Theoretical study on and safeguarding of cultural landscape heritage has been put on the agenda of heritage protection in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces.The safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge heritage in the pas...Theoretical study on and safeguarding of cultural landscape heritage has been put on the agenda of heritage protection in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces.The safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge heritage in the past 5 decades could be classified into 3 stages,and heritage protection in all 3 stages was closely related to original meaning of "landscape",which proved that timber-framed arch bridge heritage had profound inside information,and the safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge from the perspective of cultural landscape heritage was worth further study.Safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge cultural landscape heritage focused on integrated conservation,but not protection of individual bridges.Integrated conservation of world heritage is to maintain and restore the integrated environment landscape of the heritage,thus protection of timber-framed arch bridge heritage is not only to explore its architectural craftsmanship,but also to lay a foundation for the dynamic succession of such craftsmanship as intangible cultural heritage.Value of the existing timber-framed arch bridges as historic building heritage was discussed,and it was proposed that ultimate objectives of the safeguarding could be realized step by step from 3 layers.展开更多
This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designe...This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.展开更多
This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heri...This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heritage sustainability:their development caused dwellings to darken(1737–1950),and the existing challenge is to open new patios according to the listed buildings'protection policy.Critical findings in archival research and existing building assessments led to completed data collection and analysis.When exploring construction expansion,from the house towards the collective prototype around a gradually reduced patio and dwelling darkening(1737–1786),buildings resulted in open,semiopen,underlighted and closed designs.Study area on-site assessment uncovered the transition from the older low-rise type(1–3)floors to the modern closed model of up to(4–6)storeys.Construction enlargements,consequently reducing original green areas and courtyards,call for reversing that process or formulating a new strategy.It debates the partial demolition of listed buildings in upgrades and its agreement with the needed“blue courtyard”strategy(PGOUM),resulting from joining new rear individual patios to create a communal building block courtyard.The uncovered“in-between”type(1864),which integrates two open-air collective spaces,an inner courtyard and a back garden,appears challenging to explore.展开更多
The constructive analysis of Madrid’s old timber-framed collective courtyard buildings,whether demolished,preserved intact,or enlarged,has achieved the dating of relevant case studies.New parameters established in th...The constructive analysis of Madrid’s old timber-framed collective courtyard buildings,whether demolished,preserved intact,or enlarged,has achieved the dating of relevant case studies.New parameters established in this study set a chronology based on front sector original projects:old(1737e1788),pre-modern(1788e1847)and modern(1847e1892).The onsite inspection and archival research point to ongoing misleading construction in the historic Southern area.Some modern corralas erected on top of pre-existing buildings confirm the initial hypothesis.First dimensioning rules for new fac¸ades and the stability required in old ones before adding new storeys,maintaining the original masonry or double-layered system,are discovered.Undated buildings suggest their possible origin a la malicia and a later transformation into transitional corralas.Finally,an analysis of the demolished courtyards narrows down the dating and points to new conjectures in some preserved by showing their uneven layout,old features,and structural discordances in each sector.展开更多
Shakespeare’s first Globe Theatre(early 17th century)is considered one of the most iconic theatres in English history,despite lasting less than twenty years and having little information directly attributable to its ...Shakespeare’s first Globe Theatre(early 17th century)is considered one of the most iconic theatres in English history,despite lasting less than twenty years and having little information directly attributable to its shape and size.This building,part of a wide variety of Elizabethan theatres found in London during a fertile period in the history of entertainment,has fascinated historians and scholars for years.Interest in Globe Theatre has led to several attempts at reconstruction around the world in recent decades,very few of which are historically reliable due to a lack of accurate sources and the need to adapt a historic building,burnt down in a fire in 1613,to modern safety standards.However,with the increasing evolution of modelling systems in a virtual environment,it is now possible to analyse the theatre in a spatially and historically more consistent way with surviving data.The aim of this paper is to provide a historically and constructively valid virtual model that can reopen the debate on the shapes and dimensions of Shakespeare’s first Globe Theatre.The model has been created by collecting the main hypotheses proposed by scholars.These were used to create the basic scheme,the plans,and then the whole theatre.Finally,the model was made available to encourage its use in future research and development.展开更多
Together with pillars and roof, the bracket set is one of the most fundamental structural components of traditional timber-frame architecture in China. Not only structurally indispensable, it was also emblematic of sp...Together with pillars and roof, the bracket set is one of the most fundamental structural components of traditional timber-frame architecture in China. Not only structurally indispensable, it was also emblematic of specific building styles developed through history. Entering the modem era, however, its architectural validity was overturned by the use of modem technology and building materials, rendering brackets merely a visual and decorative motif. This paper contends that it was precisely when the bracket set lost its structural significance that it began to be discussed in ways that endowed it with layers of cultural meaning in the context of modem China. Examining its modem appropriations in materials other than wood throughout the twentieth century, the paper explores shifting meanings of brackets in their continuous transmutations from a reminder of a defunct component in the building tradition to a nostalgic sign for an irretrievable architectural past.展开更多
文摘Theoretical study on and safeguarding of cultural landscape heritage has been put on the agenda of heritage protection in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces.The safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge heritage in the past 5 decades could be classified into 3 stages,and heritage protection in all 3 stages was closely related to original meaning of "landscape",which proved that timber-framed arch bridge heritage had profound inside information,and the safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge from the perspective of cultural landscape heritage was worth further study.Safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge cultural landscape heritage focused on integrated conservation,but not protection of individual bridges.Integrated conservation of world heritage is to maintain and restore the integrated environment landscape of the heritage,thus protection of timber-framed arch bridge heritage is not only to explore its architectural craftsmanship,but also to lay a foundation for the dynamic succession of such craftsmanship as intangible cultural heritage.Value of the existing timber-framed arch bridges as historic building heritage was discussed,and it was proposed that ultimate objectives of the safeguarding could be realized step by step from 3 layers.
文摘This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.
基金The Government of Spain,Ministry of Science and Innovation,supported this work under a Grant(PID2020-118796RBI00)the University of Alcala under a Grant(PIUAH22-IA-026)a Research Stay at the University of Portsmouth,United Kingdom(2018-BDNS:369002 and 2019-BDNS-429650).
文摘This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heritage sustainability:their development caused dwellings to darken(1737–1950),and the existing challenge is to open new patios according to the listed buildings'protection policy.Critical findings in archival research and existing building assessments led to completed data collection and analysis.When exploring construction expansion,from the house towards the collective prototype around a gradually reduced patio and dwelling darkening(1737–1786),buildings resulted in open,semiopen,underlighted and closed designs.Study area on-site assessment uncovered the transition from the older low-rise type(1–3)floors to the modern closed model of up to(4–6)storeys.Construction enlargements,consequently reducing original green areas and courtyards,call for reversing that process or formulating a new strategy.It debates the partial demolition of listed buildings in upgrades and its agreement with the needed“blue courtyard”strategy(PGOUM),resulting from joining new rear individual patios to create a communal building block courtyard.The uncovered“in-between”type(1864),which integrates two open-air collective spaces,an inner courtyard and a back garden,appears challenging to explore.
基金supported by the University of Alcala´(Madrid)under Grant(CCG/AH-038/2020)with the collaboration of the City Council(EMVS)and the Historical Archives of Madrid(AVM).
文摘The constructive analysis of Madrid’s old timber-framed collective courtyard buildings,whether demolished,preserved intact,or enlarged,has achieved the dating of relevant case studies.New parameters established in this study set a chronology based on front sector original projects:old(1737e1788),pre-modern(1788e1847)and modern(1847e1892).The onsite inspection and archival research point to ongoing misleading construction in the historic Southern area.Some modern corralas erected on top of pre-existing buildings confirm the initial hypothesis.First dimensioning rules for new fac¸ades and the stability required in old ones before adding new storeys,maintaining the original masonry or double-layered system,are discovered.Undated buildings suggest their possible origin a la malicia and a later transformation into transitional corralas.Finally,an analysis of the demolished courtyards narrows down the dating and points to new conjectures in some preserved by showing their uneven layout,old features,and structural discordances in each sector.
基金The research was partially funded by the University of Pisa with the"Rating Ateneo 2021"funds,assigned to Francesco Leccese and Giacomo Salvadori.
文摘Shakespeare’s first Globe Theatre(early 17th century)is considered one of the most iconic theatres in English history,despite lasting less than twenty years and having little information directly attributable to its shape and size.This building,part of a wide variety of Elizabethan theatres found in London during a fertile period in the history of entertainment,has fascinated historians and scholars for years.Interest in Globe Theatre has led to several attempts at reconstruction around the world in recent decades,very few of which are historically reliable due to a lack of accurate sources and the need to adapt a historic building,burnt down in a fire in 1613,to modern safety standards.However,with the increasing evolution of modelling systems in a virtual environment,it is now possible to analyse the theatre in a spatially and historically more consistent way with surviving data.The aim of this paper is to provide a historically and constructively valid virtual model that can reopen the debate on the shapes and dimensions of Shakespeare’s first Globe Theatre.The model has been created by collecting the main hypotheses proposed by scholars.These were used to create the basic scheme,the plans,and then the whole theatre.Finally,the model was made available to encourage its use in future research and development.
文摘Together with pillars and roof, the bracket set is one of the most fundamental structural components of traditional timber-frame architecture in China. Not only structurally indispensable, it was also emblematic of specific building styles developed through history. Entering the modem era, however, its architectural validity was overturned by the use of modem technology and building materials, rendering brackets merely a visual and decorative motif. This paper contends that it was precisely when the bracket set lost its structural significance that it began to be discussed in ways that endowed it with layers of cultural meaning in the context of modem China. Examining its modem appropriations in materials other than wood throughout the twentieth century, the paper explores shifting meanings of brackets in their continuous transmutations from a reminder of a defunct component in the building tradition to a nostalgic sign for an irretrievable architectural past.
