AIM:To investigate time trends in myopia and high myopia prevalence over 6y among young university adults in China.METHODS:This is a 6-year series cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2021.Totally 4910 freshmen were enr...AIM:To investigate time trends in myopia and high myopia prevalence over 6y among young university adults in China.METHODS:This is a 6-year series cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2021.Totally 4910 freshmen were enrolled and completed a questionnaire concerning age,gender,and disease history.Students with eye diseases were excluded after a detailed eye examination.The refractive status was measured by non-cycloplegic objective refraction and ocular parameters were measured by Lenstar 900.The examination followed the same protocol each year.Trends over time in myopia and high myopia prevalence,as well as ocular biometry parameters,were analyzed.RESULTS:From 2016 to 2021,the axial length(AL)and corneal radius(CR)increased significantly(P=0.002 for AL;P=0.04 for CR).However,the spherical equivalent(SE)and the ratio of axial length to the corneal radius(AL/CR)did not change significantly(P=0.59 for SE;P=0.24 for AL/CR).The frequency of AL≥26.0 mm increased from 26.6%in 2016 to 29.3%in 2021(P=0.05 for trend).The prevalence of myopia and high myopia did not change significantly in our study(P≥0.18).Compared to a similar cross-sectional study conducted 10 years ago,the prevalence of myopia decreased significantly(94.9%vs 91.8%,P<0.001).Whereas the prevalence of high myopia increased largely(18.12%vs 27.6%,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:The prevalence of high myopia increases in young university adults during 10y period.Myopia control should begin earlier in childhood.However,these interventions are still needed for high myopia even in young adulthood.展开更多
Adequate dietary zinc intake remains a public health challenge in China.Also,there is a lack of information on the relationship between Zn intake and food consumption patterns across provinces and over time.In this st...Adequate dietary zinc intake remains a public health challenge in China.Also,there is a lack of information on the relationship between Zn intake and food consumption patterns across provinces and over time.In this study,data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004-2011(21,266 individuals)was used to explore associations between dietary Zn intake and sociodemographic factors.Zn intake per person declined from 11.1 mg·d^(-1)in 2004 to 9.89 mg·d^(-1)in 2011,with reduction in cereal consumption the greatest contributor to this.However,the reduction resulting from the lower cereal consumption was only partly compensated by an increase in consumption of Zn-rich foods.The percentage of the study population with inadequate Zn intake increased from 23% in 2004 to 37% in 2011.While Zn intake was positively associated with income levels in each survey year,the time trend for all income levels was a gradually reducing Zn intake.In all years,males had an average higher dietary Zn intake,whereas no significant difference was found between living areas.In conclusion,this study shows that dietary Zn inadequacy was high and has increased over the studied period.Remediation could be sought by shifting dietary patterns toward more Zn-dense food or by enhancing Zn concentration through biofortification.展开更多
Background:The epidemiological investigation of Hodgkin’s lymphoma(HL)among the genetically peculiar population of the Italian island of Sardinia might provide interesting etiological clues.Methods:We used the databa...Background:The epidemiological investigation of Hodgkin’s lymphoma(HL)among the genetically peculiar population of the Italian island of Sardinia might provide interesting etiological clues.Methods:We used the database of 1974-2003 incident cases of hematological malignancies in Sardinia and Bayesian methods to explore the time trend and geographic spread of HL incidence by sex,and age whether≤44 or≥45 years.We also tested its association with several socio-economic and environmental risk factors.Results:The age-and sex-standardized(world population)incidence rate of HL was 2.6 per 100,000(95%CI,2.5-2.8).Over the study period,HL incidence increased linearly in both sexes and among those aged≤44 years but not above that age.Cases clustered among young women in a central-western area covering four bordering administrative units(13 cases vs.5.7 expected,P=0.002).The posterior probability of excess HL cases aged≤44 years was elevated only in a commune in the suburban area of the region’s capital.Cases aged≥45 years were uniformly spread over the region.Among the risk factors we explored,urban residence was associated with an elevated and goat farming with a decreased risk of HL occurrence.We did not observe a link with socio-economic deprivation,environmental exposures,or multiple sclerosis.The geographic spread of COVID-19 was also unrelated to past HL incidence.Conclusions:Our results prompt further in-depth investigation into the previously undetected cluster and the nature of the observed associations.展开更多
BACKGROUND Relative changes in the prevalence of gastrointestinal(GI)diseases have been reported worldwide over the past decades.However,data on changing trends of upper GI diseases remain scarce in sub-Saharan Africa...BACKGROUND Relative changes in the prevalence of gastrointestinal(GI)diseases have been reported worldwide over the past decades.However,data on changing trends of upper GI diseases remain scarce in sub-Saharan Africa.This study examines the shifting patterns of upper GI endoscopic findings over 35 years in Ethiopia.AIM To analyze trends in upper GI endoscopic findings over two distinct time periods,35 years apart,in Ethiopia.METHODS We extracted findings from 8412 upper GI endoscopies performed between 2016 and 2024 at a tertiary referral center in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.Patient characteristics,indications,and endoscopic findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables,map and graphs.These findings were compared to 10000 procedures conducted between 1979 and 1994.Key endoscopic findings were identified,and percentage changes in disease prevalence were calculated.RESULTS Between the two study periods,the male-to-female ratio of patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy shifted from 2:1 to 1.4:1,while the median patient age increased from 36 to 40 years.The proportion of patients older than 50 years doubled(14.6%to 30.2%),and referrals from outside Addis Ababa increased from 33%to 57%.The prevalence of peptic ulcer disease and its complications decreased from 46.2%to 9.5%.Conversely,gastroesophageal varices increased from 9.5%to 21.8%,and upper GI malignancies rose from 3.6%to 18.8%.CONCLUSION This study sheds light on critical epidemiological shifts in upper GI diseases in Ethiopia,with a decline in peptic ulcer disease and a rise in portal hypertensive lesions and malignancies which have important public health implications.These findings underscore the need for increased awareness,improved clinical practices,enhanced resource allocation,and expanded access to early diagnosis and treatment of prevailing conditions.Preventive strategies targeting immunization and treatment of viral hepatitis,schistosomiasis,and Helicobacter pylori infection are urgently needed.展开更多
As the most populous country in the world,China has made strides in health promotion in the past few decades.With the aging population,the burden of cancer in China continues to grow.Changes in risk factors for cancer...As the most populous country in the world,China has made strides in health promotion in the past few decades.With the aging population,the burden of cancer in China continues to grow.Changes in risk factors for cancer,especially diet,obesity,diabetes,and air pollution,continue to fuel the shift of cancer transition in China.The burden of upper gastrointestinal cancer in China is decreasing,but still heavy.The rising burden of colorectal,prostate,and breast cancers is also significant.Lung cancer became the top cause of cancer-related deaths,together with smoking as the most important contributor to cancer deaths.The Chinese government has taken several approaches to control cancer and cancer-related risk factors.Many achievements have been made,but some challenges remain.Health China 2030 is ambitious and depicts a bright vision of the future for cancer control in China.The decrease in the cancer burden in China will require cross-sector collaboration and coordinated efforts on primary and secondary preventions by governments,public health organizations,and individuals.In this review,we describe the trends of cancer burden and discuss cancer-related risk factors in China,identifying strategies to reduce the burden of cancer in China.展开更多
BACKGROUND Through analyzing the data from a single institution in Northeast China,this study revealed the possible clinicopathologic characteristics that influence the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer(GC).AI...BACKGROUND Through analyzing the data from a single institution in Northeast China,this study revealed the possible clinicopathologic characteristics that influence the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer(GC).AIM To evaluate the changing trends of clinicopathologic features and survival duration after surgery in patients with GC in Northeast China,which is a highprevalence area of GC.METHODS The study analyzed the difference in clinicopathologic features and survival duration after surgery of 5887 patients who were histologically diagnosed with GC at the Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital.The study mainly analyzed the data in three periods,2000 to 2004(Phase 1),2005 to 2009(Phase 2),and 2010 to 2014(Phase 3).RESULTS Over time,the postoperative survival rate significantly increased from 2000 to 2014.In the past 15 years,compared with Phases 1 and 2,the tumor size was smaller in Phase 3(P<0.001),but the proportion of high-medium differentiated tumors increased(P<0.001).The proportion of early GC gradually increased from 3.9%to 14.4%(P<0.001).A surprising improvement was observed in the mean number of retrieved lymph nodes,ranging from 11.4 to 27.5(P<0.001).The overall 5-year survival rate increased from 24%in Phase 1 to 43.8%in Phase 3.Through multivariate analysis,it was found that age,tumor size,histologic type,tumor-node-metastasis stage,depth of invasion,lymph node metastasis,surgical approach,local infiltration,radical extent,number of retrieved lymph nodes,and age group were independent risk factors that influenced the prognosis of patients with GC.CONCLUSION The clinical features of GC in Northeast China changed during the observation period.The increasing detection of early GC and more standardized surgical treatment effectively prolonged lifetimes.展开更多
Objective To describe survival trends and global patterns of esophageal cancer(EC)using survival data from population-based cancer registries.Methods We systematically searched PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,SEER,and Si...Objective To describe survival trends and global patterns of esophageal cancer(EC)using survival data from population-based cancer registries.Methods We systematically searched PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,SEER,and SinoMed databases for articles published up to 31 December 2023.Eligible EC survival estimates were evaluated according to country or region,period,sex,age group,pathology,and disease stage.Results After 2010,Jordan exhibited the highest age-standardized 5-year relative survival rates(RSRs)/net survival rates(NSRs)at 41.1%between 2010 and 2014,while India had the lowest,at 4.1%.Survival rates generally improved with diagnostic age across most countries,with significant increases in South Korea and China,of 12.7%and 10.5%between 2000 and 2017,respectively.Survival was higher among women compared to men,ranging from 0.4%-10.9%.Survival rates for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were similar,differing by about 4%.In China,the highest age-standardized RSRs/NSRs was 33.4%between 2015 and 2017.Meanwhile,the lowest was 5.3%,in Qidong(Jiangsu province)between 1992-1996.Conclusion Global EC survival rates have improved significantly in recent decades,but substantial geographical,sex,and age disparities still exist.In Asia,squamous cell carcinoma demonstrated superior survival rates compared to adenocarcinoma,while the opposite trend was observed in Western countries.Future research should clarify the prognostic factors influencing EC survival and tailor prevention and screening strategies to the changing EC survival patterns.展开更多
Background: Currently, surgical resection represents the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer(PC), however, the majority of tumors are no longer resectable by the time of diagnosis. The aim of this study was ...Background: Currently, surgical resection represents the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer(PC), however, the majority of tumors are no longer resectable by the time of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to describe time trends and distribution of pancreaticoduodenectomies(PDs) performed for treating PC in Brazil in recent years. Methods: Data were retrospectively obtained from Brazilian Health Public System(namely DATASUS) regarding hospitalizations for PC and PD in Brazil from January 2008 to December 2015. PC and PD rates and their mortalities were estimated from DATASUS hospitalizations and analyzed for age, gender and demographic characteristics. Results: A total of 2364 PDs were retrieved. Albeit PC incidence more than doubled, the number of PDs increased only 37%. Most PDs were performed in men(52.2%) and patients between 50 and 69 years old(59.5%). Patients not surgically treated and those 70 years or older had the highest in-hospital mortality rates. The most developed regions(Southeast and South) as well as large metropolitan integrated municipalities registered 76.2% and 54.8% of the procedures, respectively. LMIM PD mortality fluctuated, ranging from 13.6% in 2008 to 11.8% in 2015. Conclusions: This study suggests a trend towards regionalization and volume-outcome relationships for PD due to PC, as large metropolitan integrated municipalities registered most of the PDs and more stable mortality rates. The substantial differences between PD and PC increasing rates reveals a limiting step on the health system resoluteness. Reduction in the number of hospital beds and late access to hospitalization, despite improvement in diagnostic methods, could at least in part explain these findings.展开更多
During his state visit to Kazakhstan this September,President Xi Jinping made a concrete proposal to build a Silk Road Economic Belt(SREB for short in the following paragraphs)from the aspects of policy communication,...During his state visit to Kazakhstan this September,President Xi Jinping made a concrete proposal to build a Silk Road Economic Belt(SREB for short in the following paragraphs)from the aspects of policy communication,road connectivity,展开更多
The 10thNortheast Asia Youth Forum,with the theme of China-ROK-Japan Youth Employment Guidance,sponsored by Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea was held in Seoul and Cheonan from August 12 to 17.Seve...The 10thNortheast Asia Youth Forum,with the theme of China-ROK-Japan Youth Employment Guidance,sponsored by Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea was held in Seoul and Cheonan from August 12 to 17.Seventy five college students from 37 universities sent by China International Youth Exchange Center,Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea and Japan Society attended the Forum.Lee Boksil,Vice-Minister of Ministry of展开更多
Objective:To determine the temporal trend and epidemiology of animal bite cases in Gerash City,Iran.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 630 cases of people with animal bites between 2011 and 2021...Objective:To determine the temporal trend and epidemiology of animal bite cases in Gerash City,Iran.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 630 cases of people with animal bites between 2011 and 2021 in Gerash City.The collected data were analyzed using Chi-square test.Results:The mean age of victims was(30.9±17.5)years.80.54%Of victims were male,39.70%were self-employed,and 64.60%were adults(≥18 years).Most cases of bites occurred in 2019(91 cases),2020(74 cases)and 2021(87 cases),and most of the bites were related to the upper limbs(62.70%).Most of the wounds were superficial(78%),most of the biting animals were domestic animals(91.74%),and most of the victims had Iranian nationality(97.62%).Conclusions:Given the increasing trend of animal bites in Gerash City,health authorities should carry out basic measures such as education and awareness among the public,especially at-risk groups such as adult males.Additionally,since most cases of bites are due to dogs,it seems necessary to plan for vaccination of dogs,especially those with owners.展开更多
Background:The epidemiological profiles of gastrointestinal(GI)cancers vary across countries and over time,largely reflecting variations in risk factors and screening practices.We aimed to provide an overview of the c...Background:The epidemiological profiles of gastrointestinal(GI)cancers vary across countries and over time,largely reflecting variations in risk factors and screening practices.We aimed to provide an overview of the current global burden of the five major types of GI cancers and conduct an updated evaluation of the long-term trends of GI cancers.Methods:The updated numbers of new cases and deaths,and age-standardized rates(ASR),of the five GI cancers for 185 countries were sourced from the GLOBOCAN 2022,and presented by cancer site,continent,and human development index(HDI).For 43 countries,annual incidence and mortality data were obtained from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus and World Health Organization mortality databases,supplemented by the mortality data from the Disease Surveillance Points system for China.We compared the longterm trends of ASRs across countries since 1980,and estimated average annual percent changes(AAPCs)for the recent period 2003-2017.Results:In 2022,there were 4,783,391 new cases and 3,235,719 deaths from the five GI cancers,accounting for 23.9%and 33.2%of all new cancer cases and deaths worldwide,respectively.Cancers of oesophagus,stomach,and liver were more common in Asian and high HDI countries,and colorectal and pancreatic cancer in western and very high HDI countries.Downward trends were observed in almost all countries for gastric cancer and most countries for oesophageal cancer.For colorectal cancer,the most favorable and unfavorable trends were found in 10 and 19 countries respectively.The largest decreases in liver cancer burden were mainly in eastern and southeastern Asia,while increases were seen in North America,Oceania,and Northern Europe,with AAPCs of 3%∼7%for incidence and 2%∼9%for mortality during 2003-2017.Half of the included countries showed increases in pancreatic cancer burden,with the largest AAPCs in Cyprus,Thailand,India,Türkiye,France,and Belarus for incidence,and Türkiye,Thailand,and China for mortality.Conclusions:Deviating patterns were found for GI cancers worldwide.Multisetting studies might provide insights into the underlying etiologies of these cancers,and identify areas where urgent cancer control strategies are needed.展开更多
AIM： To determine whether any changes have occurred on the patterns of colorectal cancer in China. METHODS： Data from 21 Chinese articles published from 1980 to 1999, were used to analyze the time trend of colorecta...AIM： To determine whether any changes have occurred on the patterns of colorectal cancer in China. METHODS： Data from 21 Chinese articles published from 1980 to 1999, were used to analyze the time trend of colorectal cancer according to the patients＇age at diagnosis, sex, the site of the tumor, stage, and the pathology. RESULTS： From 1980s to 1990s, the mean age of the colorectal cancer patients has increased. The percentage of the female patients rose. The distribution of colorectal carcinoma shows a predominance of rectal cancer. However, the proportion of proximal colon cancer （induding transverse and ascending colon） increased significantly accompanied by a decline in the percentage of rectal cancer. Similarity in the percentage of distal colon cancer between two decades was revealed. In the 1990s, statistically more Stage B patients were found than those in 1980s. In addition, databases show a significant decrease in the Stage D cases. The proportion of adenocarcinoma increased, but the mucinous adenocarcinoma decreased during two decades. CONCLUSION： These findings indicate that the pattern of colorectal cancer in China has been changing. Especially, a proximal shift due to the increasing proportion of ascending and transverse colon cancer has occurred in China.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> Gender differences are still quite prevalent in the present time. Although there is literature regarding gender differences in healthcare expenditure in India, there is no da...<strong>Introduction:</strong> Gender differences are still quite prevalent in the present time. Although there is literature regarding gender differences in healthcare expenditure in India, there is no data regarding gender differences in hospital stay, hospital seeking behaviors and mortality. <strong>Aim:</strong> To evaluate the Gender differences in a hospital seeking behavior, mortality and hospital stay. <strong>Methods:</strong> We prospectively analyzed, from a retrospective database, all patients who underwent surgical gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary, pancreatic and splenic surgeries from 1996 to 2018 in our unit. Patients were divided into groups based on gender, admission time period and priority of admission i.e., elective or emergency. Both the gender groups were compared with respect to total procedures done, hospital stay and mortality. Organ specific mortality was calculated as proportions, was analyzed and compared between the groups. Time trends of the same were observed and compared. <strong>Results:</strong> Of 12,411 patients, 7979 (64.3%) were males and 4432 (35.7%) were females. 9191 (74.1%) patients underwent elective procedures whereas 3220 (25.9%) had emergency procedures (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Overall mortality was higher in males (n = 473, 5.92%) in comparison to females (n = 185, 4.17%) (p ≤ 0.001). Majority of surgeries in males were of small intestine (22.5%) in which small bowel resection was most commonly done (5.4%), whereas, gallbladder and biliary surgeries (27.4%) were the most common in females in which laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most commonly done (5.8%). Median hospital stay was higher in males (10 days vs 9 days), (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Mortality was higher in females in all organ categories except in liver (6.34% vs 2.7%), pancreas (37.3% Vs 18.3%) and spleen (3.38% Vs 1.62%) where mortality was higher for male gender. Highest mortality for females was in small intestinal surgery (34%) and for males, it was pancreatic surgery (37.3%). Highest mortality in males was emergency open pancreatic necrosectomy (21.6%) and that in females was emergency small intestinal surgery (11.9%). Although the number of surgeries in females increased over time (380 in 1996-1999 Vs 951 in 2016-2018), the proportion remained constant (36.3% Vs 38.3% in 1996-1999 and 2016-2018 respectively). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> We conclude that mortality is found to be higher in males after gastrointestinal surgery, which may be explained by the fact that hospital seeking behavior is more in males though it is fairly increasing in females in the recent years.展开更多
Background:Tracheal,bronchus,and lung cancer(TBL)is a major cause of mortality and top contributor to productivity loss in large emerging economies such as the BRICS(Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa).We exam...Background:Tracheal,bronchus,and lung cancer(TBL)is a major cause of mortality and top contributor to productivity loss in large emerging economies such as the BRICS(Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa).We examined the time trends of TBL mortality across the BRICS to better understand the disease burden in these countries and inform public health and healthcare resource allocation.Methods:TBL mortality-related data between 1990 and 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and analyzed using age–period–cohort models.Net drift(local drift)was used to describe the expected age-adjusted TBL mortality rate over time overall(each age group);the longitudinal age curve was used to reflect the age effect;the period rate ratios(RRs)were used to reflect the period effect;and the cohort RR was used to reflect the cohort effect.Results:In 2019,there were 958.3 thousand TBL deaths across the BRICS,representing 46.9%of the global TBL deaths.From 1990 to 2019,the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)of TBL decreased in Russia,Brazil,and South Africa while increased in China and India,with the largest reduction reported in Russia(–29.6%)and the largest increase in China(+22.4%).India showed an overall increase(+15.7%)in TBL mortality but the mortality risk decreased among individuals born after 1990(men)and 1995(women).Although South Africa and Brazil experienced an overall decline in TBL mortality,their recent birth cohorts,such as Brazilian individuals born after 1985(men)and 1980(women),and South African men born after 1995,had an increasing TBL mortality risk.China has experienced an overall increase in TBL mortality,with the mortality risk rising among individuals born after 1995 for both men and women.Russia,which had the highest TBL mortality among the BRICS countries in 1990,has demonstrated significant improvement over the past three decades.Conclusions:Over the past 30 years,the BRICS accounted for an increasing proportion of global TBL mortality.TBL mortality increased in older women in all the BRICS countries except Russia.Among the recent birth cohort,the risk of TBL mortality increased in Brazil,China,and South Africa.More effective efforts are needed in the BRICS to reduce the burden of TBL and help achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
This study analyzed the trend in semen quality of infertile male patients in Wenzhou,China,based on the data obtained from 38905 patients during 2008-2016 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University...This study analyzed the trend in semen quality of infertile male patients in Wenzhou,China,based on the data obtained from 38905 patients during 2008-2016 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(Wenzhou,China).The results showed that only 24.9%of the patients had normal semen quality.For the semen quality of infertile male patients,that of the workers and 40-year-olds was significantly worse than the other occupational and age groups.For all the infertile patients,low semen volume,asthenozoospermia,and teratozoospermia accounted for 8.4%,50.5%,and 54.1%,respectively.During 2008-2016,the annual mean percentage of fast forward motile spermatozoa,percentage of total forward motile spermatozoa,and percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology decreased linearly with slopes of-2.11,-2.59,and-0.70,respectively.The proportion of patients with asthenozoospermia and multi-abnormal spermatozoa increased during 2008-2016 with slopes of 4.70 and 4.87,respectively,while for low semen volume,it decreased with a slope of-0.47 in the same time period.The proportion of patients with teratozoospermia increased from 2008 to 2011 and from 2011 to 2016 with slopes of 17.10 and 2.09,respectively.In general,the deteriorating trend of semen quality of infertile male patients in Wenzhou was obvious.Future efforts should be made to reveal the adverse influences on semen quality,such as occupational exposure,environmental quality,and living habits.Furthermore,more pervasive reproduction health education is necessary.展开更多
Wenzhou has improved its environmental quality because of comprehensive environmental remediation;nevertheless,the semen quality of infertile males remains unclear.This study determined whether better environmental qu...Wenzhou has improved its environmental quality because of comprehensive environmental remediation;nevertheless,the semen quality of infertile males remains unclear.This study determined whether better environmental quality improved semen quality in this region.We recorded semen quality data from 22962 infertile males from January 2014 to November 2019 at the Center for Reproductive Health of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(Wenzhou,China).Patients were predominantly 30–35 years old(33.1%)and workers(82.0%),with high school education or lower(77.6%);more than a half of the patients(52.6%)were Wenzhou household registration;and most patients(77.5%)had abnormal semen quality.Patients who were older than 40 years and workers,and those with Wenzhou household registration,had significantly worse semen quality(all P<0.05).From 2014 to 2019,progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume showed increasing linear trends in all patients(P=0.021,0.030,and 0.005,respectively),yet normal sperm morphology showed a linearly decreasing trend(P=0.046).Sensitivity analyses for subgroups yielded similar results.In conclusion,the improvement of environmental quality and better function of the accessory glands are associated with progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume.Normal sperm morphology is influenced by occupational exposures and personal lifestyle and does not improve with environmental quality.展开更多
Using China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) data between 1989 and 2011, this paper measures the returns to education in China based on the Mincer earnings function and reaches the following findings through an analy...Using China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) data between 1989 and 2011, this paper measures the returns to education in China based on the Mincer earnings function and reaches the following findings through an analysis of the tendency of continuous variations over a long timeframe: returns to education are on the rise within the range of samples both under relative and absolute scenarios; returns to different levels of education are characterized by increasing marginal return; no significant difference exists between the returns to junior middle school and the returns to primary school education. Further discussions consider that the requirements of job positions for the overall competence of personnel, differentiated decline of corporate demand for recruitment, lack of an evaluation system in the labor market, information asymmetry in the job market, the development strategy adopted in a particular stage of history and the current slow progress of economic transition have jointly led to the underemployment of college graduates and the great enthusiasm of parents investing in higher education for their children. Conclusions of this paper not only have important practical relevance to the ongoing implementation of China's innovation-driven development strategy, but offer inspirations for the new round of educational reform as well.展开更多
Sea ice conditions in the Bohai Sea of China are sensitive to large-scale climatic variations. On the basis of CLARA-A1-SAL data, the albedo variations are examined in space and time in the winter（December, January a...Sea ice conditions in the Bohai Sea of China are sensitive to large-scale climatic variations. On the basis of CLARA-A1-SAL data, the albedo variations are examined in space and time in the winter（December, January and February） from 1992 to 2008 in the Bohai Sea sea ice region. Time series data of the sea ice concentration（SIC）, the sea ice extent（SIE） and the sea surface temperature（SST） are used to analyze their relationship with the albedo. The sea ice albedo changed in volatility appears along with time, the trend is not obvious and increases very slightly during the study period at a rate of 0.388% per decade over the Bohai Sea sea ice region.The interannual variation is between 9.93% and 14.50%, and the average albedo is 11.79%. The sea ice albedo in years with heavy sea ice coverage, 1999, 2000 and 2005, is significantly higher than that in other years; in years with light sea ice coverage, 1994, 1998, 2001 and 2006, has low values. For the monthly albedo, the increasing trend（at a rate of 0.988% per decade） in December is distinctly higher than that in January and February. The mean albedo in January（12.90%） is also distinctly higher than that in the other two months. The albedo is significantly positively correlated with the SIC and is significantly negatively correlated with the SST（significance level 90%）.展开更多
To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） time series data from 2000 to 20...To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） time series data from 2000 to 2010 were collected based on the MOD13Q1 product. The coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test were combined to investigate the volatility characteristic and trend characteristic of the vegetation. Climate data sets were then used to analyze the correlation between variations in vegetation and climate change. In terms of the temporal variations, the vegetation in this study area improved slightly from 2000 to 2010, although the volatility characteristic was larger in 2000–2005 than in 2006–2010. In terms of the spatial variation, vegetation which is relatively stable and has a significantly increasing trend accounts for the largest part of the study area. Its spatial distribution is highly correlated with altitude, which ranges from about 2000 to 3000 m in this area. Highly fluctuating vegetation and vegetation which showed a significantly decreasing trend were mostly distributed around the reservoirs and in the reaches of the river with hydropower developments. Vegetation with a relatively stable and significantly decreasing trend and vegetation with a highly fluctuating and significantly increasing trend are widely dispersed. With respect to the response of vegetation to climate change, about 20–30% of the vegetation has a significant correlation with climatic factors and the correlations in most areas are positive： regions with precipitation as the key influencing factor account for more than 10% of the area; regions with temperature as the key influencing factor account for less than 10% of the area; and regions with precipitation and temperature as the key influencing factors together account for about 5% of the total area. More than 70% of the vegetation has an insignificant correlation with climatic factors.展开更多
基金Supported by China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.202006945002)Chunhui Project of China Education Ministry(No.HZKY20220587)+1 种基金Tianjin Health Technology Research Project(No.TJWJ2022MS014)Tianjin Municipal Education Commission Scientific Research Program(Mental Health Education,No.2022ZDGX20).
文摘AIM:To investigate time trends in myopia and high myopia prevalence over 6y among young university adults in China.METHODS:This is a 6-year series cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2021.Totally 4910 freshmen were enrolled and completed a questionnaire concerning age,gender,and disease history.Students with eye diseases were excluded after a detailed eye examination.The refractive status was measured by non-cycloplegic objective refraction and ocular parameters were measured by Lenstar 900.The examination followed the same protocol each year.Trends over time in myopia and high myopia prevalence,as well as ocular biometry parameters,were analyzed.RESULTS:From 2016 to 2021,the axial length(AL)and corneal radius(CR)increased significantly(P=0.002 for AL;P=0.04 for CR).However,the spherical equivalent(SE)and the ratio of axial length to the corneal radius(AL/CR)did not change significantly(P=0.59 for SE;P=0.24 for AL/CR).The frequency of AL≥26.0 mm increased from 26.6%in 2016 to 29.3%in 2021(P=0.05 for trend).The prevalence of myopia and high myopia did not change significantly in our study(P≥0.18).Compared to a similar cross-sectional study conducted 10 years ago,the prevalence of myopia decreased significantly(94.9%vs 91.8%,P<0.001).Whereas the prevalence of high myopia increased largely(18.12%vs 27.6%,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:The prevalence of high myopia increases in young university adults during 10y period.Myopia control should begin earlier in childhood.However,these interventions are still needed for high myopia even in young adulthood.
基金financial support of the China Scholarship Council(201913043)Hainan University,Agricultural Science and Research Excellence Talents of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China(202105510311095).
文摘Adequate dietary zinc intake remains a public health challenge in China.Also,there is a lack of information on the relationship between Zn intake and food consumption patterns across provinces and over time.In this study,data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004-2011(21,266 individuals)was used to explore associations between dietary Zn intake and sociodemographic factors.Zn intake per person declined from 11.1 mg·d^(-1)in 2004 to 9.89 mg·d^(-1)in 2011,with reduction in cereal consumption the greatest contributor to this.However,the reduction resulting from the lower cereal consumption was only partly compensated by an increase in consumption of Zn-rich foods.The percentage of the study population with inadequate Zn intake increased from 23% in 2004 to 37% in 2011.While Zn intake was positively associated with income levels in each survey year,the time trend for all income levels was a gradually reducing Zn intake.In all years,males had an average higher dietary Zn intake,whereas no significant difference was found between living areas.In conclusion,this study shows that dietary Zn inadequacy was high and has increased over the studied period.Remediation could be sought by shifting dietary patterns toward more Zn-dense food or by enhancing Zn concentration through biofortification.
文摘Background:The epidemiological investigation of Hodgkin’s lymphoma(HL)among the genetically peculiar population of the Italian island of Sardinia might provide interesting etiological clues.Methods:We used the database of 1974-2003 incident cases of hematological malignancies in Sardinia and Bayesian methods to explore the time trend and geographic spread of HL incidence by sex,and age whether≤44 or≥45 years.We also tested its association with several socio-economic and environmental risk factors.Results:The age-and sex-standardized(world population)incidence rate of HL was 2.6 per 100,000(95%CI,2.5-2.8).Over the study period,HL incidence increased linearly in both sexes and among those aged≤44 years but not above that age.Cases clustered among young women in a central-western area covering four bordering administrative units(13 cases vs.5.7 expected,P=0.002).The posterior probability of excess HL cases aged≤44 years was elevated only in a commune in the suburban area of the region’s capital.Cases aged≥45 years were uniformly spread over the region.Among the risk factors we explored,urban residence was associated with an elevated and goat farming with a decreased risk of HL occurrence.We did not observe a link with socio-economic deprivation,environmental exposures,or multiple sclerosis.The geographic spread of COVID-19 was also unrelated to past HL incidence.Conclusions:Our results prompt further in-depth investigation into the previously undetected cluster and the nature of the observed associations.
文摘BACKGROUND Relative changes in the prevalence of gastrointestinal(GI)diseases have been reported worldwide over the past decades.However,data on changing trends of upper GI diseases remain scarce in sub-Saharan Africa.This study examines the shifting patterns of upper GI endoscopic findings over 35 years in Ethiopia.AIM To analyze trends in upper GI endoscopic findings over two distinct time periods,35 years apart,in Ethiopia.METHODS We extracted findings from 8412 upper GI endoscopies performed between 2016 and 2024 at a tertiary referral center in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.Patient characteristics,indications,and endoscopic findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables,map and graphs.These findings were compared to 10000 procedures conducted between 1979 and 1994.Key endoscopic findings were identified,and percentage changes in disease prevalence were calculated.RESULTS Between the two study periods,the male-to-female ratio of patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy shifted from 2:1 to 1.4:1,while the median patient age increased from 36 to 40 years.The proportion of patients older than 50 years doubled(14.6%to 30.2%),and referrals from outside Addis Ababa increased from 33%to 57%.The prevalence of peptic ulcer disease and its complications decreased from 46.2%to 9.5%.Conversely,gastroesophageal varices increased from 9.5%to 21.8%,and upper GI malignancies rose from 3.6%to 18.8%.CONCLUSION This study sheds light on critical epidemiological shifts in upper GI diseases in Ethiopia,with a decline in peptic ulcer disease and a rise in portal hypertensive lesions and malignancies which have important public health implications.These findings underscore the need for increased awareness,improved clinical practices,enhanced resource allocation,and expanded access to early diagnosis and treatment of prevailing conditions.Preventive strategies targeting immunization and treatment of viral hepatitis,schistosomiasis,and Helicobacter pylori infection are urgently needed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1313100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81602931)+1 种基金the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant No.2016-I2M-2-004)the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(Grant No.SZSM201911015)。
文摘As the most populous country in the world,China has made strides in health promotion in the past few decades.With the aging population,the burden of cancer in China continues to grow.Changes in risk factors for cancer,especially diet,obesity,diabetes,and air pollution,continue to fuel the shift of cancer transition in China.The burden of upper gastrointestinal cancer in China is decreasing,but still heavy.The rising burden of colorectal,prostate,and breast cancers is also significant.Lung cancer became the top cause of cancer-related deaths,together with smoking as the most important contributor to cancer deaths.The Chinese government has taken several approaches to control cancer and cancer-related risk factors.Many achievements have been made,but some challenges remain.Health China 2030 is ambitious and depicts a bright vision of the future for cancer control in China.The decrease in the cancer burden in China will require cross-sector collaboration and coordinated efforts on primary and secondary preventions by governments,public health organizations,and individuals.In this review,we describe the trends of cancer burden and discuss cancer-related risk factors in China,identifying strategies to reduce the burden of cancer in China.
基金Nn10 Program of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,China,No.Nn10 PY 2017-03.
文摘BACKGROUND Through analyzing the data from a single institution in Northeast China,this study revealed the possible clinicopathologic characteristics that influence the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer(GC).AIM To evaluate the changing trends of clinicopathologic features and survival duration after surgery in patients with GC in Northeast China,which is a highprevalence area of GC.METHODS The study analyzed the difference in clinicopathologic features and survival duration after surgery of 5887 patients who were histologically diagnosed with GC at the Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital.The study mainly analyzed the data in three periods,2000 to 2004(Phase 1),2005 to 2009(Phase 2),and 2010 to 2014(Phase 3).RESULTS Over time,the postoperative survival rate significantly increased from 2000 to 2014.In the past 15 years,compared with Phases 1 and 2,the tumor size was smaller in Phase 3(P<0.001),but the proportion of high-medium differentiated tumors increased(P<0.001).The proportion of early GC gradually increased from 3.9%to 14.4%(P<0.001).A surprising improvement was observed in the mean number of retrieved lymph nodes,ranging from 11.4 to 27.5(P<0.001).The overall 5-year survival rate increased from 24%in Phase 1 to 43.8%in Phase 3.Through multivariate analysis,it was found that age,tumor size,histologic type,tumor-node-metastasis stage,depth of invasion,lymph node metastasis,surgical approach,local infiltration,radical extent,number of retrieved lymph nodes,and age group were independent risk factors that influenced the prognosis of patients with GC.CONCLUSION The clinical features of GC in Northeast China changed during the observation period.The increasing detection of early GC and more standardized surgical treatment effectively prolonged lifetimes.
基金supported by the National Key Project of Research and Development Program of China[2021YFC2500404,2021YFC2500405].
文摘Objective To describe survival trends and global patterns of esophageal cancer(EC)using survival data from population-based cancer registries.Methods We systematically searched PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,SEER,and SinoMed databases for articles published up to 31 December 2023.Eligible EC survival estimates were evaluated according to country or region,period,sex,age group,pathology,and disease stage.Results After 2010,Jordan exhibited the highest age-standardized 5-year relative survival rates(RSRs)/net survival rates(NSRs)at 41.1%between 2010 and 2014,while India had the lowest,at 4.1%.Survival rates generally improved with diagnostic age across most countries,with significant increases in South Korea and China,of 12.7%and 10.5%between 2000 and 2017,respectively.Survival was higher among women compared to men,ranging from 0.4%-10.9%.Survival rates for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were similar,differing by about 4%.In China,the highest age-standardized RSRs/NSRs was 33.4%between 2015 and 2017.Meanwhile,the lowest was 5.3%,in Qidong(Jiangsu province)between 1992-1996.Conclusion Global EC survival rates have improved significantly in recent decades,but substantial geographical,sex,and age disparities still exist.In Asia,squamous cell carcinoma demonstrated superior survival rates compared to adenocarcinoma,while the opposite trend was observed in Western countries.Future research should clarify the prognostic factors influencing EC survival and tailor prevention and screening strategies to the changing EC survival patterns.
基金supported by grants from Fundacao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ [E-26/2014-202.008]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico–CNPq [302401/2016-4]
文摘Background: Currently, surgical resection represents the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer(PC), however, the majority of tumors are no longer resectable by the time of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to describe time trends and distribution of pancreaticoduodenectomies(PDs) performed for treating PC in Brazil in recent years. Methods: Data were retrospectively obtained from Brazilian Health Public System(namely DATASUS) regarding hospitalizations for PC and PD in Brazil from January 2008 to December 2015. PC and PD rates and their mortalities were estimated from DATASUS hospitalizations and analyzed for age, gender and demographic characteristics. Results: A total of 2364 PDs were retrieved. Albeit PC incidence more than doubled, the number of PDs increased only 37%. Most PDs were performed in men(52.2%) and patients between 50 and 69 years old(59.5%). Patients not surgically treated and those 70 years or older had the highest in-hospital mortality rates. The most developed regions(Southeast and South) as well as large metropolitan integrated municipalities registered 76.2% and 54.8% of the procedures, respectively. LMIM PD mortality fluctuated, ranging from 13.6% in 2008 to 11.8% in 2015. Conclusions: This study suggests a trend towards regionalization and volume-outcome relationships for PD due to PC, as large metropolitan integrated municipalities registered most of the PDs and more stable mortality rates. The substantial differences between PD and PC increasing rates reveals a limiting step on the health system resoluteness. Reduction in the number of hospital beds and late access to hospitalization, despite improvement in diagnostic methods, could at least in part explain these findings.
文摘During his state visit to Kazakhstan this September,President Xi Jinping made a concrete proposal to build a Silk Road Economic Belt(SREB for short in the following paragraphs)from the aspects of policy communication,road connectivity,
文摘The 10thNortheast Asia Youth Forum,with the theme of China-ROK-Japan Youth Employment Guidance,sponsored by Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea was held in Seoul and Cheonan from August 12 to 17.Seventy five college students from 37 universities sent by China International Youth Exchange Center,Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea and Japan Society attended the Forum.Lee Boksil,Vice-Minister of Ministry of
基金This study was financially supported by the vice-chancellery for research affairs at Gerash University of Medical Sciences,Gerash,Iran(Grant number:99000071).
文摘Objective:To determine the temporal trend and epidemiology of animal bite cases in Gerash City,Iran.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 630 cases of people with animal bites between 2011 and 2021 in Gerash City.The collected data were analyzed using Chi-square test.Results:The mean age of victims was(30.9±17.5)years.80.54%Of victims were male,39.70%were self-employed,and 64.60%were adults(≥18 years).Most cases of bites occurred in 2019(91 cases),2020(74 cases)and 2021(87 cases),and most of the bites were related to the upper limbs(62.70%).Most of the wounds were superficial(78%),most of the biting animals were domestic animals(91.74%),and most of the victims had Iranian nationality(97.62%).Conclusions:Given the increasing trend of animal bites in Gerash City,health authorities should carry out basic measures such as education and awareness among the public,especially at-risk groups such as adult males.Additionally,since most cases of bites are due to dogs,it seems necessary to plan for vaccination of dogs,especially those with owners.
基金supported by Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0501600)Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(2025A04J3327)+1 种基金Cancer Innovative Research Program of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center(CIRPSYSUCC-0004)Young Talents Program of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center(YTP-SYSUCC-0048).
文摘Background:The epidemiological profiles of gastrointestinal(GI)cancers vary across countries and over time,largely reflecting variations in risk factors and screening practices.We aimed to provide an overview of the current global burden of the five major types of GI cancers and conduct an updated evaluation of the long-term trends of GI cancers.Methods:The updated numbers of new cases and deaths,and age-standardized rates(ASR),of the five GI cancers for 185 countries were sourced from the GLOBOCAN 2022,and presented by cancer site,continent,and human development index(HDI).For 43 countries,annual incidence and mortality data were obtained from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus and World Health Organization mortality databases,supplemented by the mortality data from the Disease Surveillance Points system for China.We compared the longterm trends of ASRs across countries since 1980,and estimated average annual percent changes(AAPCs)for the recent period 2003-2017.Results:In 2022,there were 4,783,391 new cases and 3,235,719 deaths from the five GI cancers,accounting for 23.9%and 33.2%of all new cancer cases and deaths worldwide,respectively.Cancers of oesophagus,stomach,and liver were more common in Asian and high HDI countries,and colorectal and pancreatic cancer in western and very high HDI countries.Downward trends were observed in almost all countries for gastric cancer and most countries for oesophageal cancer.For colorectal cancer,the most favorable and unfavorable trends were found in 10 and 19 countries respectively.The largest decreases in liver cancer burden were mainly in eastern and southeastern Asia,while increases were seen in North America,Oceania,and Northern Europe,with AAPCs of 3%∼7%for incidence and 2%∼9%for mortality during 2003-2017.Half of the included countries showed increases in pancreatic cancer burden,with the largest AAPCs in Cyprus,Thailand,India,Türkiye,France,and Belarus for incidence,and Türkiye,Thailand,and China for mortality.Conclusions:Deviating patterns were found for GI cancers worldwide.Multisetting studies might provide insights into the underlying etiologies of these cancers,and identify areas where urgent cancer control strategies are needed.
文摘AIM： To determine whether any changes have occurred on the patterns of colorectal cancer in China. METHODS： Data from 21 Chinese articles published from 1980 to 1999, were used to analyze the time trend of colorectal cancer according to the patients＇age at diagnosis, sex, the site of the tumor, stage, and the pathology. RESULTS： From 1980s to 1990s, the mean age of the colorectal cancer patients has increased. The percentage of the female patients rose. The distribution of colorectal carcinoma shows a predominance of rectal cancer. However, the proportion of proximal colon cancer （induding transverse and ascending colon） increased significantly accompanied by a decline in the percentage of rectal cancer. Similarity in the percentage of distal colon cancer between two decades was revealed. In the 1990s, statistically more Stage B patients were found than those in 1980s. In addition, databases show a significant decrease in the Stage D cases. The proportion of adenocarcinoma increased, but the mucinous adenocarcinoma decreased during two decades. CONCLUSION： These findings indicate that the pattern of colorectal cancer in China has been changing. Especially, a proximal shift due to the increasing proportion of ascending and transverse colon cancer has occurred in China.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> Gender differences are still quite prevalent in the present time. Although there is literature regarding gender differences in healthcare expenditure in India, there is no data regarding gender differences in hospital stay, hospital seeking behaviors and mortality. <strong>Aim:</strong> To evaluate the Gender differences in a hospital seeking behavior, mortality and hospital stay. <strong>Methods:</strong> We prospectively analyzed, from a retrospective database, all patients who underwent surgical gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary, pancreatic and splenic surgeries from 1996 to 2018 in our unit. Patients were divided into groups based on gender, admission time period and priority of admission i.e., elective or emergency. Both the gender groups were compared with respect to total procedures done, hospital stay and mortality. Organ specific mortality was calculated as proportions, was analyzed and compared between the groups. Time trends of the same were observed and compared. <strong>Results:</strong> Of 12,411 patients, 7979 (64.3%) were males and 4432 (35.7%) were females. 9191 (74.1%) patients underwent elective procedures whereas 3220 (25.9%) had emergency procedures (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Overall mortality was higher in males (n = 473, 5.92%) in comparison to females (n = 185, 4.17%) (p ≤ 0.001). Majority of surgeries in males were of small intestine (22.5%) in which small bowel resection was most commonly done (5.4%), whereas, gallbladder and biliary surgeries (27.4%) were the most common in females in which laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most commonly done (5.8%). Median hospital stay was higher in males (10 days vs 9 days), (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Mortality was higher in females in all organ categories except in liver (6.34% vs 2.7%), pancreas (37.3% Vs 18.3%) and spleen (3.38% Vs 1.62%) where mortality was higher for male gender. Highest mortality for females was in small intestinal surgery (34%) and for males, it was pancreatic surgery (37.3%). Highest mortality in males was emergency open pancreatic necrosectomy (21.6%) and that in females was emergency small intestinal surgery (11.9%). Although the number of surgeries in females increased over time (380 in 1996-1999 Vs 951 in 2016-2018), the proportion remained constant (36.3% Vs 38.3% in 1996-1999 and 2016-2018 respectively). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> We conclude that mortality is found to be higher in males after gastrointestinal surgery, which may be explained by the fact that hospital seeking behavior is more in males though it is fairly increasing in females in the recent years.
基金supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.72104113,72293585,and 72204112)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30923011101)the Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province(No.21GLD008).
文摘Background:Tracheal,bronchus,and lung cancer(TBL)is a major cause of mortality and top contributor to productivity loss in large emerging economies such as the BRICS(Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa).We examined the time trends of TBL mortality across the BRICS to better understand the disease burden in these countries and inform public health and healthcare resource allocation.Methods:TBL mortality-related data between 1990 and 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and analyzed using age–period–cohort models.Net drift(local drift)was used to describe the expected age-adjusted TBL mortality rate over time overall(each age group);the longitudinal age curve was used to reflect the age effect;the period rate ratios(RRs)were used to reflect the period effect;and the cohort RR was used to reflect the cohort effect.Results:In 2019,there were 958.3 thousand TBL deaths across the BRICS,representing 46.9%of the global TBL deaths.From 1990 to 2019,the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)of TBL decreased in Russia,Brazil,and South Africa while increased in China and India,with the largest reduction reported in Russia(–29.6%)and the largest increase in China(+22.4%).India showed an overall increase(+15.7%)in TBL mortality but the mortality risk decreased among individuals born after 1990(men)and 1995(women).Although South Africa and Brazil experienced an overall decline in TBL mortality,their recent birth cohorts,such as Brazilian individuals born after 1985(men)and 1980(women),and South African men born after 1995,had an increasing TBL mortality risk.China has experienced an overall increase in TBL mortality,with the mortality risk rising among individuals born after 1995 for both men and women.Russia,which had the highest TBL mortality among the BRICS countries in 1990,has demonstrated significant improvement over the past three decades.Conclusions:Over the past 30 years,the BRICS accounted for an increasing proportion of global TBL mortality.TBL mortality increased in older women in all the BRICS countries except Russia.Among the recent birth cohort,the risk of TBL mortality increased in Brazil,China,and South Africa.More effective efforts are needed in the BRICS to reduce the burden of TBL and help achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.
基金the Major Project of National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFC1004300).
文摘This study analyzed the trend in semen quality of infertile male patients in Wenzhou,China,based on the data obtained from 38905 patients during 2008-2016 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(Wenzhou,China).The results showed that only 24.9%of the patients had normal semen quality.For the semen quality of infertile male patients,that of the workers and 40-year-olds was significantly worse than the other occupational and age groups.For all the infertile patients,low semen volume,asthenozoospermia,and teratozoospermia accounted for 8.4%,50.5%,and 54.1%,respectively.During 2008-2016,the annual mean percentage of fast forward motile spermatozoa,percentage of total forward motile spermatozoa,and percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology decreased linearly with slopes of-2.11,-2.59,and-0.70,respectively.The proportion of patients with asthenozoospermia and multi-abnormal spermatozoa increased during 2008-2016 with slopes of 4.70 and 4.87,respectively,while for low semen volume,it decreased with a slope of-0.47 in the same time period.The proportion of patients with teratozoospermia increased from 2008 to 2011 and from 2011 to 2016 with slopes of 17.10 and 2.09,respectively.In general,the deteriorating trend of semen quality of infertile male patients in Wenzhou was obvious.Future efforts should be made to reveal the adverse influences on semen quality,such as occupational exposure,environmental quality,and living habits.Furthermore,more pervasive reproduction health education is necessary.
基金This study was supported by the Project of Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau(No.Y2020048)the Education Project of Zhejiang Province(No.Y202146906)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Planning Project of Wenzhou(S2020002)the Research Project of Wenzhou Medical University(KJHX2014).
文摘Wenzhou has improved its environmental quality because of comprehensive environmental remediation;nevertheless,the semen quality of infertile males remains unclear.This study determined whether better environmental quality improved semen quality in this region.We recorded semen quality data from 22962 infertile males from January 2014 to November 2019 at the Center for Reproductive Health of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University(Wenzhou,China).Patients were predominantly 30–35 years old(33.1%)and workers(82.0%),with high school education or lower(77.6%);more than a half of the patients(52.6%)were Wenzhou household registration;and most patients(77.5%)had abnormal semen quality.Patients who were older than 40 years and workers,and those with Wenzhou household registration,had significantly worse semen quality(all P<0.05).From 2014 to 2019,progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume showed increasing linear trends in all patients(P=0.021,0.030,and 0.005,respectively),yet normal sperm morphology showed a linearly decreasing trend(P=0.046).Sensitivity analyses for subgroups yielded similar results.In conclusion,the improvement of environmental quality and better function of the accessory glands are associated with progressive sperm motility,total sperm motility,and semen volume.Normal sperm morphology is influenced by occupational exposures and personal lifestyle and does not improve with environmental quality.
文摘Using China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) data between 1989 and 2011, this paper measures the returns to education in China based on the Mincer earnings function and reaches the following findings through an analysis of the tendency of continuous variations over a long timeframe: returns to education are on the rise within the range of samples both under relative and absolute scenarios; returns to different levels of education are characterized by increasing marginal return; no significant difference exists between the returns to junior middle school and the returns to primary school education. Further discussions consider that the requirements of job positions for the overall competence of personnel, differentiated decline of corporate demand for recruitment, lack of an evaluation system in the labor market, information asymmetry in the job market, the development strategy adopted in a particular stage of history and the current slow progress of economic transition have jointly led to the underemployment of college graduates and the great enthusiasm of parents investing in higher education for their children. Conclusions of this paper not only have important practical relevance to the ongoing implementation of China's innovation-driven development strategy, but offer inspirations for the new round of educational reform as well.
文摘Sea ice conditions in the Bohai Sea of China are sensitive to large-scale climatic variations. On the basis of CLARA-A1-SAL data, the albedo variations are examined in space and time in the winter（December, January and February） from 1992 to 2008 in the Bohai Sea sea ice region. Time series data of the sea ice concentration（SIC）, the sea ice extent（SIE） and the sea surface temperature（SST） are used to analyze their relationship with the albedo. The sea ice albedo changed in volatility appears along with time, the trend is not obvious and increases very slightly during the study period at a rate of 0.388% per decade over the Bohai Sea sea ice region.The interannual variation is between 9.93% and 14.50%, and the average albedo is 11.79%. The sea ice albedo in years with heavy sea ice coverage, 1999, 2000 and 2005, is significantly higher than that in other years; in years with light sea ice coverage, 1994, 1998, 2001 and 2006, has low values. For the monthly albedo, the increasing trend（at a rate of 0.988% per decade） in December is distinctly higher than that in January and February. The mean albedo in January（12.90%） is also distinctly higher than that in the other two months. The albedo is significantly positively correlated with the SIC and is significantly negatively correlated with the SST（significance level 90%）.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41171318 National Key Technology Support Program,No.2012BAH32B03+1 种基金No.2012BAH33B05 The Remote Sensing Investigation and Assessment Project for Decade-Change of the National Ecological Environment（2000–2010）
文摘To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） time series data from 2000 to 2010 were collected based on the MOD13Q1 product. The coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test were combined to investigate the volatility characteristic and trend characteristic of the vegetation. Climate data sets were then used to analyze the correlation between variations in vegetation and climate change. In terms of the temporal variations, the vegetation in this study area improved slightly from 2000 to 2010, although the volatility characteristic was larger in 2000–2005 than in 2006–2010. In terms of the spatial variation, vegetation which is relatively stable and has a significantly increasing trend accounts for the largest part of the study area. Its spatial distribution is highly correlated with altitude, which ranges from about 2000 to 3000 m in this area. Highly fluctuating vegetation and vegetation which showed a significantly decreasing trend were mostly distributed around the reservoirs and in the reaches of the river with hydropower developments. Vegetation with a relatively stable and significantly decreasing trend and vegetation with a highly fluctuating and significantly increasing trend are widely dispersed. With respect to the response of vegetation to climate change, about 20–30% of the vegetation has a significant correlation with climatic factors and the correlations in most areas are positive： regions with precipitation as the key influencing factor account for more than 10% of the area; regions with temperature as the key influencing factor account for less than 10% of the area; and regions with precipitation and temperature as the key influencing factors together account for about 5% of the total area. More than 70% of the vegetation has an insignificant correlation with climatic factors.
