineering(BTE)has proven to be a promising strategy for bone defect repair.Due to its excellent biological properties,gelatin methacrylate(GelMA)hydrogels have been used as bioinks for 3D bioprinting in ...Bone tissue engineering(BTE)has proven to be a promising strategy for bone defect repair.Due to its excellent biological properties,gelatin methacrylate(GelMA)hydrogels have been used as bioinks for 3D bioprinting in some BTE studies to produce scaffolds for bone regeneration.However,applications for load-bearing defects are limited by poor mechanical properties and a lack of bioactivity.In this study,3D printing technology was used to create nano-attapulgite(nano-ATP)/GelMA composite hydrogels loaded into mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and mouse umbilical vein endothelial cells(MUVECs).The bioprintability,physicochemical properties,and mechanical properties were all thoroughly evaluated.Our findings showed that nano-ATP groups outperform the control group in terms of printability,indicating that nano-ATP is beneficial for printability.Additionally,after incorporation with nano-ATP,the mechanical strength of the composite hydrogels was significantly improved,resulting in adequate mechanical properties for bone regeneration.The presence of nano-ATP in the scaffolds has also been stud-ied for cell-material interactions.The findings show that cells within the scaffold not only have high viability but also a clear proclivity to promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.Besides,the MUVECs-loaded composite hydrogels demonstrated increased angiogenic activity.A cranial defect model was also developed to evaluate the bone repair capability of scaffolds loaded with rat BMSCs.According to histo-logical analysis,cell-laden nano-ATP composite hydrogels can effectively im prove bone regeneration and promote angiogenesis.This study demonstrated the potential of nano-ATP for bone tissue engineering,which should also increase the clinical practicality of nano-ATP.展开更多
Schwann cells are glial cells of peripheral nervous system, responsible for axonal myelination and ensheathing, as well as tissue repair following a peripheral nervous system injury. They are one of several cell types...Schwann cells are glial cells of peripheral nervous system, responsible for axonal myelination and ensheathing, as well as tissue repair following a peripheral nervous system injury. They are one of several cell types that are widely studied and most commonly used for cell transplantation to treat spinal cord injury, due to their intrinsic characteristics including the ability to secrete a variety of neurotrophic factors. This mini review summarizes the recent findings of endogenous Schwann cells after spinal cord injury and discusses their role in tissue repair and axonal regeneration. After spinal cord injury, numerous endogenous Schwann cells migrate into the lesion site from the nerve roots, involving in the construction of newly formed repaired tissue and axonal myelination. These invading Schwann cells also can move a long distance away from the injury site both rostrally and caudally. In addition, Schwann cells can be induced to migrate by minimal insults （such as scar ablation） within the spinal cord and integrate with astrocytes under certain circumstances. More importantly, the host Schwann cells can be induced to migrate into spinal cord by transplantation of different cell types, such as exogenous Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells. Migration of endogenous Schwann cells following spinal cord injury is a common natural phenomenon found both in animal and human, and the myelination by Schwann cells has been examined effective in signal conduction electrophysiologically. Therefore, if the inherent properties of endogenous Schwann cells could be developed and utilized, it would offer a new avenue for the restoration of injured spinal cord.展开更多
Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems.These disorders include Alzheimer＇s disease,epilepsy,brain tumor,and cerebrovascular diseases（stroke,migraine and other headache diso...Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems.These disorders include Alzheimer＇s disease,epilepsy,brain tumor,and cerebrovascular diseases（stroke,migraine and other headache disorders,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson＇s disease,and neuroinfections）.展开更多
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse(POP)is a new and widely used approach;however,ever since the United States Food and Drug Administration warned against the use of surgical mesh,repairs ...BACKGROUND Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse(POP)is a new and widely used approach;however,ever since the United States Food and Drug Administration warned against the use of surgical mesh,repairs performed using patients’tissues[i.e.native tissue repair(NTR)]instead of mesh have attracted much attention.At our hospital,laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy(the Shull method)was introduced in 2017.However,patients with more severe POP who have a long vaginal canal and overextended uterosacral ligaments may not be candidates for this procedure.AIM To validate a new NTR treatment for POP,we examined patients undergoing laparoscopic vaginal stump–round ligament fixation(the Kakinuma method).METHODS The study patients were 30 individuals with POP who underwent surgery using the Kakinuma method between January 2020 and December 2021 and who were followed up for>12 mo after surgery.We retrospectively examined surgical outcomes for surgery duration,blood loss,intraoperative complications,and incidence of recurrence.The Kakinuma method involves round ligament suturing and fixation on both sides,effectively lifting the vaginal stump after laparoscopic hysterectomy.RESULTS The patients’mean age was 66.5±9.1(45-82)years,gravidity was 3.1±1.4(2-7),parity was 2.5±0.6(2-4)times,and body mass index was 24.5±3.3(20.9-32.8)kg/m2.According to the POP quantification stage classification,there were 8 patients with stage Ⅱ,11 with stage Ⅲ,and 11 with stage Ⅳ.The mean surgery duration was 113.4±22.6(88-148)min,and the mean blood loss was 26.5±39.7(10-150)mL.There were no perioperative complications.None of the patients exhibited reduced activities of daily living or cognitive impairment after hospital discharge.No cases of POP recurrence were observed 12 mo after the operation.CONCLUSION The Kakinuma method,similar to conventional NTR,may be an effective treatment for POP.展开更多
Functional repair of injured tissue in the adult central nervous system （CNS） still remains a big challenge for current biomed- ical research and its upcoming clinical translation. The axonal regeneration of the adu...Functional repair of injured tissue in the adult central nervous system （CNS） still remains a big challenge for current biomed- ical research and its upcoming clinical translation. The axonal regeneration of the adult CNS is generally low, and it is addi- tionally restricted after injury by the presence of inhibitory mol- ecules, generated by the glial scar.展开更多
Regenerative medicine endeavors to restore damaged tissues and organs utilizing biological approaches.Uti-lizing biomaterials to target and regulate the pathophysiological processes of injured tissues stands as a cruc...Regenerative medicine endeavors to restore damaged tissues and organs utilizing biological approaches.Uti-lizing biomaterials to target and regulate the pathophysiological processes of injured tissues stands as a crucial method in propelling this field forward.The Extracellular Vesicles-in-Hydrogel(EViH)system amalgamates the advantages of extracellular vesicles(EVs)and hydrogels,rendering it a prominent biomaterial in regenerative medicine with substantial potential for clinical translation.This review elucidates the development and benefits of the EViH system in tissue regeneration,emphasizing the interaction and impact of EVs and hydrogels.Furthermore,it succinctly outlines the pathophysiological characteristics of various types of tissue injuries such as wounds,bone and cartilage injuries,cardiovascular diseases,nerve injuries,as well as liver and kidney in-juries,underscoring how EViH systems target these processes to address related tissue damage.Lastly,it explores the challenges and prospects in further advancing EViH-based tissue regeneration,aiming to impart a compre-hensive understanding of EViH.The objective is to furnish a thorough overview of EViH in enhancing regen-erative medicine applications and to inspire researchers to devise innovative tissue engineering materials for regenerative medicine.展开更多
Regulator of G protein signaling 12(RGS12)belongs to the superfamily of RGS pro-teins defined by a conserved RGS domain that canonically binds and deactivates heterotrimeric G-proteins.As the largest family member,RGS...Regulator of G protein signaling 12(RGS12)belongs to the superfamily of RGS pro-teins defined by a conserved RGS domain that canonically binds and deactivates heterotrimeric G-proteins.As the largest family member,RGS12 is widely expressed in many cells and tissues.In the past few decades,it has been found that RGS12 affects the activity of various cells in the human body,participates in many physiological and pathological processes,and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases.Here,we set out to comprehensively re-view the role of RGS12 in human diseases and its mechanisms,highlighting the possibility of RGS12 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of human diseases.展开更多
Infection and poor tissue repair are the key causes of percutaneous implantation failure. However, there is a lackof effective strategies to cope with due to its high requirements of sterilization, soft tissue healing...Infection and poor tissue repair are the key causes of percutaneous implantation failure. However, there is a lackof effective strategies to cope with due to its high requirements of sterilization, soft tissue healing, andosseointegration. In this work, L-arginine (L-Arg) was loaded onto a sulfonated polyetheretherketone (PEEK)surface to solve this issue. Under the infection condition, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) areproduced through catalyzing L-Arg by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and thus play a role in bacteriasterilization. Under the tissue repair condition, L-Arg is catalyzed to ornithine by Arginase-1 (Arg-1), whichpromotes the proliferation and collagen secretion of L929 and rBMSCs. Notably, L-Arg loading samples couldpolarize macrophages to M1 and M2 in infection and tissue repair conditions, respectively. The results in vivoshow that the L-Arg loading samples could enhance infected soft tissue sealing and bone regeneration. Insummary, L-Arg loading sulfonated PEEK could polarize macrophage through metabolic reprogramming,providing multi-functions of antibacterial abilities, soft tissue repair, and bone regeneration, which gives a newidea to design percutaneous implantation materials.展开更多
In the vanguard of biomedical innovation,regenerative medicine emerges as a transformative paradigm,concentrating its efforts on rectifying tissue deficits and functional aberrations in patients through the strategic ...In the vanguard of biomedical innovation,regenerative medicine emerges as a transformative paradigm,concentrating its efforts on rectifying tissue deficits and functional aberrations in patients through the strategic augmentation of endogenous cellular processes.Central to this approach is nucleic acid therapy,which offers a novel pathway for tissue regeneration by modulating key signaling pathways.As one of the most effective ways to regulate cell function,nucleic acids are crucial for various tissue regeneration;however,their in vivo therapeutic applications face substantial challenges,including nuclease degradation,cell membrane impermeability,and targeted intracellular transport.Biomaterial-based gene delivery systems offer a solution for stable and localized drug delivery by enabling the controlled overexpression of therapeutic nucleic acids,producing functional regulatory agents.This review presents examples of nucleic acid applications in regenerative medicine,highlighting the synergy between nucleic acids and biomaterial technologies.It underlines the importance of nucleic acid delivery techniques,the choice of therapeutic nucleic acids,and biomaterials for advancing tissue repair.The latest developments in designing nucleic acid biomaterial-based delivery vehicles are explored,the mechanism of nucleic acids in tissue regeneration is elucidated,and their limitations are discussed while considering future directions for the clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics.展开更多
Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration.The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral ...Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration.The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral counter-ions(a pair of cation and anion that form the corresponding minerals at certain conditions),which are stable only at very low concentrations.This typically results in inefficient mineralization and weak control over biomineral formation.Here,we find that,in the organic solvent glycerol,a variety of biomineral counter-ions(e.g.,Ca/PO_(4),Ca/CO_(3),Ca/SO_(4),Mg/PO_(4),or Fe/OH)corresponding to distinct biominerals at significantly high concentrations(up to hundreds-fold greater than those of simulated body fluid(SBF))are able to form translucent and stable solutions(mineralizing solution of highly concentrated counter-ions(MSCIs)),and mineralization can be triggered upon them with external solvents(e.g.,water or ethanol).Furthermore,with pristine bacterial cellulose(BC)membrane as a model,we demonstrate an effective and controllable mineralization performance of MSCIs on organic substrates.This approach not only forms the homogeneous biominerals on the BC fibers and in the interspaces,but also provides regulations over mineralization rate,mineral content,phase,and dopants.The resulting mineralized BC membranes(MBCs)exhibit high cytocompatibility and favor the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(rBMSC).Following this,we prepare a mineralized bone suture(MBS)from MBC for non-weight bearing bone fixation,which then is tested on a rabbit median sternotomy model.It shows firm fixation of the rabbit sternum without causing discernible toxicity or inflammatory response.This study,by extending the mineralization to the organic solution system of highly concentrated counter-ions,develops a promising strategy to design and build targeted mineral-based composites.展开更多
Microcarrier applications have made great advances in tissue engineering in recent years, which can load cells,drugs, and bioactive factors. These microcarriers can be minimally injected into the defect to help recons...Microcarrier applications have made great advances in tissue engineering in recent years, which can load cells,drugs, and bioactive factors. These microcarriers can be minimally injected into the defect to help reconstruct agood microenvironment for tissue repair. In order to achieve more ideal performance and face more complextissue damage, an increasing amount of effort has been focused on microcarriers that can actively respond toexternal stimuli. These microcarriers have the functions of directional movement, targeted enrichment, materialrelease control, and providing signals conducive to tissue repair. Given the high controllability and designabilityof magnetic and electroactive microcarriers, the research progress of these microcarriers is highlighted in thisreview. Their structure, function and applications, potential tissue repair mechanisms, and challenges are discussed.In summary, through the design with clinical translation ability, meaningful and comprehensiveexperimental characterization, and in-depth study and application of tissue repair mechanisms, stimuliresponsivemicrocarriers have great potential in tissue repair.展开更多
Due to its unique structure,collagen has exceptional biocompatibility,hemostasis,degradability and other biological properties,and is widely used for tissue repair in bone,cartilage,skin,teeth,neurons,cornea,urinary a...Due to its unique structure,collagen has exceptional biocompatibility,hemostasis,degradability and other biological properties,and is widely used for tissue repair in bone,cartilage,skin,teeth,neurons,cornea,urinary and various other aspects.Therefore,collagen has garnered in significant attention in the field of tissue repair in recent years.Bibliometrics can objectively reflect the hot spots of research and predict the research frontier through quantitative analysis of the quality and quantity of published papers,authors and institutions,and keywords.This paper uses bibliometrics to summarize the number and composition structure of published papers,the quality of published journals,authors/institutions and countries,and keywords in the past five years,aiming to objectively provide an objective overview of the domestic research landscape of collagen for tissue repair research from 2019 to 2023,and hope to offer valuable insights for future related research.展开更多
BACKGROUND Skin wounds are common injuries that affect quality of life and incur high costs.A considerable portion of healthcare resources in Western countries is allocated to wound treatment,mainly using mechanical,b...BACKGROUND Skin wounds are common injuries that affect quality of life and incur high costs.A considerable portion of healthcare resources in Western countries is allocated to wound treatment,mainly using mechanical,biological,or artificial dressings.Biological and artificial dressings,such as hydrogels,are preferred for their biocompatibility.Platelet concentrates,such as platelet-rich plasma(PRP)and platelet-rich fibrin(PRF),stand out for accelerating tissue repair and minimizing risks of allergies and rejection.This study developed PRF and PRP-based dressings to treat skin wounds in an animal model,evaluating their functionality and efficiency in accelerating the tissue repair process.AIM To develop wound dressings based on platelet concentrates and evaluating their efficiency in treating skin wounds in Wistar rats.METHODS Wistar rats,both male and female,were subjected to the creation of a skin wound,distributed into groups(n=64/group),and treated with Carbopol(negative control);PRP+Carbopol;PRF+Carbopol;or PRF+CaCl_(2)+Carbopol,on days zero(D0),D3,D7,D14,and D21.PRP and PRF were obtained only from male rats.On D3,D7,D14,and D21,the wounds were analyzed for area,contraction rate,and histopathology of the tissue repair process.RESULTS The PRF-based dressing was more effective in accelerating wound closure early in the tissue repair process(up to D7),while PRF+CaCl_(2) seemed to delay the process,as wound closure was not complete by D21.Regarding macroscopic parameters,animals treated with PRF+CaCl_(2) showed significantly more crusting(necrosis)early in the repair process(D3).In terms of histopathological parameters,the PRF group exhibited significant collagenization at the later stages of the repair process(D14 and D21).By D21,fibroblast proliferation and inflammatory infiltration were higher in the PRP group.Animals treated with PRF+CaCl_(2) experienced a more pronounced inflammatory response up to D7,which diminished from D14 onwards.CONCLUSION The PRF-based dressing was effective in accelerating the closure of cutaneous wounds in Wistar rats early in the process and in aiding tissue repair at the later stages.展开更多
Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are heterogeneous membrane-like vesicles secreted by living cells that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes and act as intermediaries of intercellular communication ...Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are heterogeneous membrane-like vesicles secreted by living cells that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes and act as intermediaries of intercellular communication and molecular transfer.Recent studies have shown that EVs from specific sources regulate tissue repair and regeneration by delivering proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids to target cells as signaling molecules.Nanotechnology breakthroughs have facilitated the development and exploration of engineered EVs for tissue repair.Enhancements through gene editing,surface modification,and content modification have further improved their therapeutic efficacy.This review summarizes the potential of EVs in tissue repair and regeneration,their mechanisms of action,and their research progress in regenerative medicine.This review highlights their design logic through typical examples and explores the development prospects of EVs in tissue repair.The aim of this review is to provide new insights into the design of EVs for tissue repair and regeneration applications,thereby expanding their use in regenerative medicine.展开更多
Tissue engineering and regenera-tive medicine have shown signifi-cant potential for repairing and regenerating damaged tissues and can be used to provide personalized treatment plans,with broad applica-tion prospects....Tissue engineering and regenera-tive medicine have shown signifi-cant potential for repairing and regenerating damaged tissues and can be used to provide personalized treatment plans,with broad applica-tion prospects.In this special issue,Bin Li’s team outlines the latest advances in minimally invasive implantable biomaterials for bone regeneration and different methods of achieving osteogenesis,with a focus on bioceramics and polymer materials and their applications in bone healing,vertebral augmenta-tion,implant fixation,tumor treatment of bone,and treatment of infections related to bone defects.Xinquan Jiang’s team constructs a novel photo-responsive multifunctional polyetheretherketone(PEEK)-based implant material(sPEEK/BP/E7)through the self-assembly of black phosphorus(BP)nanoplatelets,bioinspired poly-dopamine(PDA),and the biologically active short peptide E7 on sPEEK.The material exhibits effective osteogenic effects and good sterilization performance,providing a new idea for clinical application.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the extracellular matrix(ECM)that occur in vivo.Moreo...Three-dimensional(3D)stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the extracellular matrix(ECM)that occur in vivo.Moreover,3D cell culture systems have unique properties that help guide specific functions,growth,and processes of stem cells(e.g.,embryogenesis,morphogenesis,and organogenesis).Thus,3D stem cell culture systems that mimic in vivo environments enable basic research about various tissues and organs.In this review,we focus on the advanced therapeutic applications of stem cell-based 3D culture systems generated using different engineering techniques.Specifically,we summarize the historical advancements of 3D cell culture systems and discuss the therapeutic applications of stem cell-based spheroids and organoids,including engineering techniques for tissue repair and regeneration.展开更多
As a type of elastomeric polymers,non-degradable polyurethanes(PUs)have a long history of being used in clinics,whereas biodegradable PUs have been developed in recent decades,primarily for tissue repair and regenerat...As a type of elastomeric polymers,non-degradable polyurethanes(PUs)have a long history of being used in clinics,whereas biodegradable PUs have been developed in recent decades,primarily for tissue repair and regeneration.Biodegradable thermoplastic(linear)PUs are soft and elastic polymeric biomaterials with high mechanical strength,which mimics the mechanical properties of soft and elastic tissues.Therefore,biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes are promising scaffolding materials for soft and elastic tissue repair and regeneration.Generally,PUs are synthesized by linking three types of changeable blocks:diisocyanates,diols,and chain extenders.Alternating the combination of these three blocks can finely tailor the physio-chemical properties and generate new functional PUs.These PUs have excellent processing flexibilities and can be fabricated into three-dimensional(3D)constructs using conventional and/or advanced technologies,which is a great advantage compared with cross-linked thermoset elastomers.Additionally,they can be combined with biomolecules to incorporate desired bioactivities to broaden their biomedical applications.In this review,we comprehensively summarized the synthesis,structures,and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic PUs,and introduced their multiple applications in tissue repair and regeneration.A whole picture of their design and applications along with discussions and perspectives of future directions would provide theoretical and technical supports to inspire new PU development and novel applications.展开更多
Wound healing,tissue repair and regenerative medicine are in great demand,and great achievements in these fields have been made.The traditional strategy of tissue repair and regeneration has focused on the level of ti...Wound healing,tissue repair and regenerative medicine are in great demand,and great achievements in these fields have been made.The traditional strategy of tissue repair and regeneration has focused on the level of tissues and organs directly;however,the basic process of repair at the cell level is often neglected.Because the cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function;cell damage is caused first by ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion after severe trauma and injury.Then,damage to tissues and organs occurs with massive cell damage,apoptosis and even cell death.Thus,how to achieve the aim of perfect repair and regeneration?The basic process of tissue or organ repair and regeneration should involve repair of cells first,then tissues and organs.In this manuscript,it is my consideration about how to repair the cell first,then regenerate the tissues and organs.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic,non-specific,recurrent inflammatory disease,majorly affecting the gastrointestinal tract.Due to its unclear pathogenesis,the current therapeutic strategy for IBD is focused ...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic,non-specific,recurrent inflammatory disease,majorly affecting the gastrointestinal tract.Due to its unclear pathogenesis,the current therapeutic strategy for IBD is focused on symptoms alleviation.Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process for maintaining cellular homeostasis.Genome-wide association studies and subsequent functional studies have highlighted the critical role of autophagy in IBD via a number of mechanisms,including modulating macrophage function.Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis,especially involved in regulating inflammation remission and tissue repair.Interestingly,many autophagic proteins and IBD-related genes have been revealed to regulate macrophage function,suggesting that macrophage autophagy is a potentially important process implicated in IBD regulation.Here,we have summarized current understanding of macrophage autophagy function in pathogen and apoptotic cell clearance,inflammation remission and tissue repair regulation in IBD,and discuss how this knowledge can be used as a strategy for IBD treatment.展开更多
文摘Mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have great potential for treating various diseases, especially those related to tissue damage involving immune reactions. Various studies have demonstrated that MSCs are strongly immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. Our recent studies have shown that un-stimulated MSCs are indeed incapable of immunosuppression; they become potently immunosuppressive upon stimulation with the supernatant of activated lymphocytes, or with combinations of IFN-γ, with TNF-α, IL-1α or IL-1β. This observation revealed that under certain circumstances, inflammatory cytokines can actually become immunosuppressive. We showed that there is a species variation in the mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunosuppression： immunosuppression by cytokine-primed mouse MSCs is mediated by nitric oxide （NO）, whereas immunosuppression by cytokine-primed human MSCs is executed through indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase （IDO）. Additionally, upon stimulation with the inflammatory cytokines, both mouse and human MSCs secrete several leukocyte chemokines that apparently serve to attract immune cells into the proximity with MSCs, where NO or IDO is predicted to be most active. Therefore, immunosuppression by inflammatory cytokine-stimulated MSCs occurs via the concerted action of chemokines and immune-inhibitory NO or IDO produced by MSCs. Thus, our results provide novel information about the mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunosuppression and for better application of MSCs in treating tissue injuries induced by immune responses.
基金This research was funded by Jiangsu Province’s Key Project of Science and Technology(Grant No.BE2018644)Changzhou Health Commission’s Young Talents Science and Technology project(Grant No.QN202029).
文摘Bone tissue engineering(BTE)has proven to be a promising strategy for bone defect repair.Due to its excellent biological properties,gelatin methacrylate(GelMA)hydrogels have been used as bioinks for 3D bioprinting in some BTE studies to produce scaffolds for bone regeneration.However,applications for load-bearing defects are limited by poor mechanical properties and a lack of bioactivity.In this study,3D printing technology was used to create nano-attapulgite(nano-ATP)/GelMA composite hydrogels loaded into mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and mouse umbilical vein endothelial cells(MUVECs).The bioprintability,physicochemical properties,and mechanical properties were all thoroughly evaluated.Our findings showed that nano-ATP groups outperform the control group in terms of printability,indicating that nano-ATP is beneficial for printability.Additionally,after incorporation with nano-ATP,the mechanical strength of the composite hydrogels was significantly improved,resulting in adequate mechanical properties for bone regeneration.The presence of nano-ATP in the scaffolds has also been stud-ied for cell-material interactions.The findings show that cells within the scaffold not only have high viability but also a clear proclivity to promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.Besides,the MUVECs-loaded composite hydrogels demonstrated increased angiogenic activity.A cranial defect model was also developed to evaluate the bone repair capability of scaffolds loaded with rat BMSCs.According to histo-logical analysis,cell-laden nano-ATP composite hydrogels can effectively im prove bone regeneration and promote angiogenesis.This study demonstrated the potential of nano-ATP for bone tissue engineering,which should also increase the clinical practicality of nano-ATP.
文摘Schwann cells are glial cells of peripheral nervous system, responsible for axonal myelination and ensheathing, as well as tissue repair following a peripheral nervous system injury. They are one of several cell types that are widely studied and most commonly used for cell transplantation to treat spinal cord injury, due to their intrinsic characteristics including the ability to secrete a variety of neurotrophic factors. This mini review summarizes the recent findings of endogenous Schwann cells after spinal cord injury and discusses their role in tissue repair and axonal regeneration. After spinal cord injury, numerous endogenous Schwann cells migrate into the lesion site from the nerve roots, involving in the construction of newly formed repaired tissue and axonal myelination. These invading Schwann cells also can move a long distance away from the injury site both rostrally and caudally. In addition, Schwann cells can be induced to migrate by minimal insults （such as scar ablation） within the spinal cord and integrate with astrocytes under certain circumstances. More importantly, the host Schwann cells can be induced to migrate into spinal cord by transplantation of different cell types, such as exogenous Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells. Migration of endogenous Schwann cells following spinal cord injury is a common natural phenomenon found both in animal and human, and the myelination by Schwann cells has been examined effective in signal conduction electrophysiologically. Therefore, if the inherent properties of endogenous Schwann cells could be developed and utilized, it would offer a new avenue for the restoration of injured spinal cord.
文摘Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems.These disorders include Alzheimer＇s disease,epilepsy,brain tumor,and cerebrovascular diseases（stroke,migraine and other headache disorders,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson＇s disease,and neuroinfections）.
文摘BACKGROUND Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse(POP)is a new and widely used approach;however,ever since the United States Food and Drug Administration warned against the use of surgical mesh,repairs performed using patients’tissues[i.e.native tissue repair(NTR)]instead of mesh have attracted much attention.At our hospital,laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy(the Shull method)was introduced in 2017.However,patients with more severe POP who have a long vaginal canal and overextended uterosacral ligaments may not be candidates for this procedure.AIM To validate a new NTR treatment for POP,we examined patients undergoing laparoscopic vaginal stump–round ligament fixation(the Kakinuma method).METHODS The study patients were 30 individuals with POP who underwent surgery using the Kakinuma method between January 2020 and December 2021 and who were followed up for>12 mo after surgery.We retrospectively examined surgical outcomes for surgery duration,blood loss,intraoperative complications,and incidence of recurrence.The Kakinuma method involves round ligament suturing and fixation on both sides,effectively lifting the vaginal stump after laparoscopic hysterectomy.RESULTS The patients’mean age was 66.5±9.1(45-82)years,gravidity was 3.1±1.4(2-7),parity was 2.5±0.6(2-4)times,and body mass index was 24.5±3.3(20.9-32.8)kg/m2.According to the POP quantification stage classification,there were 8 patients with stage Ⅱ,11 with stage Ⅲ,and 11 with stage Ⅳ.The mean surgery duration was 113.4±22.6(88-148)min,and the mean blood loss was 26.5±39.7(10-150)mL.There were no perioperative complications.None of the patients exhibited reduced activities of daily living or cognitive impairment after hospital discharge.No cases of POP recurrence were observed 12 mo after the operation.CONCLUSION The Kakinuma method,similar to conventional NTR,may be an effective treatment for POP.
基金supported by MEYS of the Czech Republic,No.LO1309
文摘Functional repair of injured tissue in the adult central nervous system （CNS） still remains a big challenge for current biomed- ical research and its upcoming clinical translation. The axonal regeneration of the adult CNS is generally low, and it is addi- tionally restricted after injury by the presence of inhibitory mol- ecules, generated by the glial scar.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.52103170,and No.82470978)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MH183)Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center Shandong Province Special Fund“Frontier Technology Free Exploration”(No.12-04).
文摘Regenerative medicine endeavors to restore damaged tissues and organs utilizing biological approaches.Uti-lizing biomaterials to target and regulate the pathophysiological processes of injured tissues stands as a crucial method in propelling this field forward.The Extracellular Vesicles-in-Hydrogel(EViH)system amalgamates the advantages of extracellular vesicles(EVs)and hydrogels,rendering it a prominent biomaterial in regenerative medicine with substantial potential for clinical translation.This review elucidates the development and benefits of the EViH system in tissue regeneration,emphasizing the interaction and impact of EVs and hydrogels.Furthermore,it succinctly outlines the pathophysiological characteristics of various types of tissue injuries such as wounds,bone and cartilage injuries,cardiovascular diseases,nerve injuries,as well as liver and kidney in-juries,underscoring how EViH systems target these processes to address related tissue damage.Lastly,it explores the challenges and prospects in further advancing EViH-based tissue regeneration,aiming to impart a compre-hensive understanding of EViH.The objective is to furnish a thorough overview of EViH in enhancing regen-erative medicine applications and to inspire researchers to devise innovative tissue engineering materials for regenerative medicine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82100889)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M753868)+1 种基金Chongqing Doctor“Through Train”Project(No.CSTB2022BSXM-JCX0022)Chongqing Shapingba District 2024 Techmology lnnovation Project(No.2024114).
文摘Regulator of G protein signaling 12(RGS12)belongs to the superfamily of RGS pro-teins defined by a conserved RGS domain that canonically binds and deactivates heterotrimeric G-proteins.As the largest family member,RGS12 is widely expressed in many cells and tissues.In the past few decades,it has been found that RGS12 affects the activity of various cells in the human body,participates in many physiological and pathological processes,and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases.Here,we set out to comprehensively re-view the role of RGS12 in human diseases and its mechanisms,highlighting the possibility of RGS12 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of human diseases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371397,32000938,U21A20100)The Fundamental Research Funds for The Central Universities(YG2023ZD29)+2 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Funding(JCYJ20210324120009026)Laboratory Open Fund of Key Technology and Materials in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery(2024JZWC-ZDB03,2024JZWC-YBA04)Talent project of Shanghai Tongren Hospital(TRKYRC-xx02)are acknowledged.
文摘Infection and poor tissue repair are the key causes of percutaneous implantation failure. However, there is a lackof effective strategies to cope with due to its high requirements of sterilization, soft tissue healing, andosseointegration. In this work, L-arginine (L-Arg) was loaded onto a sulfonated polyetheretherketone (PEEK)surface to solve this issue. Under the infection condition, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) areproduced through catalyzing L-Arg by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and thus play a role in bacteriasterilization. Under the tissue repair condition, L-Arg is catalyzed to ornithine by Arginase-1 (Arg-1), whichpromotes the proliferation and collagen secretion of L929 and rBMSCs. Notably, L-Arg loading samples couldpolarize macrophages to M1 and M2 in infection and tissue repair conditions, respectively. The results in vivoshow that the L-Arg loading samples could enhance infected soft tissue sealing and bone regeneration. Insummary, L-Arg loading sulfonated PEEK could polarize macrophage through metabolic reprogramming,providing multi-functions of antibacterial abilities, soft tissue repair, and bone regeneration, which gives a newidea to design percutaneous implantation materials.
基金supported by American Heart Association(AHA)Transformational Project Award(No.23TPA1072337,W.T.)AHA’s Second Century Early Faculty Independence Award(No.23SCEFIA1151841,W.T.)+12 种基金American Society of Transplantation(AST)Career Transition Grant(No.1173492,W.T.)American Lung Association(ALA)Cancer Discovery Award(No.LCD1034625,W.T.)ALA Courtney Cox Cole Lung Cancer Research Award(No.2022A017206,W.T.)Novo Nordisk Validation Award(No.2023A009607,W.T.)Harvard/Brigham Health&Technology Innovation Fund(No.2023A004452,W.T.)Gillian Reny Stepping Strong Center for Trauma Innovation Breakthrough Innovator Award(No.113548)Center for Nanomedicine Research Fund(No.2019A014810,W.T.)Nanotechnology Foundation(No.2022A002721,W.T.)Distinguished Chair Professorship Foundation(No.018129,W.T.)a recipient of the US METAvivor Early Career Investigator Award(No.2018A020560)AHA Collaborative Sciences Award(No.2018A004190)Harvard/Brigham Khoury Innovation Award(No.2020A003219)Department Basic Scientist Grant(No.2420 BPA075).
文摘In the vanguard of biomedical innovation,regenerative medicine emerges as a transformative paradigm,concentrating its efforts on rectifying tissue deficits and functional aberrations in patients through the strategic augmentation of endogenous cellular processes.Central to this approach is nucleic acid therapy,which offers a novel pathway for tissue regeneration by modulating key signaling pathways.As one of the most effective ways to regulate cell function,nucleic acids are crucial for various tissue regeneration;however,their in vivo therapeutic applications face substantial challenges,including nuclease degradation,cell membrane impermeability,and targeted intracellular transport.Biomaterial-based gene delivery systems offer a solution for stable and localized drug delivery by enabling the controlled overexpression of therapeutic nucleic acids,producing functional regulatory agents.This review presents examples of nucleic acid applications in regenerative medicine,highlighting the synergy between nucleic acids and biomaterial technologies.It underlines the importance of nucleic acid delivery techniques,the choice of therapeutic nucleic acids,and biomaterials for advancing tissue repair.The latest developments in designing nucleic acid biomaterial-based delivery vehicles are explored,the mechanism of nucleic acids in tissue regeneration is elucidated,and their limitations are discussed while considering future directions for the clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0123500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272304 and 31771081)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Nos.21ZR1449700,22S31903300,and 22S31900100).
文摘Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration.The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral counter-ions(a pair of cation and anion that form the corresponding minerals at certain conditions),which are stable only at very low concentrations.This typically results in inefficient mineralization and weak control over biomineral formation.Here,we find that,in the organic solvent glycerol,a variety of biomineral counter-ions(e.g.,Ca/PO_(4),Ca/CO_(3),Ca/SO_(4),Mg/PO_(4),or Fe/OH)corresponding to distinct biominerals at significantly high concentrations(up to hundreds-fold greater than those of simulated body fluid(SBF))are able to form translucent and stable solutions(mineralizing solution of highly concentrated counter-ions(MSCIs)),and mineralization can be triggered upon them with external solvents(e.g.,water or ethanol).Furthermore,with pristine bacterial cellulose(BC)membrane as a model,we demonstrate an effective and controllable mineralization performance of MSCIs on organic substrates.This approach not only forms the homogeneous biominerals on the BC fibers and in the interspaces,but also provides regulations over mineralization rate,mineral content,phase,and dopants.The resulting mineralized BC membranes(MBCs)exhibit high cytocompatibility and favor the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(rBMSC).Following this,we prepare a mineralized bone suture(MBS)from MBC for non-weight bearing bone fixation,which then is tested on a rabbit median sternotomy model.It shows firm fixation of the rabbit sternum without causing discernible toxicity or inflammatory response.This study,by extending the mineralization to the organic solution system of highly concentrated counter-ions,develops a promising strategy to design and build targeted mineral-based composites.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52273119,51973018)Key Research and Development Projects of People’s Liberation Army(BWS17J036)Beijing Science and Technology Project(Z191100002019017).
文摘Microcarrier applications have made great advances in tissue engineering in recent years, which can load cells,drugs, and bioactive factors. These microcarriers can be minimally injected into the defect to help reconstruct agood microenvironment for tissue repair. In order to achieve more ideal performance and face more complextissue damage, an increasing amount of effort has been focused on microcarriers that can actively respond toexternal stimuli. These microcarriers have the functions of directional movement, targeted enrichment, materialrelease control, and providing signals conducive to tissue repair. Given the high controllability and designabilityof magnetic and electroactive microcarriers, the research progress of these microcarriers is highlighted in thisreview. Their structure, function and applications, potential tissue repair mechanisms, and challenges are discussed.In summary, through the design with clinical translation ability, meaningful and comprehensiveexperimental characterization, and in-depth study and application of tissue repair mechanisms, stimuliresponsivemicrocarriers have great potential in tissue repair.
文摘Due to its unique structure,collagen has exceptional biocompatibility,hemostasis,degradability and other biological properties,and is widely used for tissue repair in bone,cartilage,skin,teeth,neurons,cornea,urinary and various other aspects.Therefore,collagen has garnered in significant attention in the field of tissue repair in recent years.Bibliometrics can objectively reflect the hot spots of research and predict the research frontier through quantitative analysis of the quality and quantity of published papers,authors and institutions,and keywords.This paper uses bibliometrics to summarize the number and composition structure of published papers,the quality of published journals,authors/institutions and countries,and keywords in the past five years,aiming to objectively provide an objective overview of the domestic research landscape of collagen for tissue repair research from 2019 to 2023,and hope to offer valuable insights for future related research.
文摘BACKGROUND Skin wounds are common injuries that affect quality of life and incur high costs.A considerable portion of healthcare resources in Western countries is allocated to wound treatment,mainly using mechanical,biological,or artificial dressings.Biological and artificial dressings,such as hydrogels,are preferred for their biocompatibility.Platelet concentrates,such as platelet-rich plasma(PRP)and platelet-rich fibrin(PRF),stand out for accelerating tissue repair and minimizing risks of allergies and rejection.This study developed PRF and PRP-based dressings to treat skin wounds in an animal model,evaluating their functionality and efficiency in accelerating the tissue repair process.AIM To develop wound dressings based on platelet concentrates and evaluating their efficiency in treating skin wounds in Wistar rats.METHODS Wistar rats,both male and female,were subjected to the creation of a skin wound,distributed into groups(n=64/group),and treated with Carbopol(negative control);PRP+Carbopol;PRF+Carbopol;or PRF+CaCl_(2)+Carbopol,on days zero(D0),D3,D7,D14,and D21.PRP and PRF were obtained only from male rats.On D3,D7,D14,and D21,the wounds were analyzed for area,contraction rate,and histopathology of the tissue repair process.RESULTS The PRF-based dressing was more effective in accelerating wound closure early in the tissue repair process(up to D7),while PRF+CaCl_(2) seemed to delay the process,as wound closure was not complete by D21.Regarding macroscopic parameters,animals treated with PRF+CaCl_(2) showed significantly more crusting(necrosis)early in the repair process(D3).In terms of histopathological parameters,the PRF group exhibited significant collagenization at the later stages of the repair process(D14 and D21).By D21,fibroblast proliferation and inflammatory infiltration were higher in the PRP group.Animals treated with PRF+CaCl_(2) experienced a more pronounced inflammatory response up to D7,which diminished from D14 onwards.CONCLUSION The PRF-based dressing was effective in accelerating the closure of cutaneous wounds in Wistar rats early in the process and in aiding tissue repair at the later stages.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Programme of Jilin Province(Grant No.20240305060YY)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82372552)+3 种基金The Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Planing(Grant No.20220204136YY)the Excellent Youth of Natural Science Research Projects in Anhui Province Universities(2023AH030060)the Basic and Clinical Cooperative Research and Promotion Program of Anhui Medical University(2021xkjT028)the Research Fund of Anhui Institute of Translational Medicine(2022zhyx-C01).
文摘Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are heterogeneous membrane-like vesicles secreted by living cells that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes and act as intermediaries of intercellular communication and molecular transfer.Recent studies have shown that EVs from specific sources regulate tissue repair and regeneration by delivering proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids to target cells as signaling molecules.Nanotechnology breakthroughs have facilitated the development and exploration of engineered EVs for tissue repair.Enhancements through gene editing,surface modification,and content modification have further improved their therapeutic efficacy.This review summarizes the potential of EVs in tissue repair and regeneration,their mechanisms of action,and their research progress in regenerative medicine.This review highlights their design logic through typical examples and explores the development prospects of EVs in tissue repair.The aim of this review is to provide new insights into the design of EVs for tissue repair and regeneration applications,thereby expanding their use in regenerative medicine.
文摘Tissue engineering and regenera-tive medicine have shown signifi-cant potential for repairing and regenerating damaged tissues and can be used to provide personalized treatment plans,with broad applica-tion prospects.In this special issue,Bin Li’s team outlines the latest advances in minimally invasive implantable biomaterials for bone regeneration and different methods of achieving osteogenesis,with a focus on bioceramics and polymer materials and their applications in bone healing,vertebral augmenta-tion,implant fixation,tumor treatment of bone,and treatment of infections related to bone defects.Xinquan Jiang’s team constructs a novel photo-responsive multifunctional polyetheretherketone(PEEK)-based implant material(sPEEK/BP/E7)through the self-assembly of black phosphorus(BP)nanoplatelets,bioinspired poly-dopamine(PDA),and the biologically active short peptide E7 on sPEEK.The material exhibits effective osteogenic effects and good sterilization performance,providing a new idea for clinical application.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Korean government(NRF-2021R1A4A3025206,NRF-2019M3A9H1103737,NRF-2021M3E5E7026407,NRF-2019R1I1A3A0106345).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the extracellular matrix(ECM)that occur in vivo.Moreover,3D cell culture systems have unique properties that help guide specific functions,growth,and processes of stem cells(e.g.,embryogenesis,morphogenesis,and organogenesis).Thus,3D stem cell culture systems that mimic in vivo environments enable basic research about various tissues and organs.In this review,we focus on the advanced therapeutic applications of stem cell-based 3D culture systems generated using different engineering techniques.Specifically,we summarize the historical advancements of 3D cell culture systems and discuss the therapeutic applications of stem cell-based spheroids and organoids,including engineering techniques for tissue repair and regeneration.
基金acknowledge the partial financial support from the American Heart Association(Beginning Grant-in-Aid,14BGIA20510066,Y.H.)the National Science Foundation(Faculty Career Development(CAREER)award,#1554835 Y.H.)the National Institutes of Health(R01HD097330,R21HD090680 and R15HL140503,Y.H.)in the United States of America.
文摘As a type of elastomeric polymers,non-degradable polyurethanes(PUs)have a long history of being used in clinics,whereas biodegradable PUs have been developed in recent decades,primarily for tissue repair and regeneration.Biodegradable thermoplastic(linear)PUs are soft and elastic polymeric biomaterials with high mechanical strength,which mimics the mechanical properties of soft and elastic tissues.Therefore,biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes are promising scaffolding materials for soft and elastic tissue repair and regeneration.Generally,PUs are synthesized by linking three types of changeable blocks:diisocyanates,diols,and chain extenders.Alternating the combination of these three blocks can finely tailor the physio-chemical properties and generate new functional PUs.These PUs have excellent processing flexibilities and can be fabricated into three-dimensional(3D)constructs using conventional and/or advanced technologies,which is a great advantage compared with cross-linked thermoset elastomers.Additionally,they can be combined with biomolecules to incorporate desired bioactivities to broaden their biomedical applications.In this review,we comprehensively summarized the synthesis,structures,and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic PUs,and introduced their multiple applications in tissue repair and regeneration.A whole picture of their design and applications along with discussions and perspectives of future directions would provide theoretical and technical supports to inspire new PU development and novel applications.
文摘Wound healing,tissue repair and regenerative medicine are in great demand,and great achievements in these fields have been made.The traditional strategy of tissue repair and regeneration has focused on the level of tissues and organs directly;however,the basic process of repair at the cell level is often neglected.Because the cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function;cell damage is caused first by ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion after severe trauma and injury.Then,damage to tissues and organs occurs with massive cell damage,apoptosis and even cell death.Thus,how to achieve the aim of perfect repair and regeneration?The basic process of tissue or organ repair and regeneration should involve repair of cells first,then tissues and organs.In this manuscript,it is my consideration about how to repair the cell first,then regenerate the tissues and organs.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(No.SGDX20210823103804030)Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(No.0025/2022/A1)+3 种基金the 2020 Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Special Fund(Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Lab)(No.2020B1212030006)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515012416)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31871024)the University of Macao grants(No.MYRG2019-00129-ICMS)awarded to JHL.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic,non-specific,recurrent inflammatory disease,majorly affecting the gastrointestinal tract.Due to its unclear pathogenesis,the current therapeutic strategy for IBD is focused on symptoms alleviation.Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process for maintaining cellular homeostasis.Genome-wide association studies and subsequent functional studies have highlighted the critical role of autophagy in IBD via a number of mechanisms,including modulating macrophage function.Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis,especially involved in regulating inflammation remission and tissue repair.Interestingly,many autophagic proteins and IBD-related genes have been revealed to regulate macrophage function,suggesting that macrophage autophagy is a potentially important process implicated in IBD regulation.Here,we have summarized current understanding of macrophage autophagy function in pathogen and apoptotic cell clearance,inflammation remission and tissue repair regulation in IBD,and discuss how this knowledge can be used as a strategy for IBD treatment.
