The global distributions of eight principal tidal constituents, M2, S2, K1, O1, N2, K2, P1, and Q1, are derived using TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1（T/P-J） satellite altimeter data for 16 a. The intercomparison of the d...The global distributions of eight principal tidal constituents, M2, S2, K1, O1, N2, K2, P1, and Q1, are derived using TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1（T/P-J） satellite altimeter data for 16 a. The intercomparison of the derived harmonics at 7000 subsatellite track crossover points shows that the root mean square （RMS） values of the tidal height differences of the above eight constituents range from 1.19 cm to 2.67 cm, with an average of about 2 cm. The RMS values of the tidal height differences between T/P-J solutions and the harmonics from ground measurements at 152 tidal gauge stations for the above constituents range from 0.34 cm to 1.08 cm, and the relative deviations range from 0.031 to 0.211. The root sum square of the RMS differences of these eight constituents is 2.12 cm, showing the improvement of the present model over the existing global ocean tidal models. Based on the obtained tidal model the global ocean tidal energetics is studied and the global distribution of the tidal power input density by tide-generating force of each constituent is calculated, showing that the power input source regions of semidiurnal tides are mainly concentrated in the tropical belt between 30S and 30N, while the power input source regions of diurnal tides are mainly concentrated off the tropic oceans. The global energy dissipation rates of the M2, S2, K1, O1, N2, P1, K2 and Q1 tides are 2.424, 0.401, 0.334, 0.160, 0.113, 0.035, 0.030 and 0.006 TW, respectively. The total global tidal dissipation rate of these eight constituents amounts to 3.5 TW.展开更多
Dynamic tidal power is a new way of capturing tidal energy by building a water head using a dike perpendicular to the coast. This study explored the hydrodynamic mechanism of the water head across an intended dynamic ...Dynamic tidal power is a new way of capturing tidal energy by building a water head using a dike perpendicular to the coast. This study explored the hydrodynamic mechanism of the water head across an intended dynamic tidal power dike system using the Delft3 D-FLOW software module. The propagating wave was simulated in a rectangular domain with a horizontal sea bottom at a 30-m depth. A significant water head was created across the dike by blocking the water. The water head increased with increasing dike length and increasing undisturbed tidal current acceleration. The maximum water head for the dike with a length of 50 km, located 900 km from the western boundary, was 2.15 m,which exceeded the undisturbed tidal range. The time series of the water head behaved in a manner identical to the undisturbed tidal current acceleration. The distribution of the water head over the dike assumed an elliptical shape. A parasitic wave was generated at the attachment and scattered outward. The phase lag across the dike did not behave as a linear function of the detour distance.展开更多
The Taiwan Strait has recently been proposed as a promising site for dynamic tidal power systems because of its shallow depth and strong tides. Dynamic tidal power is a new concept for extracting tidal potential energ...The Taiwan Strait has recently been proposed as a promising site for dynamic tidal power systems because of its shallow depth and strong tides. Dynamic tidal power is a new concept for extracting tidal potential energy in which a coast-perpendicular dike is used to create water head and generate electricity via turbines inserted in the dike. Before starting such a project, the potential power output and hydrodynamic impacts of the dike must be assessed. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model based on the Delft3 D-FLOW module is established to simulate tides in China. A dike module is developed to account for turbine processes and estimate power output by integrating a special algorithm into the model. The domain decomposition technique is used to divide the computational zone into two subdomains with grid refinement near the dike. The hydrodynamic processes predicted by the model, both with and without the proposed construction, are examined in detail, including tidal currents and tidal energy flux. The predicted time-averaged power yields with various opening ratios are presented. The results show that time-averaged power yield peaks at an 8% opening ratio. For semidiurnal tides, the flow velocity increases in front of the head of the dike and decreases on either side. For diurnal tides, these changes are complicated by the oblique incidence of tidal currents with respect to the dike as well as by bathymetric features. The dike itself blocks the propagation of tidal energy flux.展开更多
Conventional electricity generation is one of the largest contributors to climate change. Renewable energy sources are a promising part of the solution but uncertainty combined with a lack of controllability prevents ...Conventional electricity generation is one of the largest contributors to climate change. Renewable energy sources are a promising part of the solution but uncertainty combined with a lack of controllability prevents renewable sources of power from being direct substitutes of conventional energy sources. This shift towards a higher penetration of renewable energy into the electric grid can be realized with the implementation of a more sophisticated smart grid, which uses dynamic demand response to alter demand on following generation. Research on renewable energy penetration of the grid predominately focuses on wind and solar power resources but demand cannot always match availability from these sources and therefore greatly increases the need for energy storage. Tidal power differs from solar and wind. It’s a predictably renewable resource which makes it extremely valuable even on a relatively small scale. Introduction of tidal power in a high penetration micro-grid can serve to stabilize the grid and reduce the amount of storage required. Widely different time scale for wind, solar and tidal power availability results in low cross correlations and therefore increases stability. This research describes an incremental approach to migrating a grid-tie island towards the formation of a smart-micro grid. The system will include a high penetration of three distributed generation systems, wind, solar and tidal and utilize commercially available energy storage and a smart-home management controller. Dynamic demand response through load balancing is implemented to minimize interactions with the electric grid. A second component of this work is to determine the optimum tidal generation capacity for the micro grid such that needed storage capacity from batteries or the utility grid is minimized.展开更多
The counter-rotating type tidal range power unit composed of the axial flow type tandem runners and the peculiar generator with double rotational armatures is proposed to utilize effectively the tidal range. In the un...The counter-rotating type tidal range power unit composed of the axial flow type tandem runners and the peculiar generator with double rotational armatures is proposed to utilize effectively the tidal range. In the unit, the front and the rear runners counter-drive the inner and the outer armatures of the generator, respectively. Besides, the flow runs in the axial direction at the rear runner outlet while the flow has not the swirling component at the front runner inlet, because the angular momentum change through the rear runner must coincides with that through the front runner. Such operations are suitable for bidirectional flows, namely working at the seashore with the rising and the falling tidal ranges, and the unit may be able to take place of the traditional bulb type turbines. To promote more the tidal power generation by this type unit, the runners were modified so as to be suitable for both rising and falling flows. The hydraulic performances are acceptable and take the optimum efficiency at the on-cam operation, while the trailing profiles of the runner blades determine mainly the theoretical output.展开更多
To study the characteristics of attenuation, hydrostatic towage and wave response of the vertical-axis floating tidal current energy power generation device （VAFTCEPGD）, a prototype is designed and experiment is car...To study the characteristics of attenuation, hydrostatic towage and wave response of the vertical-axis floating tidal current energy power generation device （VAFTCEPGD）, a prototype is designed and experiment is carried out in the towing tank. Free decay is conducted to obtain attenuation characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD, and characteristics of mooring forces and motion response, floating condition, especially the lateral displacement of the VAFTCEPGD are obtained from the towing in still water. Tension response of the #1 mooring line and vibration characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD in regular waves as well as in level 4 irregular wave sea state with the current velocity of 0.6 m/s. The results can be reference for theoretical study and engineering applications related to VAFTCEPGD.展开更多
As a kind of clean and renewable energy,tidal current energy is becoming increasingly popular all over the world with the shortage of energy and environmental problems becoming more and more severe.A floating tidal cu...As a kind of clean and renewable energy,tidal current energy is becoming increasingly popular all over the world with the shortage of energy and environmental problems becoming more and more severe.A floating tidal current power station is a typical type of tidal current power transformers which can sustain the loads of wind,waves,and current,and even the extreme situation of a typhoon.Therefore,the mooring system must be reliable enough to keep the station operating normally and to survive in extreme situations.The power station examined in this paper was installed at a depth of 40 m.A 44 mm-diameter R4-RQ4 chain was chosen,with a 2 147 kN minimum break strength and 50 kN pretension.Common studless link chain was used in this paper.Based on the Miner fatigue cumulative damage rule,S-N curves of chains,and MOSES software,a highly reliable mooring system was designed and analyzed.The calculation results show that the mooring system designed is reliable throughout a 10-year period.It can completely meet the design requirements of American Petroleum institution（API）.Therefore,the presented research is significant for advancing the design of this kind of power station.展开更多
It is important to understand the relationship between the ambient ebb and flood currents and the electricity generated by tidal stream power generators to minimise investment risk and to optimise power generation for...It is important to understand the relationship between the ambient ebb and flood currents and the electricity generated by tidal stream power generators to minimise investment risk and to optimise power generation for distribution purposes. Such analyses no longer rely on average descriptions of the flow field or on single values for the device efficiency. In the present paper, we demonstrate a new method involving the integration of synthesised long termflow vectors with logistic descriptions of the device power curves. New experiments are then described with the Neptune Proteus vertical axis tidal stream power generator involving tow tests at speeds to 1.5 ms–1 in William Wright Dock on the Humber. The results are used to derive appropriate coefficients in the logisticcurve and to estimate the device’s annual electrical output.展开更多
Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal st...Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal streams. Hence a tidal stream power unit with counter-rotating type horizontal-axis bidirectional propellers is proposed in this paper. The blades with fully-symmetrical hydrofoils were optimized numerically. The output and flow conditions predicted by the computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments at the higher tip speed ratios, which are of expected usual operating conditions of this unit. The numerical and experimental results show good agreements. It is also confirmed that the flow discharged from the counter-rotating type propellers has no swirling component, though the single propeller generates the unacceptable swirling component.展开更多
Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ...Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ocean energy source. Unique tandem propellers that can counter-rotate have been designed to generate electric power effectively from a tidal stream. This type of power unit has several advantages compare to the conventional unit with a single propeller. At the design of the tidal stream power unit, it is important to investigate the structure of the tip vortex tubes shedding to predict the load of the propeller. In this research, we investigated the tip vortex shedding using the CFD method for the conventional single propeller and counter-rotating type tandem propellers and estimated the performance efficiency using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) model and we confirmed the limitation of RANS model on the calculation of the tip vortex stretching.展开更多
In consideration of the resource wasted by unreasonable layout scheme of tidal current turbines, which would influence the ratio of cost and power output, particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced and improv...In consideration of the resource wasted by unreasonable layout scheme of tidal current turbines, which would influence the ratio of cost and power output, particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced and improved in the paper. In order to solve the problem of optimal array of tidal turbines, the discrete particle swarm optimization(DPSO) algorithm has been performed by re-defining the updating strategies of particles’ velocity and position. This paper analyzes the optimization problem of micrositing of tidal current turbines by adjusting each turbine’s position,where the maximum value of total electric power is obtained at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide.Firstly, the best installed turbine number is generated by maximizing the output energy in the given tidal farm by the Farm/Flux and empirical method. Secondly, considering the wake effect, the reasonable distance between turbines,and the tidal velocities influencing factors in the tidal farm, Jensen wake model and elliptic distribution model are selected for the turbines’ total generating capacity calculation at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide.Finally, the total generating capacity, regarded as objective function, is calculated in the final simulation, thus the DPSO could guide the individuals to the feasible area and optimal position. The results have been concluded that the optimization algorithm, which increased 6.19% more recourse output than experience method, can be thought as a good tool for engineering design of tidal energy demonstration.展开更多
Power spectrum and cross-wavelet transform analysis was adopted to study the time-frequency characteristics and multiscale correlations between runoff,tidal range and salinity in the Changjiang Estuary based on the ru...Power spectrum and cross-wavelet transform analysis was adopted to study the time-frequency characteristics and multiscale correlations between runoff,tidal range and salinity in the Changjiang Estuary based on the runoff data collected at the Datong Station,the tidal range measured at the Baozhen Station,and the salinity at the Baogang Station from 2008 to 2009.The variations of the salinity showed significant periodicity at scales of 2-3,7-8,14-15 and 26-30 d.The correlation between the salinity and the runoff and the tidal range were found to be significantly related to shock at scales of 5-7,14-15,26-30 d and 0.5 a.The correlation between the runoff and the salinity was mainly in the same phase,while the correlation between the tidal range and the salinity was in the antiphase.Different frequency bands were related to different degrees,and their relevance increased as the resonance frequency decreased.In addition,changes of the seasonal runoff were obvious.Specifically,a point of discontinuity was reached in early June with a cycle of 7-8 d,which coincided with the periodicity of plum rains in the Changjiang-Huaihe region.High-frequency changes （8-16 d period） of the salinity corresponded to the time domain in January-April 2008,February-April 2009 and October-December 2009 and exhibited an approximately 0.5 a （184 d） long frequency oscillation.Short-period changes were found to be stronger than long-period changes.Cross-wavelet transforms for the salinity,the runoff and the tidal range revealed local features in the time domain,while the significant levels of different periodic oscillations were observed in the frequency domain.The correlation characteristics of the salinity and the runoff were significant in the 80-90 d frequency domain,indicating that the major impact of the runoff on the salinity was reflected in seasonal changes.The tidal range on the small scale of 14-15 and 30-32 d was more obvious than the runoff.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 40676009 and 40606006the Basic Research Project of Qingdao Science and Technology Program under contract No. 11-1-4-98-jch
文摘The global distributions of eight principal tidal constituents, M2, S2, K1, O1, N2, K2, P1, and Q1, are derived using TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1（T/P-J） satellite altimeter data for 16 a. The intercomparison of the derived harmonics at 7000 subsatellite track crossover points shows that the root mean square （RMS） values of the tidal height differences of the above eight constituents range from 1.19 cm to 2.67 cm, with an average of about 2 cm. The RMS values of the tidal height differences between T/P-J solutions and the harmonics from ground measurements at 152 tidal gauge stations for the above constituents range from 0.34 cm to 1.08 cm, and the relative deviations range from 0.031 to 0.211. The root sum square of the RMS differences of these eight constituents is 2.12 cm, showing the improvement of the present model over the existing global ocean tidal models. Based on the obtained tidal model the global ocean tidal energetics is studied and the global distribution of the tidal power input density by tide-generating force of each constituent is calculated, showing that the power input source regions of semidiurnal tides are mainly concentrated in the tropical belt between 30S and 30N, while the power input source regions of diurnal tides are mainly concentrated off the tropic oceans. The global energy dissipation rates of the M2, S2, K1, O1, N2, P1, K2 and Q1 tides are 2.424, 0.401, 0.334, 0.160, 0.113, 0.035, 0.030 and 0.006 TW, respectively. The total global tidal dissipation rate of these eight constituents amounts to 3.5 TW.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC1404200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.51520105014 and 51509168)the National Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research for Research Institutes(Grant No.Y218008)
文摘Dynamic tidal power is a new way of capturing tidal energy by building a water head using a dike perpendicular to the coast. This study explored the hydrodynamic mechanism of the water head across an intended dynamic tidal power dike system using the Delft3 D-FLOW software module. The propagating wave was simulated in a rectangular domain with a horizontal sea bottom at a 30-m depth. A significant water head was created across the dike by blocking the water. The water head increased with increasing dike length and increasing undisturbed tidal current acceleration. The maximum water head for the dike with a length of 50 km, located 900 km from the western boundary, was 2.15 m,which exceeded the undisturbed tidal range. The time series of the water head behaved in a manner identical to the undisturbed tidal current acceleration. The distribution of the water head over the dike assumed an elliptical shape. A parasitic wave was generated at the attachment and scattered outward. The phase lag across the dike did not behave as a linear function of the detour distance.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2017YFC1404202)the Key Program Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51137002)+2 种基金the Key Program Project of the Jiangsu Science Foundation (No.SBK201150230)the 111 Project (No.B12032)the Research and Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students of the Universities of Jiangsu Province(No.CXZZ13_0259)
文摘The Taiwan Strait has recently been proposed as a promising site for dynamic tidal power systems because of its shallow depth and strong tides. Dynamic tidal power is a new concept for extracting tidal potential energy in which a coast-perpendicular dike is used to create water head and generate electricity via turbines inserted in the dike. Before starting such a project, the potential power output and hydrodynamic impacts of the dike must be assessed. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model based on the Delft3 D-FLOW module is established to simulate tides in China. A dike module is developed to account for turbine processes and estimate power output by integrating a special algorithm into the model. The domain decomposition technique is used to divide the computational zone into two subdomains with grid refinement near the dike. The hydrodynamic processes predicted by the model, both with and without the proposed construction, are examined in detail, including tidal currents and tidal energy flux. The predicted time-averaged power yields with various opening ratios are presented. The results show that time-averaged power yield peaks at an 8% opening ratio. For semidiurnal tides, the flow velocity increases in front of the head of the dike and decreases on either side. For diurnal tides, these changes are complicated by the oblique incidence of tidal currents with respect to the dike as well as by bathymetric features. The dike itself blocks the propagation of tidal energy flux.
文摘Conventional electricity generation is one of the largest contributors to climate change. Renewable energy sources are a promising part of the solution but uncertainty combined with a lack of controllability prevents renewable sources of power from being direct substitutes of conventional energy sources. This shift towards a higher penetration of renewable energy into the electric grid can be realized with the implementation of a more sophisticated smart grid, which uses dynamic demand response to alter demand on following generation. Research on renewable energy penetration of the grid predominately focuses on wind and solar power resources but demand cannot always match availability from these sources and therefore greatly increases the need for energy storage. Tidal power differs from solar and wind. It’s a predictably renewable resource which makes it extremely valuable even on a relatively small scale. Introduction of tidal power in a high penetration micro-grid can serve to stabilize the grid and reduce the amount of storage required. Widely different time scale for wind, solar and tidal power availability results in low cross correlations and therefore increases stability. This research describes an incremental approach to migrating a grid-tie island towards the formation of a smart-micro grid. The system will include a high penetration of three distributed generation systems, wind, solar and tidal and utilize commercially available energy storage and a smart-home management controller. Dynamic demand response through load balancing is implemented to minimize interactions with the electric grid. A second component of this work is to determine the optimum tidal generation capacity for the micro grid such that needed storage capacity from batteries or the utility grid is minimized.
文摘The counter-rotating type tidal range power unit composed of the axial flow type tandem runners and the peculiar generator with double rotational armatures is proposed to utilize effectively the tidal range. In the unit, the front and the rear runners counter-drive the inner and the outer armatures of the generator, respectively. Besides, the flow runs in the axial direction at the rear runner outlet while the flow has not the swirling component at the front runner inlet, because the angular momentum change through the rear runner must coincides with that through the front runner. Such operations are suitable for bidirectional flows, namely working at the seashore with the rising and the falling tidal ranges, and the unit may be able to take place of the traditional bulb type turbines. To promote more the tidal power generation by this type unit, the runners were modified so as to be suitable for both rising and falling flows. The hydraulic performances are acceptable and take the optimum efficiency at the on-cam operation, while the trailing profiles of the runner blades determine mainly the theoretical output.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51309068,51309069,51579055 and 11572094)the Special Funded of Innovational Talents of Science and Technology in Harbin(Grant No.RC2014QN001008)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2014M561334 and 2015T80330)the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.LBH-Z14060)
文摘To study the characteristics of attenuation, hydrostatic towage and wave response of the vertical-axis floating tidal current energy power generation device （VAFTCEPGD）, a prototype is designed and experiment is carried out in the towing tank. Free decay is conducted to obtain attenuation characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD, and characteristics of mooring forces and motion response, floating condition, especially the lateral displacement of the VAFTCEPGD are obtained from the towing in still water. Tension response of the #1 mooring line and vibration characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD in regular waves as well as in level 4 irregular wave sea state with the current velocity of 0.6 m/s. The results can be reference for theoretical study and engineering applications related to VAFTCEPGD.
基金Supported by the National "863" Program (Grant No.2007AA05Z450)the National S&T Program (Grant No.2008BAA15B04)+2 种基金2010 Ocean Special Funds (Grant No. ZJME2010GC01, No. ZJME2010CY01)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK2010260106)"111 Project" Foundation (Grant No. B07019) from State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China and Ministry of Education of China
文摘As a kind of clean and renewable energy,tidal current energy is becoming increasingly popular all over the world with the shortage of energy and environmental problems becoming more and more severe.A floating tidal current power station is a typical type of tidal current power transformers which can sustain the loads of wind,waves,and current,and even the extreme situation of a typhoon.Therefore,the mooring system must be reliable enough to keep the station operating normally and to survive in extreme situations.The power station examined in this paper was installed at a depth of 40 m.A 44 mm-diameter R4-RQ4 chain was chosen,with a 2 147 kN minimum break strength and 50 kN pretension.Common studless link chain was used in this paper.Based on the Miner fatigue cumulative damage rule,S-N curves of chains,and MOSES software,a highly reliable mooring system was designed and analyzed.The calculation results show that the mooring system designed is reliable throughout a 10-year period.It can completely meet the design requirements of American Petroleum institution（API）.Therefore,the presented research is significant for advancing the design of this kind of power station.
文摘It is important to understand the relationship between the ambient ebb and flood currents and the electricity generated by tidal stream power generators to minimise investment risk and to optimise power generation for distribution purposes. Such analyses no longer rely on average descriptions of the flow field or on single values for the device efficiency. In the present paper, we demonstrate a new method involving the integration of synthesised long termflow vectors with logistic descriptions of the device power curves. New experiments are then described with the Neptune Proteus vertical axis tidal stream power generator involving tow tests at speeds to 1.5 ms–1 in William Wright Dock on the Humber. The results are used to derive appropriate coefficients in the logisticcurve and to estimate the device’s annual electrical output.
文摘Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal streams. Hence a tidal stream power unit with counter-rotating type horizontal-axis bidirectional propellers is proposed in this paper. The blades with fully-symmetrical hydrofoils were optimized numerically. The output and flow conditions predicted by the computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments at the higher tip speed ratios, which are of expected usual operating conditions of this unit. The numerical and experimental results show good agreements. It is also confirmed that the flow discharged from the counter-rotating type propellers has no swirling component, though the single propeller generates the unacceptable swirling component.
文摘Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ocean energy source. Unique tandem propellers that can counter-rotate have been designed to generate electric power effectively from a tidal stream. This type of power unit has several advantages compare to the conventional unit with a single propeller. At the design of the tidal stream power unit, it is important to investigate the structure of the tip vortex tubes shedding to predict the load of the propeller. In this research, we investigated the tip vortex shedding using the CFD method for the conventional single propeller and counter-rotating type tandem propellers and estimated the performance efficiency using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) model and we confirmed the limitation of RANS model on the calculation of the tip vortex stretching.
基金financially supported by the Marine Renewable Energy Funding Project(Grant Nos.GHME2017ZC01 and GHME2016ZC04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.5171101175 and 51679125)+1 种基金Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.16JCYBJC20600)Technology Innovation Fund of National Ocean Technology Center(Grant No.F2180Z002)
文摘In consideration of the resource wasted by unreasonable layout scheme of tidal current turbines, which would influence the ratio of cost and power output, particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced and improved in the paper. In order to solve the problem of optimal array of tidal turbines, the discrete particle swarm optimization(DPSO) algorithm has been performed by re-defining the updating strategies of particles’ velocity and position. This paper analyzes the optimization problem of micrositing of tidal current turbines by adjusting each turbine’s position,where the maximum value of total electric power is obtained at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide.Firstly, the best installed turbine number is generated by maximizing the output energy in the given tidal farm by the Farm/Flux and empirical method. Secondly, considering the wake effect, the reasonable distance between turbines,and the tidal velocities influencing factors in the tidal farm, Jensen wake model and elliptic distribution model are selected for the turbines’ total generating capacity calculation at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide.Finally, the total generating capacity, regarded as objective function, is calculated in the final simulation, thus the DPSO could guide the individuals to the feasible area and optimal position. The results have been concluded that the optimization algorithm, which increased 6.19% more recourse output than experience method, can be thought as a good tool for engineering design of tidal energy demonstration.
基金The Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract Nos 200905001,200905010 and 201005019the Research Programs of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai of China under contract No.09DZ1201200Young Scientist Foundation of the State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No.2008234
文摘Power spectrum and cross-wavelet transform analysis was adopted to study the time-frequency characteristics and multiscale correlations between runoff,tidal range and salinity in the Changjiang Estuary based on the runoff data collected at the Datong Station,the tidal range measured at the Baozhen Station,and the salinity at the Baogang Station from 2008 to 2009.The variations of the salinity showed significant periodicity at scales of 2-3,7-8,14-15 and 26-30 d.The correlation between the salinity and the runoff and the tidal range were found to be significantly related to shock at scales of 5-7,14-15,26-30 d and 0.5 a.The correlation between the runoff and the salinity was mainly in the same phase,while the correlation between the tidal range and the salinity was in the antiphase.Different frequency bands were related to different degrees,and their relevance increased as the resonance frequency decreased.In addition,changes of the seasonal runoff were obvious.Specifically,a point of discontinuity was reached in early June with a cycle of 7-8 d,which coincided with the periodicity of plum rains in the Changjiang-Huaihe region.High-frequency changes （8-16 d period） of the salinity corresponded to the time domain in January-April 2008,February-April 2009 and October-December 2009 and exhibited an approximately 0.5 a （184 d） long frequency oscillation.Short-period changes were found to be stronger than long-period changes.Cross-wavelet transforms for the salinity,the runoff and the tidal range revealed local features in the time domain,while the significant levels of different periodic oscillations were observed in the frequency domain.The correlation characteristics of the salinity and the runoff were significant in the 80-90 d frequency domain,indicating that the major impact of the runoff on the salinity was reflected in seasonal changes.The tidal range on the small scale of 14-15 and 30-32 d was more obvious than the runoff.
