For multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems, a joint timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform ...For multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems, a joint timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform （FRFT） is proposed. The linear frequency modulation signals superimposed on the data signals are used as the training signals. By performing FRFT on the received signals and searching the peak value of the FRFT results, the receiver can realize timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition simultaneously. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed algorithm can provide better timing synchronization performance and larger frequency offset acquisition range even under multi-path channels with low signal to noise ratio. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove this point.展开更多
In order to solve the problem of inaccurate synchronization for distributed multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system in both multipath and low signal to noise ratio(...In order to solve the problem of inaccurate synchronization for distributed multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system in both multipath and low signal to noise ratio(SNR) channels, a golay pair aided timing synchronization(GPATS) method is proposed in this paper. A new synchronous training sequence based on the golay pair with guard interval is designed in GPATS method. By utilizing the unique properties of the new training sequence, the different timing point and the inter-transmitter delays(ITD) are obtained at the receiver. Simulation results show that, compared with the traditional synchronization approaches, the proposed algorithm can provide high accuracy in detecting different time offsets caused by the distributed transmitters of the MIMO-OFDM system, especially over multipath and low SNR channels.展开更多
To ensure the uniqueness and recognition of data and make it easy to analyze and process the data of all subsystems of the neutral beam injector （NBI）, it is required that all subsystems have a unified system time. ...To ensure the uniqueness and recognition of data and make it easy to analyze and process the data of all subsystems of the neutral beam injector （NBI）, it is required that all subsystems have a unified system time. In this paper, the timing synchronization software is presented which is related to many kinds of technologies, such as shared memory, multithreading, TCP protocol and so on. Shared memory helps the server save the information of clients and system time, multithreading can deal with different clients with different threads, the server works under Linux operating system, the client works under Linux operating system and Windows operating system. With the help of this design, synchronization of all subsystems can be achieved in less than one second, and this accuracy is enough for the NBI system and the reliability of data is thus ensured.展开更多
Efficient multi-machine cooperation and network dynamics still remain open that jeopardize great applications in largescale machine-to-machine(M2M) networks. Among all possible machine cooperation controls, to synchro...Efficient multi-machine cooperation and network dynamics still remain open that jeopardize great applications in largescale machine-to-machine(M2M) networks. Among all possible machine cooperation controls, to synchronize tremendous machines in a timing-efficient brings one of the greatest challenge and serves as the foundation for any other network control policies. In this paper, we propose a linear-time synchronization protocol in large M2M networks. Specifically, a closed-form of synchronization rate is provided by developing the statistical bounds of the second smallest eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian matrix. These bounds enable the efficient control of network dynamics, facilitating the timing synchronization in networks. Through a practical study in Metropolis, simulation results confirm our theoretical analysis and provide effective selection of wireless technologies, including Zigbee, Wi-Fi, and cellular systems, with respect to the deployed density of machines. Therefore, this paper successfully demonstrates a practical timing synchronization, to make a breakthrough of network dynamic control in real-world machine systems, such as Internet of Things.展开更多
In a typical intensity-modulated direct-detection optical system, the information is carried on the intensity of the optical signal, and therefore can only be positive. Existing synchronization methods for RF-based OF...In a typical intensity-modulated direct-detection optical system, the information is carried on the intensity of the optical signal, and therefore can only be positive. Existing synchronization methods for RF-based OFDM system cannot be used directly in asymmetrically clipped DC biased optical of DM (ADO-OFDM) system. In order to solve the above problem, according to the characteristics of ADO-OFDM signal, the modified training symbol is presented. The simulation results show that the modified synchronization method gives good performance.展开更多
Accurate time synchronization is fundamental to the correct and efficient operation of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),especially in security-critical,time-sensitive applications.However,most existing protocols degrade...Accurate time synchronization is fundamental to the correct and efficient operation of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),especially in security-critical,time-sensitive applications.However,most existing protocols degrade substantially under malicious interference.We introduce iSTSP,an Intelligent and Secure Time Synchronization Protocol that implements a four-stage defense pipeline to ensure robust,precise synchronization even in hostile environments:(1)trust preprocessing that filters node participation using behavioral trust scoring;(2)anomaly isolation employing a lightweight autoencoder to detect and excise malicious nodes in real time;(3)reliability-weighted consensus that prioritizes high-trust nodes during time aggregation;and(4)convergence-optimized synchronization that dynamically adjusts parameters using theoretical stability bounds.We provide rigorous convergence analysis including a closed-form expression for convergence time,and validate the protocol through both simulations and realworld experiments on a controlled 16-node testbed.Under Sybil attacks with five malicious nodes within this testbed,iSTSP maintains synchronization error increases under 12%and achieves a rapid convergence.Compared to state-ofthe-art protocols like TPSN,SE-FTSP,and MMAR-CTS,iSTSP offers 60%faster detection,broader threat coverage,and more than 7 times lower synchronization error,with a modest 9.3%energy overhead over 8 h.We argue this is an acceptable trade-off for mission-critical deployments requiring guaranteed security.These findings demonstrate iSTSP’s potential as a reliable solution for secure WSN synchronization and motivate future work on large-scale IoT deployments and integration with energy-efficient communication protocols.展开更多
The rise of time-sensitive applications with broad geographical scope drives the development of time-sensitive networking(TSN)from intra-domain to inter-domain to ensure overall end-to-end connectivity requirements in...The rise of time-sensitive applications with broad geographical scope drives the development of time-sensitive networking(TSN)from intra-domain to inter-domain to ensure overall end-to-end connectivity requirements in heterogeneous deployments.When multiple TSN networks interconnect over non-TSN networks,all devices in the network need to be syn-chronized by sharing a uniform time reference.How-ever,most non-TSN networks are best-effort.Path delay asymmetry and random noise accumulation can introduce unpredictable time errors during end-to-end time synchronization.These factors can degrade syn-chronization performance.Therefore,cross-domain time synchronization becomes a challenging issue for multiple TSN networks interconnected by non-TSN networks.This paper presents a cross-domain time synchronization scheme that follows the software-defined TSN(SD-TSN)paradigm.It utilizes a com-bined control plane constructed by a coordinate con-troller and a domain controller for centralized control and management of cross-domain time synchroniza-tion.The general operation flow of the cross-domain time synchronization process is designed.The mecha-nism of cross-domain time synchronization is revealed by introducing a synchronization model and an error compensation method.A TSN cross-domain proto-type testbed is constructed for verification.Results show that the scheme can achieve end-to-end high-precision time synchronization with accuracy and sta-bility.展开更多
This study proposes a novel time-synchronization protocol inspired by stochastic gradient algorithms.The clock model of each network node in this synchronizer is configured as a generic adaptive filter where different...This study proposes a novel time-synchronization protocol inspired by stochastic gradient algorithms.The clock model of each network node in this synchronizer is configured as a generic adaptive filter where different stochastic gradient algorithms can be adopted for adaptive clock frequency adjustments.The study analyzes the pairwise synchronization behavior of the protocol and proves the generalized convergence of the synchronization error and clock frequency.A novel closed-form expression is also derived for a generalized asymptotic error variance steady state.Steady and convergence analyses are then presented for the synchronization,with frequency adaptations done using least mean square(LMS),the Newton search,the gradient descent(GraDes),the normalized LMS(N-LMS),and the Sign-Data LMS algorithms.Results obtained from real-time experiments showed a better performance of our protocols as compared to the Average Proportional-Integral Synchronization Protocol(AvgPISync)regarding the impact of quantization error on synchronization accuracy,precision,and convergence time.This generalized approach to time synchronization allows flexibility in selecting a suitable protocol for different wireless sensor network applications.展开更多
This paper study the finite time internal synchronization and the external synchronization(hybrid synchronization)for duplex heterogeneous complex networks by time-varying intermittent control.There few study hybrid s...This paper study the finite time internal synchronization and the external synchronization(hybrid synchronization)for duplex heterogeneous complex networks by time-varying intermittent control.There few study hybrid synchronization of heterogeneous duplex complex networks.Therefore,we study the finite time hybrid synchronization of heterogeneous duplex networks,which employs the time-varying intermittent control to drive the duplex heterogeneous complex networks to achieve hybrid synchronization in finite time.To be specific,the switch frequency of the controllers can be changed with time by devise Lyapunov function and boundary function,the internal synchronization and external synchronization are achieved simultaneously in finite time.Finally,numerical examples are presented to illustrate the validness of theoretical results.展开更多
As vehicular networks become increasingly pervasive,enhancing connectivity and reliability has emerged as a critical objective.Among the enabling technologies for advanced wireless communication,particularly those tar...As vehicular networks become increasingly pervasive,enhancing connectivity and reliability has emerged as a critical objective.Among the enabling technologies for advanced wireless communication,particularly those targeting low latency and high reliability,time synchronization is critical,especially in vehicular networks.However,due to the inherent mobility of vehicular environments,consistently exchanging synchronization packets with a fixed base station or access point is challenging.This issue is further exacerbated in signal shadowed areas such as urban canyons,tunnels,or large-scale indoor hallswhere other technologies,such as global navigation satellite system(GNSS),are unavailable.One-way synchronization techniques offer a feasible approach under such transient connectivity conditions.One-way schemes still suffer from long convergence times to reach the required synchronization accuracy in these circumstances.In this paper,we propose a WLAN-based multi-stage clock synchronization scheme(WMC)tailored for vehicular networks.The proposed method comprises an initial hard update stage to rapidly achieve synchronization,followed by a high-precision stable stage based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation(MLE).By implementing the scheme directly at the network driver,we address key limitations of hard update mechanisms.Our approach significantly reduces the initial period to collect high-quality samples and offset estimation time to reach sub-50μs accuracy,and subsequently transitions to a refined MLE-based synchronization stage,achieving stable accuracy at approximately 30μs.The windowed moving average stabilized(reaching 90%of the baseline)in approximately 35 s,which corresponds to just 5.1%of the baseline time accuracy.Finally,the impact of synchronization performance on the localization model was validated using the Simulation of Urban Mobility(SUMO).The results demonstrate that more accurate conditions for position estimation can be supported,with an improvement about 38.5%in the mean error.展开更多
The space-air-ground network architecture integrates satellite systems,aerial networks,and terrestrial networks,where the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)communication in the air segment has attracted particular interest ...The space-air-ground network architecture integrates satellite systems,aerial networks,and terrestrial networks,where the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)communication in the air segment has attracted particular interest and demonstrated tremendous potential in both military and civilian applications.Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)can be an effective solution to provide high rate and reliable transmission in UAV communication systems because of its high spectral efficiency and robustness against frequency selective fading.We herein focus our attention on two critical issues in our proposed UAV aided OFDM system,i.e.,timing synchronization and ranging.Moreover,extensive simulations are conducted for evaluation.Finally,we design a real-world field test for verifying the effectiveness of our proposed multi-UAV OFDM communication system.展开更多
A fiber-based,multiple access timing signal synchronization scheme is demonstrated.By coupling out the bidirectional transmission signals,a highly stable timing signal can be recovered at arbitrary points along the fi...A fiber-based,multiple access timing signal synchronization scheme is demonstrated.By coupling out the bidirectional transmission signals,a highly stable timing signal can be recovered at arbitrary points along the fiber with the help of the loop delay message broadcasted via ethernet from the local module.The experiment is carried out on a 30-km fiber placed in a temperature-controlled box.In one-day period,when the round trip fiber transfer delay fluctuation is60 ns,the fluctuations of the stabilized timing signal from the download and the remote modules were only ±125 ps and±100 ps,respectively.Also,the system error caused by transmission path asymmetry and thermal drift is calibrated,and a100-ps magnitude synchronization accuracy is realized.This method could provide new insights into the construction of a fiber-based time transfer network.展开更多
Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reli...Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reliability and accuracy but still faces challenges such as optimization of the multi-clock source selection and the clock source weight calculation at different timescales,and the coupling of synchronization latency jitter and pulse phase difference.In this paper,the multi-timescale MTS model is conducted,and the reinforcement learning(RL)and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-based multi-timescale MTS algorithm is designed to improve the weighted summation of synchronization latency jitter standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.Specifically,the multi-clock source selection is optimized based on Softmax in the large timescale,and the clock source weight calculation is optimized based on lower confidence bound-assisted AHP in the small timescale.Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce time synchronization delay standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.展开更多
This study aims to evaluate the effect of serum concentration, synchronization time, and confluence degree on the synchronisation efficiency of goat fibroblast cycle. The results indicated that there was no difference...This study aims to evaluate the effect of serum concentration, synchronization time, and confluence degree on the synchronisation efficiency of goat fibroblast cycle. The results indicated that there was no difference in the percentage of nucleated fibroblasts in the G0/G1 stage between serum concentrations of 0.3% and 0.4% (83.89% and 82.69%, respectively, P > 0.05) as well as between serum concentrations of 0.2% and 0.5% (76.95% and 75.46%, respectively, P > 0.05). The percentage of nucleated fibroblasts in the G0/G1 stage was highest at the concentration of 0.3% and lowest in the control group (83.89% vs. 62.67%, P 0.05). The beneficial effect of high confluence was confirmed by the large percentage of nucleated fibroblasts at the G0/G1 stage. The 60% confluency was significantly lower than the 80% and 100% confluency (73.44%, 86.63%, and 87.17%, respectively, P < 0.05). The results indicate that the goat fibroblast cycle synchronization is the most effective at the serum concentration of 0.3%, 72 hours of synchronization and 100% confluency.展开更多
The conventional timing synchronization methods based on time domain correlation have the problems of timing metric plateau in Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN) channel and estimation error in multipath fading chann...The conventional timing synchronization methods based on time domain correlation have the problems of timing metric plateau in Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN) channel and estimation error in multipath fading channel. To resolve the problems, this paper proposes a novel timing metric using the characteristics of long training symbols in IEEE802.11a and a new timing recovery method based on the new timing metric for Orthogonal Frequency Division MuItiplexing(OFDM)-based WLAN systems. The proposed timing metric is defined as a sum of absolute values of the imaginary parts of all the subcarrier samples. It exhibits a unique characteristic that is very sensitive to the true synchronization point since it has minimum value at the true synchronization point and maximum around the true synchronization point. The simulation results show that the performance of timing synchronization is significantly improved, as a result, the probability of error estimation is lower than 10-4 when Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) is more than 10dB.展开更多
Synchronization with lower SNR hadn't been considered by the conventional publications. Based on the Synchronized multi-carrier CDMA plus (SMCC+) system, which is one of the candidate schemes of digital terrestria...Synchronization with lower SNR hadn't been considered by the conventional publications. Based on the Synchronized multi-carrier CDMA plus (SMCC+) system, which is one of the candidate schemes of digital terrestrial TV broadcasting (DTTB) standard in China, a scheme under lower SNR with one short training sequence and one Barker code group, which were constructed in time domain. Computer simulation results show that the timing estimator here is designed to avoid the ambiguity which occured in Tufvesson's timing synchronization method. The 99.9% correct timing synchronization probability and lower false probability are got in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels with SNR under -20 dB, and the optimum properties of frequency synchronization are obtained at the same time. It is shown that the proposed scheme is much better than the conventional synchronization methods.展开更多
The information exchange among satellites is crucial for the implementation of cluster satellite cooperative missions.However,achieving fast perception,rapid networking,and highprecision time synchronization among nod...The information exchange among satellites is crucial for the implementation of cluster satellite cooperative missions.However,achieving fast perception,rapid networking,and highprecision time synchronization among nodes without the support of the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)and other prior information remains a formidable challenge to real-time wireless networks design.Therefore,a self-organizing network methodology based on multi-agent negotiation is proposed,which autonomously determines the master node through collaborative negotiation and competitive elections.On this basis,a real-time network protocol design is carried out and a high-precision time synchronization method with motion compensation is proposed.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enables rapid networking with the capability of selfdiscovery,self-organization,and self-healing.For a cluster of 8 satellites,the networking time and the reorganization time are less than 4 s.The time synchronization accuracy exceeds 10-10s with motion compensation,demonstrating excellent real-time performance and stability.The research presented in this paper provides a valuable reference for the design and application of spacebased self-organizing networks for satellite cluster.展开更多
In this paper,analyzed is the symbol synchronization algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiplex(OFDM)system,and accomplished are the hardware circuit design of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms...In this paper,analyzed is the symbol synchronization algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiplex(OFDM)system,and accomplished are the hardware circuit design of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms.Based on the analysis of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms,multiplexed are,the module accumulator,division and output judgement,which can evidently save the hardware resource cost.The analysis of circuit sequence and wave form simulation of the design scheme shows that the proposed method efficiently reduce system resources and power consumption.展开更多
Micro-satellite cluster enables a whole new class of missions for communications, remote sensing, and scientific research for both civilian and military purposes. Synchronizing the time of the satellites in a cluster ...Micro-satellite cluster enables a whole new class of missions for communications, remote sensing, and scientific research for both civilian and military purposes. Synchronizing the time of the satellites in a cluster is important for both cluster sensing capabilities and its autonomous operating. However, the existing time synchronization methods are not suitable for microsatellite cluster, because it requires too many human interventions and occupies too much ground control resource. Although, data post-process may realize the equivalent time synchronization, it requires processing time and powerful computing ability on the ground, which cannot be implemented by cluster itself. In order to autonomously establish and maintain the time benchmark in a cluster, we propose a compact time difference compensation system（TDCS）, which is a kind of time control loop that dynamically adjusts the satellite reference frequency according to the time difference. Consequently, the time synchronization in the cluster can be autonomously achieved on-orbit by synchronizing the clock of other satellites to a chosen one＇s. The experimental result shows that the standard deviation of time synchronization is about 102 ps when the carrier to noise ratio（CNR） is 95 d BHz, and the standard deviation of corresponding frequency difference is approximately0.36 Hz.展开更多
Time synchronization is a critical middleware service of wireless sensor networks. Researchers have already proposed some time synchronization algorithms. However, due to the demands for various synchronization precis...Time synchronization is a critical middleware service of wireless sensor networks. Researchers have already proposed some time synchronization algorithms. However, due to the demands for various synchronization precision, existing time synchronization algorithms often need to be adapted. So it is necessary to evaluate these adapted algorithms before use. Software simulation is a valid and quick way to do it. In this paper, we present a time synchronization simulator, Simsync, for wireless sensor networks. We decompose the packet delay into 6 delay components and model them separately. The frequency of crystal oscillator is modeled as Gaussian. To testify its effectiveness, we simulate the reference broadcast synchronization algorithm (RBS) and the timing-sync synchronization algorithm (TPSN) on Simsync. Simulated results are also presented and analyzed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60672047).
文摘For multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems, a joint timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform （FRFT） is proposed. The linear frequency modulation signals superimposed on the data signals are used as the training signals. By performing FRFT on the received signals and searching the peak value of the FRFT results, the receiver can realize timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition simultaneously. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed algorithm can provide better timing synchronization performance and larger frequency offset acquisition range even under multi-path channels with low signal to noise ratio. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove this point.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NS2017066)
文摘In order to solve the problem of inaccurate synchronization for distributed multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system in both multipath and low signal to noise ratio(SNR) channels, a golay pair aided timing synchronization(GPATS) method is proposed in this paper. A new synchronous training sequence based on the golay pair with guard interval is designed in GPATS method. By utilizing the unique properties of the new training sequence, the different timing point and the inter-transmitter delays(ITD) are obtained at the receiver. Simulation results show that, compared with the traditional synchronization approaches, the proposed algorithm can provide high accuracy in detecting different time offsets caused by the distributed transmitters of the MIMO-OFDM system, especially over multipath and low SNR channels.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11075183)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(the study of neutral beam steady-state operation of the key technical and physical problems)
文摘To ensure the uniqueness and recognition of data and make it easy to analyze and process the data of all subsystems of the neutral beam injector （NBI）, it is required that all subsystems have a unified system time. In this paper, the timing synchronization software is presented which is related to many kinds of technologies, such as shared memory, multithreading, TCP protocol and so on. Shared memory helps the server save the information of clients and system time, multithreading can deal with different clients with different threads, the server works under Linux operating system, the client works under Linux operating system and Windows operating system. With the help of this design, synchronization of all subsystems can be achieved in less than one second, and this accuracy is enough for the NBI system and the reliability of data is thus ensured.
基金supported by the Major Research plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China 9118008National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology 2014BAC16B01
文摘Efficient multi-machine cooperation and network dynamics still remain open that jeopardize great applications in largescale machine-to-machine(M2M) networks. Among all possible machine cooperation controls, to synchronize tremendous machines in a timing-efficient brings one of the greatest challenge and serves as the foundation for any other network control policies. In this paper, we propose a linear-time synchronization protocol in large M2M networks. Specifically, a closed-form of synchronization rate is provided by developing the statistical bounds of the second smallest eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian matrix. These bounds enable the efficient control of network dynamics, facilitating the timing synchronization in networks. Through a practical study in Metropolis, simulation results confirm our theoretical analysis and provide effective selection of wireless technologies, including Zigbee, Wi-Fi, and cellular systems, with respect to the deployed density of machines. Therefore, this paper successfully demonstrates a practical timing synchronization, to make a breakthrough of network dynamic control in real-world machine systems, such as Internet of Things.
文摘In a typical intensity-modulated direct-detection optical system, the information is carried on the intensity of the optical signal, and therefore can only be positive. Existing synchronization methods for RF-based OFDM system cannot be used directly in asymmetrically clipped DC biased optical of DM (ADO-OFDM) system. In order to solve the above problem, according to the characteristics of ADO-OFDM signal, the modified training symbol is presented. The simulation results show that the modified synchronization method gives good performance.
基金this project under Geran Putra Inisiatif(GPI)with reference of GP-GPI/2023/976210。
文摘Accurate time synchronization is fundamental to the correct and efficient operation of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),especially in security-critical,time-sensitive applications.However,most existing protocols degrade substantially under malicious interference.We introduce iSTSP,an Intelligent and Secure Time Synchronization Protocol that implements a four-stage defense pipeline to ensure robust,precise synchronization even in hostile environments:(1)trust preprocessing that filters node participation using behavioral trust scoring;(2)anomaly isolation employing a lightweight autoencoder to detect and excise malicious nodes in real time;(3)reliability-weighted consensus that prioritizes high-trust nodes during time aggregation;and(4)convergence-optimized synchronization that dynamically adjusts parameters using theoretical stability bounds.We provide rigorous convergence analysis including a closed-form expression for convergence time,and validate the protocol through both simulations and realworld experiments on a controlled 16-node testbed.Under Sybil attacks with five malicious nodes within this testbed,iSTSP maintains synchronization error increases under 12%and achieves a rapid convergence.Compared to state-ofthe-art protocols like TPSN,SE-FTSP,and MMAR-CTS,iSTSP offers 60%faster detection,broader threat coverage,and more than 7 times lower synchronization error,with a modest 9.3%energy overhead over 8 h.We argue this is an acceptable trade-off for mission-critical deployments requiring guaranteed security.These findings demonstrate iSTSP’s potential as a reliable solution for secure WSN synchronization and motivate future work on large-scale IoT deployments and integration with energy-efficient communication protocols.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3803700)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92067102)in part by the project of Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks.
文摘The rise of time-sensitive applications with broad geographical scope drives the development of time-sensitive networking(TSN)from intra-domain to inter-domain to ensure overall end-to-end connectivity requirements in heterogeneous deployments.When multiple TSN networks interconnect over non-TSN networks,all devices in the network need to be syn-chronized by sharing a uniform time reference.How-ever,most non-TSN networks are best-effort.Path delay asymmetry and random noise accumulation can introduce unpredictable time errors during end-to-end time synchronization.These factors can degrade syn-chronization performance.Therefore,cross-domain time synchronization becomes a challenging issue for multiple TSN networks interconnected by non-TSN networks.This paper presents a cross-domain time synchronization scheme that follows the software-defined TSN(SD-TSN)paradigm.It utilizes a com-bined control plane constructed by a coordinate con-troller and a domain controller for centralized control and management of cross-domain time synchroniza-tion.The general operation flow of the cross-domain time synchronization process is designed.The mecha-nism of cross-domain time synchronization is revealed by introducing a synchronization model and an error compensation method.A TSN cross-domain proto-type testbed is constructed for verification.Results show that the scheme can achieve end-to-end high-precision time synchronization with accuracy and sta-bility.
基金funded by Universiti Putra Malaysia under a Geran Putra Inisiatif(GPI)research grant with reference to GP-GPI/2023/9762100.
文摘This study proposes a novel time-synchronization protocol inspired by stochastic gradient algorithms.The clock model of each network node in this synchronizer is configured as a generic adaptive filter where different stochastic gradient algorithms can be adopted for adaptive clock frequency adjustments.The study analyzes the pairwise synchronization behavior of the protocol and proves the generalized convergence of the synchronization error and clock frequency.A novel closed-form expression is also derived for a generalized asymptotic error variance steady state.Steady and convergence analyses are then presented for the synchronization,with frequency adaptations done using least mean square(LMS),the Newton search,the gradient descent(GraDes),the normalized LMS(N-LMS),and the Sign-Data LMS algorithms.Results obtained from real-time experiments showed a better performance of our protocols as compared to the Average Proportional-Integral Synchronization Protocol(AvgPISync)regarding the impact of quantization error on synchronization accuracy,precision,and convergence time.This generalized approach to time synchronization allows flexibility in selecting a suitable protocol for different wireless sensor network applications.
基金Project supported by Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Plan(Grant No.20220101137JC).
文摘This paper study the finite time internal synchronization and the external synchronization(hybrid synchronization)for duplex heterogeneous complex networks by time-varying intermittent control.There few study hybrid synchronization of heterogeneous duplex complex networks.Therefore,we study the finite time hybrid synchronization of heterogeneous duplex networks,which employs the time-varying intermittent control to drive the duplex heterogeneous complex networks to achieve hybrid synchronization in finite time.To be specific,the switch frequency of the controllers can be changed with time by devise Lyapunov function and boundary function,the internal synchronization and external synchronization are achieved simultaneously in finite time.Finally,numerical examples are presented to illustrate the validness of theoretical results.
基金supported by Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(No.20224B10300090)supported by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT),Republic of Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2025-RS-2021-II211835)supervised by the IITP(Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation).
文摘As vehicular networks become increasingly pervasive,enhancing connectivity and reliability has emerged as a critical objective.Among the enabling technologies for advanced wireless communication,particularly those targeting low latency and high reliability,time synchronization is critical,especially in vehicular networks.However,due to the inherent mobility of vehicular environments,consistently exchanging synchronization packets with a fixed base station or access point is challenging.This issue is further exacerbated in signal shadowed areas such as urban canyons,tunnels,or large-scale indoor hallswhere other technologies,such as global navigation satellite system(GNSS),are unavailable.One-way synchronization techniques offer a feasible approach under such transient connectivity conditions.One-way schemes still suffer from long convergence times to reach the required synchronization accuracy in these circumstances.In this paper,we propose a WLAN-based multi-stage clock synchronization scheme(WMC)tailored for vehicular networks.The proposed method comprises an initial hard update stage to rapidly achieve synchronization,followed by a high-precision stable stage based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation(MLE).By implementing the scheme directly at the network driver,we address key limitations of hard update mechanisms.Our approach significantly reduces the initial period to collect high-quality samples and offset estimation time to reach sub-50μs accuracy,and subsequently transitions to a refined MLE-based synchronization stage,achieving stable accuracy at approximately 30μs.The windowed moving average stabilized(reaching 90%of the baseline)in approximately 35 s,which corresponds to just 5.1%of the baseline time accuracy.Finally,the impact of synchronization performance on the localization model was validated using the Simulation of Urban Mobility(SUMO).The results demonstrate that more accurate conditions for position estimation can be supported,with an improvement about 38.5%in the mean error.
基金the Key Project of the Key R&D Program(Nos.2018YFC1407200,2017YFC1405200)Ministry of Science and Technology,China,and partly supported by the new strategic industries development projects of Shenzhen City(No.JCYJ20170816151922176).
文摘The space-air-ground network architecture integrates satellite systems,aerial networks,and terrestrial networks,where the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)communication in the air segment has attracted particular interest and demonstrated tremendous potential in both military and civilian applications.Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)can be an effective solution to provide high rate and reliable transmission in UAV communication systems because of its high spectral efficiency and robustness against frequency selective fading.We herein focus our attention on two critical issues in our proposed UAV aided OFDM system,i.e.,timing synchronization and ranging.Moreover,extensive simulations are conducted for evaluation.Finally,we design a real-world field test for verifying the effectiveness of our proposed multi-UAV OFDM communication system.
基金Project supported by the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project of China(Grant No.2013YQ09094303)the Program of International Science and Technology Cooperation(Grant No.2016YFE0100200)
文摘A fiber-based,multiple access timing signal synchronization scheme is demonstrated.By coupling out the bidirectional transmission signals,a highly stable timing signal can be recovered at arbitrary points along the fiber with the help of the loop delay message broadcasted via ethernet from the local module.The experiment is carried out on a 30-km fiber placed in a temperature-controlled box.In one-day period,when the round trip fiber transfer delay fluctuation is60 ns,the fluctuations of the stabilized timing signal from the download and the remote modules were only ±125 ps and±100 ps,respectively.Also,the system error caused by transmission path asymmetry and thermal drift is calibrated,and a100-ps magnitude synchronization accuracy is realized.This method could provide new insights into the construction of a fiber-based time transfer network.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Company Limited under Grant Number 036000KK52200058(GDKJXM20202001).
文摘Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reliability and accuracy but still faces challenges such as optimization of the multi-clock source selection and the clock source weight calculation at different timescales,and the coupling of synchronization latency jitter and pulse phase difference.In this paper,the multi-timescale MTS model is conducted,and the reinforcement learning(RL)and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-based multi-timescale MTS algorithm is designed to improve the weighted summation of synchronization latency jitter standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.Specifically,the multi-clock source selection is optimized based on Softmax in the large timescale,and the clock source weight calculation is optimized based on lower confidence bound-assisted AHP in the small timescale.Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce time synchronization delay standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.
文摘This study aims to evaluate the effect of serum concentration, synchronization time, and confluence degree on the synchronisation efficiency of goat fibroblast cycle. The results indicated that there was no difference in the percentage of nucleated fibroblasts in the G0/G1 stage between serum concentrations of 0.3% and 0.4% (83.89% and 82.69%, respectively, P > 0.05) as well as between serum concentrations of 0.2% and 0.5% (76.95% and 75.46%, respectively, P > 0.05). The percentage of nucleated fibroblasts in the G0/G1 stage was highest at the concentration of 0.3% and lowest in the control group (83.89% vs. 62.67%, P 0.05). The beneficial effect of high confluence was confirmed by the large percentage of nucleated fibroblasts at the G0/G1 stage. The 60% confluency was significantly lower than the 80% and 100% confluency (73.44%, 86.63%, and 87.17%, respectively, P < 0.05). The results indicate that the goat fibroblast cycle synchronization is the most effective at the serum concentration of 0.3%, 72 hours of synchronization and 100% confluency.
文摘The conventional timing synchronization methods based on time domain correlation have the problems of timing metric plateau in Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN) channel and estimation error in multipath fading channel. To resolve the problems, this paper proposes a novel timing metric using the characteristics of long training symbols in IEEE802.11a and a new timing recovery method based on the new timing metric for Orthogonal Frequency Division MuItiplexing(OFDM)-based WLAN systems. The proposed timing metric is defined as a sum of absolute values of the imaginary parts of all the subcarrier samples. It exhibits a unique characteristic that is very sensitive to the true synchronization point since it has minimum value at the true synchronization point and maximum around the true synchronization point. The simulation results show that the performance of timing synchronization is significantly improved, as a result, the probability of error estimation is lower than 10-4 when Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) is more than 10dB.
文摘Synchronization with lower SNR hadn't been considered by the conventional publications. Based on the Synchronized multi-carrier CDMA plus (SMCC+) system, which is one of the candidate schemes of digital terrestrial TV broadcasting (DTTB) standard in China, a scheme under lower SNR with one short training sequence and one Barker code group, which were constructed in time domain. Computer simulation results show that the timing estimator here is designed to avoid the ambiguity which occured in Tufvesson's timing synchronization method. The 99.9% correct timing synchronization probability and lower false probability are got in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels with SNR under -20 dB, and the optimum properties of frequency synchronization are obtained at the same time. It is shown that the proposed scheme is much better than the conventional synchronization methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62401597)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2024JJ6469)the Scientific Research Project of National University of Defense Technology,China(No.ZK22-02)。
文摘The information exchange among satellites is crucial for the implementation of cluster satellite cooperative missions.However,achieving fast perception,rapid networking,and highprecision time synchronization among nodes without the support of the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)and other prior information remains a formidable challenge to real-time wireless networks design.Therefore,a self-organizing network methodology based on multi-agent negotiation is proposed,which autonomously determines the master node through collaborative negotiation and competitive elections.On this basis,a real-time network protocol design is carried out and a high-precision time synchronization method with motion compensation is proposed.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enables rapid networking with the capability of selfdiscovery,self-organization,and self-healing.For a cluster of 8 satellites,the networking time and the reorganization time are less than 4 s.The time synchronization accuracy exceeds 10-10s with motion compensation,demonstrating excellent real-time performance and stability.The research presented in this paper provides a valuable reference for the design and application of spacebased self-organizing networks for satellite cluster.
基金Guangdong Province Science and Technology Guiding Project(2005B10101013)
文摘In this paper,analyzed is the symbol synchronization algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiplex(OFDM)system,and accomplished are the hardware circuit design of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms.Based on the analysis of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms,multiplexed are,the module accumulator,division and output judgement,which can evidently save the hardware resource cost.The analysis of circuit sequence and wave form simulation of the design scheme shows that the proposed method efficiently reduce system resources and power consumption.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61401389)the Joint Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(6141A02033310)
文摘Micro-satellite cluster enables a whole new class of missions for communications, remote sensing, and scientific research for both civilian and military purposes. Synchronizing the time of the satellites in a cluster is important for both cluster sensing capabilities and its autonomous operating. However, the existing time synchronization methods are not suitable for microsatellite cluster, because it requires too many human interventions and occupies too much ground control resource. Although, data post-process may realize the equivalent time synchronization, it requires processing time and powerful computing ability on the ground, which cannot be implemented by cluster itself. In order to autonomously establish and maintain the time benchmark in a cluster, we propose a compact time difference compensation system（TDCS）, which is a kind of time control loop that dynamically adjusts the satellite reference frequency according to the time difference. Consequently, the time synchronization in the cluster can be autonomously achieved on-orbit by synchronizing the clock of other satellites to a chosen one＇s. The experimental result shows that the standard deviation of time synchronization is about 102 ps when the carrier to noise ratio（CNR） is 95 d BHz, and the standard deviation of corresponding frequency difference is approximately0.36 Hz.
基金Supported in part by National Basic Research Program of P. R. China(2005CB321604) in part by National Natural Science Foundation of P. R. China (90207002)
文摘Time synchronization is a critical middleware service of wireless sensor networks. Researchers have already proposed some time synchronization algorithms. However, due to the demands for various synchronization precision, existing time synchronization algorithms often need to be adapted. So it is necessary to evaluate these adapted algorithms before use. Software simulation is a valid and quick way to do it. In this paper, we present a time synchronization simulator, Simsync, for wireless sensor networks. We decompose the packet delay into 6 delay components and model them separately. The frequency of crystal oscillator is modeled as Gaussian. To testify its effectiveness, we simulate the reference broadcast synchronization algorithm (RBS) and the timing-sync synchronization algorithm (TPSN) on Simsync. Simulated results are also presented and analyzed.
