Accurately recognizing facial expressions is essential for effective social interactions.Non-human primates(NHPs)are widely used in the study of the neural mechanisms underpinning facial expression processing,yet it r...Accurately recognizing facial expressions is essential for effective social interactions.Non-human primates(NHPs)are widely used in the study of the neural mechanisms underpinning facial expression processing,yet it remains unclear how well monkeys can recognize the facial expressions of other species such as humans.In this study,we systematically investigated how monkeys process the facial expressions of conspecifics and humans using eye-tracking technology and sophisticated behavioral tasks,namely the temporal discrimination task(TDT)and face scan task(FST).We found that monkeys showed prolonged subjective time perception in response to Negative facial expressions in monkeys while showing longer reaction time to Negative facial expressions in humans.Monkey faces also reliably induced divergent pupil contraction in response to different expressions,while human faces and scrambled monkey faces did not.Furthermore,viewing patterns in the FST indicated that monkeys only showed bias toward emotional expressions upon observing monkey faces.Finally,masking the eye region marginally decreased the viewing duration for monkey faces but not for human faces.By probing facial expression processing in monkeys,our study demonstrates that monkeys are more sensitive to the facial expressions of conspecifics than those of humans,thus shedding new light on inter-species communication through facial expressions between NHPs and humans.展开更多
BACKGROUND： It has been demonstrated that dopamine and acetylcholine are the main neurotransmitters that affect time perception, which is also affected by other neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE： To summarize how the neu...BACKGROUND： It has been demonstrated that dopamine and acetylcholine are the main neurotransmitters that affect time perception, which is also affected by other neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE： To summarize how the neurotransmitter affect the time perception, and put forward the perspectives for further study on time perception. RETRIEVE STRATEGY： An online search for related literatures published in English was conducted in Elsevier SDOL （ScienceDirect Online） database from May 1990 to March 2007 using key words of ＂timing neurotransmitter＂. Totally 69 literatures were collected, and they were primarily checked. Inclusive criteria： Reviews and experimental studies; correlative studies of timing neurotransmitter. Exclusive criteria： Repeated studies. LITERATURE EVALUATION： The literatures were mainly sourced from Cognitive Brain Research and Neuroscience, and they were analyzed according to the inclusive criteria. Nineteen of them were involved, and all were experimental studies and reviews. DATA SYNTHESIS： The studies on time perception are developed mainly concentrating on dopamine and acetylcholine. Dopamine D2 receptors mainly affect the speed of internal clock. Dopamine receptors play an important role in both timing excitation and inhibition, which suggests the bi-directional regulation of dopamine. Injection of dopamine agonist can affect the attention to timing information. Injection of BW813U （antagonist of acetylcholine） can induce memory disorder, which indicates the effect of acetylcholine on timing memory, and further study shows that it is the effect of acetylcholine in precentral medial area. In a word, the study on the neurotransmitters affecting time perception is still at the primary stage. CONCLUSION： Dopamine and acetylcholine are the neurotransmitters known to be related to time perception. Dopamine in the basal ganglia is related to internal-clock in the range of seconds and minutes; Acetylcholine in prefrontal cortex is related to the mechanisms of temporal memory and attention. Studies of neurotransmitter provide an approach to acknowledge on the neuromechanism of time perception.展开更多
The cognitive preparation of an operation without overt motor execution is referred to as imagery(of any kind).Over the last two decades of progress in brain timing studies,the timing of imagery has received little fo...The cognitive preparation of an operation without overt motor execution is referred to as imagery(of any kind).Over the last two decades of progress in brain timing studies,the timing of imagery has received little focus.This study compared the time perception of ten professional violinists’actual and imagery performances to see if such an analysis could offer a different model of timing in musicians’imagery skills.When comparing the timing profiles of the musicians between the two situations(actual and imagery),we found a significant correlation in overestimation of time in the imagery.In our fMRI analysis,we found high activation in the left cerebellum.This finding seems consistent with dedicated models of timing such as the cerebellar timing hypothesis,which assigns a“specialized clock”for tasks.In addition,the present findings might provide empirical data concerning imagery,creativity,and time.Maintaining imagery over time is one of the foundations of creativity,and understanding the underlying temporal neuronal mechanism might help us to apprehend the machinery of creativity per se.展开更多
Recent research has indicated that attractive faces often cause a dilation of our time per-ception thus affecting physical and mental health, and speculates that this could be rele-vant to the fact that attractive fac...Recent research has indicated that attractive faces often cause a dilation of our time per-ception thus affecting physical and mental health, and speculates that this could be rele-vant to the fact that attractive faces capture people’s attention. Nevertheless, there was nodirect experimental data to support this speculation. The present work was designed toillustrate how attention affects time perception of facial attractiveness. It utilized twoexperiments to investigate this phenomenon. In Experiment 1, perception of timing andattention bias were assessed using a temporal reproduction task and a dot-probe task.Increased attention bias was found to mediate the time dilation effect of facial attractive-ness. Experiment 2 adopted dual-task paradigm, combining a temporal reproduction taskand attractiveness rating task, to manipulate attention allocation. The findings suggestedthat allocating more attention to the task requiring timing enhanced the time dilationeffect caused by the faces. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 converge to show that attentionplays an essential role in the effects of facial attractiveness on time perception.展开更多
Iced transmission line galloping poses a significant threat to the safety and reliability of power systems,leading directly to line tripping,disconnections,and power outages.Existing early warning methods of iced tran...Iced transmission line galloping poses a significant threat to the safety and reliability of power systems,leading directly to line tripping,disconnections,and power outages.Existing early warning methods of iced transmission line galloping suffer from issues such as reliance on a single data source,neglect of irregular time series,and lack of attention-based closed-loop feedback,resulting in high rates of missed and false alarms.To address these challenges,we propose an Internet of Things(IoT)empowered early warning method of transmission line galloping that integrates time series data from optical fiber sensing and weather forecast.Initially,the method applies a primary adaptive weighted fusion to the IoT empowered optical fiber real-time sensing data and weather forecast data,followed by a secondary fusion based on a Back Propagation(BP)neural network,and uses the K-medoids algorithm for clustering the fused data.Furthermore,an adaptive irregular time series perception adjustment module is introduced into the traditional Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)network,and closed-loop feedback based on attentionmechanism is employed to update network parameters through gradient feedback of the loss function,enabling closed-loop training and time series data prediction of the GRU network model.Subsequently,considering various types of prediction data and the duration of icing,an iced transmission line galloping risk coefficient is established,and warnings are categorized based on this coefficient.Finally,using an IoT-driven realistic dataset of iced transmission line galloping,the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through multi-dimensional simulation scenarios.展开更多
Time has multiple aspects and is difficult to define as one unique entity, which therefore led to multiple interpretations in physics and philosophy. However, if the perception of time is considered as a composite tim...Time has multiple aspects and is difficult to define as one unique entity, which therefore led to multiple interpretations in physics and philosophy. However, if the perception of time is considered as a composite time concept, it can be decomposed into basic invariable components for the perception of progressive and support-fixed time and into secondary components with possible association to unit-defined time or tense. Progressive time corresponds to Bergson＇s definition of duration without boundaries, which cannot be divided for measurements. Time periods are already lying in the past and fixed on different kinds of support. The human memory is the first automatic support, but any other support suitable for time registration can also be considered. The true reproduction of original time from any support requires conditions identical to the initial conditions, if not time reproduction becomes artificially modified as can be seen with a film. Time reproduction can be artificially accelerated, slowed down, extended or diminished, and also inverted from the present to the past, which only depends on the manipulation of the support, to which time is firmly linked. Tense associated to progressive and support fixed time is a psychological property directly dependent on an observer, who judges his present as immediate, his past as finished and his future as uncertain. Events can be secondarily associated to the tenses of an observer. Unit-defined time is essential for physics and normal live and is obtained by comparison of support-fixed time to systems with regular motions, like clocks. The association of time perception to time units can also be broken. Einstein＇s time units became relative, in quantum mechanics, some physicist eliminated time units, others maintained them. Nevertheless, even the complete elimination of time units is not identical to timelessness, since the psychological perception of progressive and support-fixed time still remains and cannot be ignored. It is not seizable by physical methods, but experienced by everybody in everyday life. Contemporary physics can only abandon the association of time units or tenses to the basic components in perceived time.展开更多
The perception of a 3D space, in which movement takes place, is subjectively based on experience. The pedestrians＇ perception of subjective duration is one of the related issues that receive tittle attention in urban...The perception of a 3D space, in which movement takes place, is subjectively based on experience. The pedestrians＇ perception of subjective duration is one of the related issues that receive tittle attention in urban design Literature. Pedestrians often misperceive the required time to pass a certain distance. A wide range of factors affects one＇s perception of time in urban environments. These factors include individua（ factors （e.g., gender, age, and psychoLogicaL state）, social and cu（tural contexts, purpose and motivation for being in the space, and knowledge of the given area. This study aims to create an applied checklist that can be used by urban designers in analyzing the effects of individual experience on subjective duration. This checklist wilt enable urban designers to perform a phenomenotogicat assessment of time perception and compare this perception in different urban spaces, thereby improving pedestrians＇ experiences of time through a purposeful design. A combination of exploratory and descriptive anaLyticaL research is used as methodology due to the complexity of time perception.展开更多
Subjective time dilation is an effect discovered using the oddball paradigm,where expanding visual stimuli,but not shrinking ones,induce a prolongation of subjective temporal perception compared to static stimuli.This...Subjective time dilation is an effect discovered using the oddball paradigm,where expanding visual stimuli,but not shrinking ones,induce a prolongation of subjective temporal perception compared to static stimuli.This disparity is often seen as another demonstration of humans’evolved reaction to approaching threats,since visual expansion resembles approaching potential threats and warrants extra attention.In this study,we show that by manipulating the relative sizes of stimuli,both expanding and shrinking stimuli can induce prolongation of subjective time in an oddball paradigm.We propose an alternative explanation based on information theory,linking subjective temporal perception to entropy,an objective property of stimulus that is information uncertainty.Temporal function as a logistic function thus serves as the framework inside which content functions like information processing are able to operate coherently.展开更多
Human faces convey abundant social information.The influence of social information on duration estimation was examined by comparing a cartoon face(CF;social)condition with geometric plane figures,or CFs with internal ...Human faces convey abundant social information.The influence of social information on duration estimation was examined by comparing a cartoon face(CF;social)condition with geometric plane figures,or CFs with internal elements disturbed from their normal position(non-social)condition,and also by comparing a human portrait facing the front(more social interaction)condition with the portrait facing the back(less social interaction)condition.Results showed that in the supra-second range,both CFs and human portraits facing the front led to an underestimation compared with non-social or less social information conditions.In the sub-second range,only portraits facing the front were overestimated compared with those facing the back and with the CFs.These results suggest that in the millisecond range,the biological information conveyed by faces may lead to higher arousal,which may result in accelerated clock speed and overestimation.In the supra-second range,it is possible that attention was diverted by social information,resulting in duration underestimation.Taken together,our results suggest that the different mechanisms were involved in duration perception of social information conveyed by face feature in the sub-and supra-second range.展开更多
The study investigates whether participants can establish multiple temporal references in a temporal reproduction task.The results show that participants can learn and maintain two references for the overlapping inter...The study investigates whether participants can establish multiple temporal references in a temporal reproduction task.The results show that participants can learn and maintain two references for the overlapping intervals with the short distribution being overestimated towards the long one.展开更多
Auditory dominance in audiovisual temporal order judgment is shown here to be modulated by exogenous orienting of attention to a spatial cue independent of the cue modality.The visual stimulus has to lead the auditory...Auditory dominance in audiovisual temporal order judgment is shown here to be modulated by exogenous orienting of attention to a spatial cue independent of the cue modality.The visual stimulus has to lead the auditory one further in advance for cued relative to uncued locations in order for the two to be perceived simultaneously,possibly suggesting an inhibitory function of spatial attention on temporal processing.展开更多
Durations in the several seconds' range are cognitively accessible during active timing. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest the engagement of the basal ganglia (BG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). However...Durations in the several seconds' range are cognitively accessible during active timing. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest the engagement of the basal ganglia (BG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). However, their functional relevance and arrangement remain unclear because non-timing cognitive processes temporally coincide with the active timing. To examine the potential contamination by parallel processes, we introduced a sensory control and a motor control to the duration-reproduction task. By comparing their hemodynamic functions, we decomposed the neural activities in multiple brain loci linked to different cognitive processes. Our results show a dissociation of two cortical neural circuits: the SMA for both active timing and motor preparation, followed by a prefrontal–parietal circuit related to duration working memory. We argue that these cortical processes represent duration as the content but at different levels of abstraction, while the subcortical structures, including the BG and thalamus, provide the logistic basis of timing by coordinating the temporal framework across brain structures.展开更多
Previous study indicates that there are two distinct behavioral patterns in the sensory-motor synchronization task with short stimulus onset asynchrony(SOA;2–3 s)or long SOA(beyond 4 s).However,the underlying neural ...Previous study indicates that there are two distinct behavioral patterns in the sensory-motor synchronization task with short stimulus onset asynchrony(SOA;2–3 s)or long SOA(beyond 4 s).However,the underlying neural indicators and mechanisms have not been elucidated.The present study applied magnetoencephalography(MEG)technology to examine the functional role of several oscillations(beta,gamma,and mu)in sensorimotor synchronization with different SOAs to identify a reliable neural indicator.During MEG recording,participants underwent a listening task without motor response,a sound-motor synchronization task,and a motor-only continuation task.These tasks were used to explore whether and how the activity of oscillations changes across different behavioral patterns with different tempos.Results showed that during both the listening and the synchronization task,the beta oscillation changes with the tempo.Moreover,the event-related synchronization of beta oscillations was significantly correlated with motor timing during synchronization.In contrast,mu activity only changes with the tempo in the synchronization task,while the gamma activity remains unchanged.In summary,the current study indicates that beta oscillation could be an indicator of behavioral patterns between fast tempo and slow tempo in sensorimotor synchronization.Also,it is likely to be the potential mechanism of maintaining rhythmic continuous movements with short SOA,which is embedded within the 3 s time window.展开更多
In 1868,Karl Vierordt discovered one type of errors in time perception—an overestimation of short duration and underestima-tion of long durations,known as Vierordt’s law.Here we reviewed the original study in its hi...In 1868,Karl Vierordt discovered one type of errors in time perception—an overestimation of short duration and underestima-tion of long durations,known as Vierordt’s law.Here we reviewed the original study in its historical context and asked whether Vierordt’s law is a result of an unnatural experimental randomization protocol.Using iterative Bayesian updating,we simulated the original results with high accuracy.Importantly,the model also predicted that a slowly changing random-walk sequence produces less central tendency than a random sequence with the same durations.This was validated by a duration reproduction experiment from two sequences(random and random walk)with the same sampled distribution.The results showed that trial-wise variation influenced the magnitude of Vierordt’s law.We concluded that Vierordt’s law is caused by an unnatural yet widely used experimental protocol.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A2017)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022A1515010134,2022A1515110598)+2 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2017120)Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science–Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions (NYKFKT2019009)Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine (F-2021-Z99-504979)。
文摘Accurately recognizing facial expressions is essential for effective social interactions.Non-human primates(NHPs)are widely used in the study of the neural mechanisms underpinning facial expression processing,yet it remains unclear how well monkeys can recognize the facial expressions of other species such as humans.In this study,we systematically investigated how monkeys process the facial expressions of conspecifics and humans using eye-tracking technology and sophisticated behavioral tasks,namely the temporal discrimination task(TDT)and face scan task(FST).We found that monkeys showed prolonged subjective time perception in response to Negative facial expressions in monkeys while showing longer reaction time to Negative facial expressions in humans.Monkey faces also reliably induced divergent pupil contraction in response to different expressions,while human faces and scrambled monkey faces did not.Furthermore,viewing patterns in the FST indicated that monkeys only showed bias toward emotional expressions upon observing monkey faces.Finally,masking the eye region marginally decreased the viewing duration for monkey faces but not for human faces.By probing facial expression processing in monkeys,our study demonstrates that monkeys are more sensitive to the facial expressions of conspecifics than those of humans,thus shedding new light on inter-species communication through facial expressions between NHPs and humans.
文摘BACKGROUND： It has been demonstrated that dopamine and acetylcholine are the main neurotransmitters that affect time perception, which is also affected by other neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE： To summarize how the neurotransmitter affect the time perception, and put forward the perspectives for further study on time perception. RETRIEVE STRATEGY： An online search for related literatures published in English was conducted in Elsevier SDOL （ScienceDirect Online） database from May 1990 to March 2007 using key words of ＂timing neurotransmitter＂. Totally 69 literatures were collected, and they were primarily checked. Inclusive criteria： Reviews and experimental studies; correlative studies of timing neurotransmitter. Exclusive criteria： Repeated studies. LITERATURE EVALUATION： The literatures were mainly sourced from Cognitive Brain Research and Neuroscience, and they were analyzed according to the inclusive criteria. Nineteen of them were involved, and all were experimental studies and reviews. DATA SYNTHESIS： The studies on time perception are developed mainly concentrating on dopamine and acetylcholine. Dopamine D2 receptors mainly affect the speed of internal clock. Dopamine receptors play an important role in both timing excitation and inhibition, which suggests the bi-directional regulation of dopamine. Injection of dopamine agonist can affect the attention to timing information. Injection of BW813U （antagonist of acetylcholine） can induce memory disorder, which indicates the effect of acetylcholine on timing memory, and further study shows that it is the effect of acetylcholine in precentral medial area. In a word, the study on the neurotransmitters affecting time perception is still at the primary stage. CONCLUSION： Dopamine and acetylcholine are the neurotransmitters known to be related to time perception. Dopamine in the basal ganglia is related to internal-clock in the range of seconds and minutes; Acetylcholine in prefrontal cortex is related to the mechanisms of temporal memory and attention. Studies of neurotransmitter provide an approach to acknowledge on the neuromechanism of time perception.
基金Financial support for this study was obtained from the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung,Munich,Germany(Morteza Izadifar)the Zonta-ClubⅡ,Munich,Germany(Arusu Formuli),and is gratefully acknowledgedfunding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
文摘The cognitive preparation of an operation without overt motor execution is referred to as imagery(of any kind).Over the last two decades of progress in brain timing studies,the timing of imagery has received little focus.This study compared the time perception of ten professional violinists’actual and imagery performances to see if such an analysis could offer a different model of timing in musicians’imagery skills.When comparing the timing profiles of the musicians between the two situations(actual and imagery),we found a significant correlation in overestimation of time in the imagery.In our fMRI analysis,we found high activation in the left cerebellum.This finding seems consistent with dedicated models of timing such as the cerebellar timing hypothesis,which assigns a“specialized clock”for tasks.In addition,the present findings might provide empirical data concerning imagery,creativity,and time.Maintaining imagery over time is one of the foundations of creativity,and understanding the underlying temporal neuronal mechanism might help us to apprehend the machinery of creativity per se.
文摘Recent research has indicated that attractive faces often cause a dilation of our time per-ception thus affecting physical and mental health, and speculates that this could be rele-vant to the fact that attractive faces capture people’s attention. Nevertheless, there was nodirect experimental data to support this speculation. The present work was designed toillustrate how attention affects time perception of facial attractiveness. It utilized twoexperiments to investigate this phenomenon. In Experiment 1, perception of timing andattention bias were assessed using a temporal reproduction task and a dot-probe task.Increased attention bias was found to mediate the time dilation effect of facial attractive-ness. Experiment 2 adopted dual-task paradigm, combining a temporal reproduction taskand attractiveness rating task, to manipulate attention allocation. The findings suggestedthat allocating more attention to the task requiring timing enhanced the time dilationeffect caused by the faces. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 converge to show that attentionplays an essential role in the effects of facial attractiveness on time perception.
基金research was funded by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China under grant number 5200-202319382A-2-3-XG.
文摘Iced transmission line galloping poses a significant threat to the safety and reliability of power systems,leading directly to line tripping,disconnections,and power outages.Existing early warning methods of iced transmission line galloping suffer from issues such as reliance on a single data source,neglect of irregular time series,and lack of attention-based closed-loop feedback,resulting in high rates of missed and false alarms.To address these challenges,we propose an Internet of Things(IoT)empowered early warning method of transmission line galloping that integrates time series data from optical fiber sensing and weather forecast.Initially,the method applies a primary adaptive weighted fusion to the IoT empowered optical fiber real-time sensing data and weather forecast data,followed by a secondary fusion based on a Back Propagation(BP)neural network,and uses the K-medoids algorithm for clustering the fused data.Furthermore,an adaptive irregular time series perception adjustment module is introduced into the traditional Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)network,and closed-loop feedback based on attentionmechanism is employed to update network parameters through gradient feedback of the loss function,enabling closed-loop training and time series data prediction of the GRU network model.Subsequently,considering various types of prediction data and the duration of icing,an iced transmission line galloping risk coefficient is established,and warnings are categorized based on this coefficient.Finally,using an IoT-driven realistic dataset of iced transmission line galloping,the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through multi-dimensional simulation scenarios.
文摘Time has multiple aspects and is difficult to define as one unique entity, which therefore led to multiple interpretations in physics and philosophy. However, if the perception of time is considered as a composite time concept, it can be decomposed into basic invariable components for the perception of progressive and support-fixed time and into secondary components with possible association to unit-defined time or tense. Progressive time corresponds to Bergson＇s definition of duration without boundaries, which cannot be divided for measurements. Time periods are already lying in the past and fixed on different kinds of support. The human memory is the first automatic support, but any other support suitable for time registration can also be considered. The true reproduction of original time from any support requires conditions identical to the initial conditions, if not time reproduction becomes artificially modified as can be seen with a film. Time reproduction can be artificially accelerated, slowed down, extended or diminished, and also inverted from the present to the past, which only depends on the manipulation of the support, to which time is firmly linked. Tense associated to progressive and support fixed time is a psychological property directly dependent on an observer, who judges his present as immediate, his past as finished and his future as uncertain. Events can be secondarily associated to the tenses of an observer. Unit-defined time is essential for physics and normal live and is obtained by comparison of support-fixed time to systems with regular motions, like clocks. The association of time perception to time units can also be broken. Einstein＇s time units became relative, in quantum mechanics, some physicist eliminated time units, others maintained them. Nevertheless, even the complete elimination of time units is not identical to timelessness, since the psychological perception of progressive and support-fixed time still remains and cannot be ignored. It is not seizable by physical methods, but experienced by everybody in everyday life. Contemporary physics can only abandon the association of time units or tenses to the basic components in perceived time.
文摘The perception of a 3D space, in which movement takes place, is subjectively based on experience. The pedestrians＇ perception of subjective duration is one of the related issues that receive tittle attention in urban design Literature. Pedestrians often misperceive the required time to pass a certain distance. A wide range of factors affects one＇s perception of time in urban environments. These factors include individua（ factors （e.g., gender, age, and psychoLogicaL state）, social and cu（tural contexts, purpose and motivation for being in the space, and knowledge of the given area. This study aims to create an applied checklist that can be used by urban designers in analyzing the effects of individual experience on subjective duration. This checklist wilt enable urban designers to perform a phenomenotogicat assessment of time perception and compare this perception in different urban spaces, thereby improving pedestrians＇ experiences of time through a purposeful design. A combination of exploratory and descriptive anaLyticaL research is used as methodology due to the complexity of time perception.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:31371018,31771213。
文摘Subjective time dilation is an effect discovered using the oddball paradigm,where expanding visual stimuli,but not shrinking ones,induce a prolongation of subjective temporal perception compared to static stimuli.This disparity is often seen as another demonstration of humans’evolved reaction to approaching threats,since visual expansion resembles approaching potential threats and warrants extra attention.In this study,we show that by manipulating the relative sizes of stimuli,both expanding and shrinking stimuli can induce prolongation of subjective time in an oddball paradigm.We propose an alternative explanation based on information theory,linking subjective temporal perception to entropy,an objective property of stimulus that is information uncertainty.Temporal function as a logistic function thus serves as the framework inside which content functions like information processing are able to operate coherently.
基金the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Projects of Hebei Province for the financial support of this project(SQ191119).
文摘Human faces convey abundant social information.The influence of social information on duration estimation was examined by comparing a cartoon face(CF;social)condition with geometric plane figures,or CFs with internal elements disturbed from their normal position(non-social)condition,and also by comparing a human portrait facing the front(more social interaction)condition with the portrait facing the back(less social interaction)condition.Results showed that in the supra-second range,both CFs and human portraits facing the front led to an underestimation compared with non-social or less social information conditions.In the sub-second range,only portraits facing the front were overestimated compared with those facing the back and with the CFs.These results suggest that in the millisecond range,the biological information conveyed by faces may lead to higher arousal,which may result in accelerated clock speed and overestimation.In the supra-second range,it is possible that attention was diverted by social information,resulting in duration underestimation.Taken together,our results suggest that the different mechanisms were involved in duration perception of social information conveyed by face feature in the sub-and supra-second range.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:31771213。
文摘The study investigates whether participants can establish multiple temporal references in a temporal reproduction task.The results show that participants can learn and maintain two references for the overlapping intervals with the short distribution being overestimated towards the long one.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:31771213。
文摘Auditory dominance in audiovisual temporal order judgment is shown here to be modulated by exogenous orienting of attention to a spatial cue independent of the cue modality.The visual stimulus has to lead the auditory one further in advance for cued relative to uncued locations in order for the two to be perceived simultaneously,possibly suggesting an inhibitory function of spatial attention on temporal processing.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Projects 31771213 and 31371018).
文摘Durations in the several seconds' range are cognitively accessible during active timing. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest the engagement of the basal ganglia (BG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). However, their functional relevance and arrangement remain unclear because non-timing cognitive processes temporally coincide with the active timing. To examine the potential contamination by parallel processes, we introduced a sensory control and a motor control to the duration-reproduction task. By comparing their hemodynamic functions, we decomposed the neural activities in multiple brain loci linked to different cognitive processes. Our results show a dissociation of two cortical neural circuits: the SMA for both active timing and motor preparation, followed by a prefrontal–parietal circuit related to duration working memory. We argue that these cortical processes represent duration as the content but at different levels of abstraction, while the subcortical structures, including the BG and thalamus, provide the logistic basis of timing by coordinating the temporal framework across brain structures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Projects 31771213 and 31371018)and the China Scholarship Council.
文摘Previous study indicates that there are two distinct behavioral patterns in the sensory-motor synchronization task with short stimulus onset asynchrony(SOA;2–3 s)or long SOA(beyond 4 s).However,the underlying neural indicators and mechanisms have not been elucidated.The present study applied magnetoencephalography(MEG)technology to examine the functional role of several oscillations(beta,gamma,and mu)in sensorimotor synchronization with different SOAs to identify a reliable neural indicator.During MEG recording,participants underwent a listening task without motor response,a sound-motor synchronization task,and a motor-only continuation task.These tasks were used to explore whether and how the activity of oscillations changes across different behavioral patterns with different tempos.Results showed that during both the listening and the synchronization task,the beta oscillation changes with the tempo.Moreover,the event-related synchronization of beta oscillations was significantly correlated with motor timing during synchronization.In contrast,mu activity only changes with the tempo in the synchronization task,while the gamma activity remains unchanged.In summary,the current study indicates that beta oscillation could be an indicator of behavioral patterns between fast tempo and slow tempo in sensorimotor synchronization.Also,it is likely to be the potential mechanism of maintaining rhythmic continuous movements with short SOA,which is embedded within the 3 s time window.
基金supported by German DFG research pro-jects SH 166/3–2 and GL 342/3–2.
文摘In 1868,Karl Vierordt discovered one type of errors in time perception—an overestimation of short duration and underestima-tion of long durations,known as Vierordt’s law.Here we reviewed the original study in its historical context and asked whether Vierordt’s law is a result of an unnatural experimental randomization protocol.Using iterative Bayesian updating,we simulated the original results with high accuracy.Importantly,the model also predicted that a slowly changing random-walk sequence produces less central tendency than a random sequence with the same durations.This was validated by a duration reproduction experiment from two sequences(random and random walk)with the same sampled distribution.The results showed that trial-wise variation influenced the magnitude of Vierordt’s law.We concluded that Vierordt’s law is caused by an unnatural yet widely used experimental protocol.
