Sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention as a cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance and affordability of sodium precursors.However,the lack of suitable electrode mate...Sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention as a cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance and affordability of sodium precursors.However,the lack of suitable electrode materials with both high capacity and excellent stability continues to hinder their practical viability.Herein,we couple lattice strain and sulfur deficiency effects in a tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite to enhance sodium storage performance.Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the synergistic effects of lattice strain and sulfur vacancies in tin monosulfide promote rapid(de)intercalation near the surface/edge of the material,thereby enhancing its pseudocapacitive sodium storage properties.Consequently,the strained and defective tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 511.82 mAh g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1) and an outstanding rate capability of 450.60 mAh g^(-1) at 3 A g^(-1).This study offers an effective strategy for improving sodium storage performance through lattice strain and defect engineering.展开更多
A SnO-graphite composite material, which can deliver high capacities and good cycling stability compared with unsupported SnO, was described. This material prepared via chemical co-precipitation reaction in the presen...A SnO-graphite composite material, which can deliver high capacities and good cycling stability compared with unsupported SnO, was described. This material prepared via chemical co-precipitation reaction in the presence of graphite consists of high dispersion of SnO with a size of about several hundred nanometers in the graphite. The phase structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology and the element distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy spectrum. The results show that the SnO-graphite composites produced by slowly hydrolysis have higher rechargeable capacities than pure graphite and better cycling performance than SnO.展开更多
The electrical and optical properties of the indium tin oxide （ITO）/epoxy composite exhibit dramatic variations as functions of the ITO composition and ITO particle size. Sharp increases in the conductivity in the v...The electrical and optical properties of the indium tin oxide （ITO）/epoxy composite exhibit dramatic variations as functions of the ITO composition and ITO particle size. Sharp increases in the conductivity in the vicinity of a critical volume fraction have been found within the framework of percolation theory. A conductive and insulating transition model is extracted by the ITO particle network in the SEM image, and verified by the resistivity dependence on the temperature. The dependence of the optical transmittance on the particle size was studied. Further decreasing the ITO particle size could further improve the percolation threshold and light transparency of the composite film.展开更多
In this study,the multi-sensing system based on the tin oxide pH electrode for the ion-determination was presented. With the advantages of the real-time supervisory control apparatus,the measured values could be displ...In this study,the multi-sensing system based on the tin oxide pH electrode for the ion-determination was presented. With the advantages of the real-time supervisory control apparatus,the measured values could be displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) immediately.In this study,the basic sensor was the tin oxide pH electrode,which was fabricated by radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering system on the indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate.Moreover,the major blocks of the system consist of the tin oxide electrode-based ion selective electrodes (ISEs),an analog front-ended readout circuit,a microcontroller with built-in analog to digital (A/D) converter.In addition,by the embedded system design,the measurement results can be transmitted to a portable system or computer through the Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) interface immediately.According to the experimental results,the multi-sensing system has high performance and reliability for pH,K^+,and Na^+ detection.展开更多
The oxidation behaviors of graphite and ZrB2-SiC modified graphite composite were investigated at 2100℃ in1X105 Pa air and 0.2X105 Pa O2. The oxidation tests were conducted in an induction heating furnace. The oxidat...The oxidation behaviors of graphite and ZrB2-SiC modified graphite composite were investigated at 2100℃ in1X105 Pa air and 0.2X105 Pa O2. The oxidation tests were conducted in an induction heating furnace. The oxidation of these two materials followed the linear rate law. The determined radius loss rates of graphite and C-ZrB2-Si C at 2100℃ were 2.18X10-2and 1.05X10-2%/s in 1X105 Pa air, and 3.23X10 2 and 2.21X10 2%/s in 0.2X105 Pa O2, respectively. The incorporation of ZrB2 and SiC decreased remarkably the oxidation rate of graphite because the oxide scale formed on the sample surface during oxidation helps in reducing the exposed surface area of the underneath substrate. In two different atmospheres with the same oxygen partial pressure, both graphite and ZrB2-SiC experienced more severe oxidation at 2100℃ in0.2X105 Pa O2than in 1X105 Pa air. The oxidation rate-controlling step for graphite and ZrB2-SiC was proposed to be the inward diffusion of oxygen through the boundary layer and through the pores in the oxide scale, respectively. A model based on diffusion theory was established to discuss the effect of the total gas pressure on their oxidation behaviors.展开更多
The Ti-48Al alloy was pack siliconized with 15%Si+85%Al2O3. The microstructure of the siliconized coating on the TiAl-based alloy was analyzed and its effect on oxidation resistance was investigated. The specimens bef...The Ti-48Al alloy was pack siliconized with 15%Si+85%Al2O3. The microstructure of the siliconized coating on the TiAl-based alloy was analyzed and its effect on oxidation resistance was investigated. The specimens before and after cycle oxidation were examined by XRD and SEM equipped with XEDS. The results showed that the coating is composed of a thin Al2O3 outer layer and a composite inner layer of Ti5Si3 with an appropriate amount of Al2O3 dispersed in. Cycle oxidation tests showed that the high temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl-based alloy was greatly improved by forming such composite coating. No spaliation and crack happened and the weight gain was very small after cycle oxidation at 900℃ for 314h.展开更多
Silver tin oxide composite powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method with a silver ammine solution and a Na2SnO3 solution as raw materials. H2C2O4 was used as the co-precipitator of silver ions and tin ions....Silver tin oxide composite powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method with a silver ammine solution and a Na2SnO3 solution as raw materials. H2C2O4 was used as the co-precipitator of silver ions and tin ions. The co-precipitation conditions were investigated. The results show that the co-precipitate of Ag2C2O4 and Sn（OH）4 is available when the pH value of the solution is 4.27-8.36. Using the obtained precipitate as precursor,the reduction of Ag＋ and the crystallization of tin oxide were carried out simultaneously by the hydrothermal method and silver tin oxide composite powders were obtained. The composite powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis,scanning electron microscope （SEM）,and energy spectrum analysis. The results show that the silver tin oxide composite powders are small with a diameter of about 2 μm and with homogeneous distribution of tin.展开更多
Silver-tin oxide composite powders and silver powders were synthesized by hydrothermal method using NH3 to complex Ag+, SO 32?to reduce Ag (NH3)+2 and Na2SnO3 as the source of tin. The powders were characterized by XR...Silver-tin oxide composite powders and silver powders were synthesized by hydrothermal method using NH3 to complex Ag+, SO 32?to reduce Ag (NH3)+2 and Na2SnO3 as the source of tin. The powders were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. The results show that there are macroscopic and microscopic differences between two kinds of powders. Spherical silver powders are 3 μm in diameter, and silver-tin oxide composite powders are mainly flake of about 0.3 μm in thickness. Silver crystal in silver-tin oxide composite powders is preferentially oriented in the (111) crystallographic direction and its oriented index is 2.581. Crystal lattice parameter of silver crystal of silver tin-oxide composite powders is 0.409 34 nm, larger than 0.408 68 nm of silver powders. The XPS analysis shows that silver in silver-tin oxide composite powders is metallic silver and tin oxide in silver tin-oxide composite powders has the red shift for Sn4+(3d5/2) and O2-(1s).展开更多
A series of composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method utilizing ordered mesoporous carbon （OMC） and tin （IV） oxide （SnO2） with different ratio....A series of composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method utilizing ordered mesoporous carbon （OMC） and tin （IV） oxide （SnO2） with different ratio.The structure and electrochemical properties of the OMC/SnO2 composites were characterized by XRD,TEM and cyclic voltammetry （CV）.Pore characteristics were measured by nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms.The results show that the structure and electrochemical properties of the composites depend mainly on the loading amount of SnO2 in the ordered mesoporous carbon.The optimum amount of SnCl4 added is found to be 40 % （1.54 g ethanol-based SnCl4·5H2O added to 1 g OMC） of the saturated solution.The specific capacitance of the composite of optimum amount of SnCl4 （200 F g-1） is nearly three times of that of the pristine SnO2 （72 F g-1） at the scan rate of 5 mV s-1,and its specific capacitance is almost equal to that of the ordered mesoporous carbon （126 F g-1） at the scan rate of 200 mV s-1.Meanwhile,it has better specific volumetric energy density than OMC due to its higher density.Besides,in the potential range of 0-0.9 V the composite electrode material exhibits a stable cycle life after 500 cycles.展开更多
Semiconducting nanoparticle tin oxide-based sensors have been prepared with a pressure load of 4, 6, 8, 10 tons and reinforced with carbon nanofibers (CNF) in SnO2 matrix. The SnO2/CNF sensor’s sensitivity for ethyl ...Semiconducting nanoparticle tin oxide-based sensors have been prepared with a pressure load of 4, 6, 8, 10 tons and reinforced with carbon nanofibers (CNF) in SnO2 matrix. The SnO2/CNF sensor’s sensitivity for ethyl alcohol has in-creased by a factor of two, in compared with that of pure SnO2 8-ton pressed sensor with lower response time. These results open the way towards further optimized lower cost CNF nanocomposite sensors as compared with expensive tin oxide/carbon nanotubes sensors.展开更多
Biochar(BC)has exhibited a great potential to remove water contaminants due to its wide availability of raw materials,high surface area,developed pore structure,and low cost.However,the application of BC for water rem...Biochar(BC)has exhibited a great potential to remove water contaminants due to its wide availability of raw materials,high surface area,developed pore structure,and low cost.However,the application of BC for water remediation has many limita-tions.Driven by the intense desire of overcoming unfavorable factors,a growing number of researchers have carried out to produce BC-based composite materials,which not only improved the physicochemical properties of BC,but also obtained a new composite material which combined the advantages of BC and other materials.This article reviewed previous researches on BC and BC-based composite materials,and discussed in terms of the preparation methods,the physicochemical properties,the performance of contaminant removal,and underlying adsorption mechanisms.Then the recent research progress in the removal of inorganic and organic contaminants by BC and BC-based materials was also systematically reviewed.Although BC-based composite materials have shown high performance in inorganic or organic pollutants removal,the potential risks(such as stability and biological toxicity)still need to be noticed and further study.At the end of this review,future prospects for the synthesis and application of BC and BC-based materials were proposed.This review will help the new researchers systematically understand the research progress of BC and BC-based composite materials in environmental remediation.展开更多
Constituents of the oxidized surface film on diamond particles reinforced Cu-Cd alloy matrix composite （Cp/Cu-Cd） were investigated by XPS. The results show that Cu2O is the main constituent when the oxidized film i...Constituents of the oxidized surface film on diamond particles reinforced Cu-Cd alloy matrix composite （Cp/Cu-Cd） were investigated by XPS. The results show that Cu2O is the main constituent when the oxidized film is thin; CuO appears only after the film is rather thick. The originally formed oxidized film on the Cp/Cu-Cd is about 10nm in thickness and is mainly composed of Cu2O and Cu. After oxidized at 120℃ over 30h, CuO is detected in the film.展开更多
The influence of processing parameters is investigated on the structural characteristics of single and mixed oxides produced by spray pyrolysis technique. The films were synthesized by spraying precursor solutions thr...The influence of processing parameters is investigated on the structural characteristics of single and mixed oxides produced by spray pyrolysis technique. The films were synthesized by spraying precursor solutions through a noz-zle onto a heated alumina substrate. The precursor consisted separately of aqueous solutions of tin chloride for SnO2 and zinc chloride for ZnO for single oxide cases, and aqueous solutions of tin chloride and indium nitrate for SnO2 + In2O3 and zinc chloride and indium nitrate solutions for ZnO + In2O3 for mixed oxide cases. The substrate temperature was varied accordingly for each single and mixed case. The films produced were characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results indicate that a non-homogenous film is formed at low temperature for both single oxides considered. The temperature has significant effect on the composition of the synthesized films of both single oxides below 450℃. The results for mixed oxides show that the best homogeneous films are obtained for 80 wt% ZnO + 20 wt% In2O3, and 80 wt% SnO2 + 20 wt% In2O3.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.22109023,no.22179022,and no.22209027)the Youth Innovation Fund of Fujian Province(no.2021J05043 and no.2022J05046)+5 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3906300)the FuXiaQuan National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone Collaborative Innovation Platform(no.2022-P-027)the·“Hundred Talents·Plan”of Fujian Provincethe“Top Young Talents of Young Eagle”Program of Fujian Provincethe Award Program for Fujian Minjiang Scholar Professorshipthe Talent Fund Program of Fujian Normal University.
文摘Sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention as a cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance and affordability of sodium precursors.However,the lack of suitable electrode materials with both high capacity and excellent stability continues to hinder their practical viability.Herein,we couple lattice strain and sulfur deficiency effects in a tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite to enhance sodium storage performance.Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the synergistic effects of lattice strain and sulfur vacancies in tin monosulfide promote rapid(de)intercalation near the surface/edge of the material,thereby enhancing its pseudocapacitive sodium storage properties.Consequently,the strained and defective tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 511.82 mAh g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1) and an outstanding rate capability of 450.60 mAh g^(-1) at 3 A g^(-1).This study offers an effective strategy for improving sodium storage performance through lattice strain and defect engineering.
文摘A SnO-graphite composite material, which can deliver high capacities and good cycling stability compared with unsupported SnO, was described. This material prepared via chemical co-precipitation reaction in the presence of graphite consists of high dispersion of SnO with a size of about several hundred nanometers in the graphite. The phase structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology and the element distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy spectrum. The results show that the SnO-graphite composites produced by slowly hydrolysis have higher rechargeable capacities than pure graphite and better cycling performance than SnO.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61222501 and 61335004)
文摘The electrical and optical properties of the indium tin oxide （ITO）/epoxy composite exhibit dramatic variations as functions of the ITO composition and ITO particle size. Sharp increases in the conductivity in the vicinity of a critical volume fraction have been found within the framework of percolation theory. A conductive and insulating transition model is extracted by the ITO particle network in the SEM image, and verified by the resistivity dependence on the temperature. The dependence of the optical transmittance on the particle size was studied. Further decreasing the ITO particle size could further improve the percolation threshold and light transparency of the composite film.
文摘In this study,the multi-sensing system based on the tin oxide pH electrode for the ion-determination was presented. With the advantages of the real-time supervisory control apparatus,the measured values could be displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) immediately.In this study,the basic sensor was the tin oxide pH electrode,which was fabricated by radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering system on the indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate.Moreover,the major blocks of the system consist of the tin oxide electrode-based ion selective electrodes (ISEs),an analog front-ended readout circuit,a microcontroller with built-in analog to digital (A/D) converter.In addition,by the embedded system design,the measurement results can be transmitted to a portable system or computer through the Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) interface immediately.According to the experimental results,the multi-sensing system has high performance and reliability for pH,K^+,and Na^+ detection.
基金supported by the National Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project (No. 2011YQ14014504)
文摘The oxidation behaviors of graphite and ZrB2-SiC modified graphite composite were investigated at 2100℃ in1X105 Pa air and 0.2X105 Pa O2. The oxidation tests were conducted in an induction heating furnace. The oxidation of these two materials followed the linear rate law. The determined radius loss rates of graphite and C-ZrB2-Si C at 2100℃ were 2.18X10-2and 1.05X10-2%/s in 1X105 Pa air, and 3.23X10 2 and 2.21X10 2%/s in 0.2X105 Pa O2, respectively. The incorporation of ZrB2 and SiC decreased remarkably the oxidation rate of graphite because the oxide scale formed on the sample surface during oxidation helps in reducing the exposed surface area of the underneath substrate. In two different atmospheres with the same oxygen partial pressure, both graphite and ZrB2-SiC experienced more severe oxidation at 2100℃ in0.2X105 Pa O2than in 1X105 Pa air. The oxidation rate-controlling step for graphite and ZrB2-SiC was proposed to be the inward diffusion of oxygen through the boundary layer and through the pores in the oxide scale, respectively. A model based on diffusion theory was established to discuss the effect of the total gas pressure on their oxidation behaviors.
文摘The Ti-48Al alloy was pack siliconized with 15%Si+85%Al2O3. The microstructure of the siliconized coating on the TiAl-based alloy was analyzed and its effect on oxidation resistance was investigated. The specimens before and after cycle oxidation were examined by XRD and SEM equipped with XEDS. The results showed that the coating is composed of a thin Al2O3 outer layer and a composite inner layer of Ti5Si3 with an appropriate amount of Al2O3 dispersed in. Cycle oxidation tests showed that the high temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl-based alloy was greatly improved by forming such composite coating. No spaliation and crack happened and the weight gain was very small after cycle oxidation at 900℃ for 314h.
文摘Silver tin oxide composite powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method with a silver ammine solution and a Na2SnO3 solution as raw materials. H2C2O4 was used as the co-precipitator of silver ions and tin ions. The co-precipitation conditions were investigated. The results show that the co-precipitate of Ag2C2O4 and Sn（OH）4 is available when the pH value of the solution is 4.27-8.36. Using the obtained precipitate as precursor,the reduction of Ag＋ and the crystallization of tin oxide were carried out simultaneously by the hydrothermal method and silver tin oxide composite powders were obtained. The composite powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis,scanning electron microscope （SEM）,and energy spectrum analysis. The results show that the silver tin oxide composite powders are small with a diameter of about 2 μm and with homogeneous distribution of tin.
文摘Silver-tin oxide composite powders and silver powders were synthesized by hydrothermal method using NH3 to complex Ag+, SO 32?to reduce Ag (NH3)+2 and Na2SnO3 as the source of tin. The powders were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. The results show that there are macroscopic and microscopic differences between two kinds of powders. Spherical silver powders are 3 μm in diameter, and silver-tin oxide composite powders are mainly flake of about 0.3 μm in thickness. Silver crystal in silver-tin oxide composite powders is preferentially oriented in the (111) crystallographic direction and its oriented index is 2.581. Crystal lattice parameter of silver crystal of silver tin-oxide composite powders is 0.409 34 nm, larger than 0.408 68 nm of silver powders. The XPS analysis shows that silver in silver-tin oxide composite powders is metallic silver and tin oxide in silver tin-oxide composite powders has the red shift for Sn4+(3d5/2) and O2-(1s).
基金Funded by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No.0952nm02500)
文摘A series of composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method utilizing ordered mesoporous carbon （OMC） and tin （IV） oxide （SnO2） with different ratio.The structure and electrochemical properties of the OMC/SnO2 composites were characterized by XRD,TEM and cyclic voltammetry （CV）.Pore characteristics were measured by nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms.The results show that the structure and electrochemical properties of the composites depend mainly on the loading amount of SnO2 in the ordered mesoporous carbon.The optimum amount of SnCl4 added is found to be 40 % （1.54 g ethanol-based SnCl4·5H2O added to 1 g OMC） of the saturated solution.The specific capacitance of the composite of optimum amount of SnCl4 （200 F g-1） is nearly three times of that of the pristine SnO2 （72 F g-1） at the scan rate of 5 mV s-1,and its specific capacitance is almost equal to that of the ordered mesoporous carbon （126 F g-1） at the scan rate of 200 mV s-1.Meanwhile,it has better specific volumetric energy density than OMC due to its higher density.Besides,in the potential range of 0-0.9 V the composite electrode material exhibits a stable cycle life after 500 cycles.
文摘Semiconducting nanoparticle tin oxide-based sensors have been prepared with a pressure load of 4, 6, 8, 10 tons and reinforced with carbon nanofibers (CNF) in SnO2 matrix. The SnO2/CNF sensor’s sensitivity for ethyl alcohol has in-creased by a factor of two, in compared with that of pure SnO2 8-ton pressed sensor with lower response time. These results open the way towards further optimized lower cost CNF nanocomposite sensors as compared with expensive tin oxide/carbon nanotubes sensors.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41807468)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY18E080018)State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(Grant No.PCRRF18021).
文摘Biochar(BC)has exhibited a great potential to remove water contaminants due to its wide availability of raw materials,high surface area,developed pore structure,and low cost.However,the application of BC for water remediation has many limita-tions.Driven by the intense desire of overcoming unfavorable factors,a growing number of researchers have carried out to produce BC-based composite materials,which not only improved the physicochemical properties of BC,but also obtained a new composite material which combined the advantages of BC and other materials.This article reviewed previous researches on BC and BC-based composite materials,and discussed in terms of the preparation methods,the physicochemical properties,the performance of contaminant removal,and underlying adsorption mechanisms.Then the recent research progress in the removal of inorganic and organic contaminants by BC and BC-based materials was also systematically reviewed.Although BC-based composite materials have shown high performance in inorganic or organic pollutants removal,the potential risks(such as stability and biological toxicity)still need to be noticed and further study.At the end of this review,future prospects for the synthesis and application of BC and BC-based materials were proposed.This review will help the new researchers systematically understand the research progress of BC and BC-based composite materials in environmental remediation.
文摘Constituents of the oxidized surface film on diamond particles reinforced Cu-Cd alloy matrix composite （Cp/Cu-Cd） were investigated by XPS. The results show that Cu2O is the main constituent when the oxidized film is thin; CuO appears only after the film is rather thick. The originally formed oxidized film on the Cp/Cu-Cd is about 10nm in thickness and is mainly composed of Cu2O and Cu. After oxidized at 120℃ over 30h, CuO is detected in the film.
文摘The influence of processing parameters is investigated on the structural characteristics of single and mixed oxides produced by spray pyrolysis technique. The films were synthesized by spraying precursor solutions through a noz-zle onto a heated alumina substrate. The precursor consisted separately of aqueous solutions of tin chloride for SnO2 and zinc chloride for ZnO for single oxide cases, and aqueous solutions of tin chloride and indium nitrate for SnO2 + In2O3 and zinc chloride and indium nitrate solutions for ZnO + In2O3 for mixed oxide cases. The substrate temperature was varied accordingly for each single and mixed case. The films produced were characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results indicate that a non-homogenous film is formed at low temperature for both single oxides considered. The temperature has significant effect on the composition of the synthesized films of both single oxides below 450℃. The results for mixed oxides show that the best homogeneous films are obtained for 80 wt% ZnO + 20 wt% In2O3, and 80 wt% SnO2 + 20 wt% In2O3.
