Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poi...Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poisoning of air electrodes,causing substantial degradation in electrochemical performance and compromising the longterm stability of SOCs.This mini-review examines the mechanism of Cr deposition and poisoning in air electrodes under both fuel-cell and electrolysis modes.Furthermore,emphasis is placed on the recent advancements in strategies to mitigate Cr poisoning,offering insights into the rational design and development of active and Cr-tolerant air electrodes for SOCs.展开更多
Reversible solid oxide cell(RSOC)is a new energy conversion device with significant applications,especially for power grid peaking shaving.However,the reversible conversion process of power generation/energy storage p...Reversible solid oxide cell(RSOC)is a new energy conversion device with significant applications,especially for power grid peaking shaving.However,the reversible conversion process of power generation/energy storage poses challenges for the performance and stability of air electrodes.In this work,a novel high-entropy perovskite oxide La_(0.2)Pr_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Sr_(0.2)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ)(HE-LSCF)is proposed and investigated as an air electrode in RSOC.The electrochemical behavior of HE-LSCF was studied as an air electrode in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes.The polarization impedance(Rp)of the HE-LSCF electrode is only 0.25Ω·cm^(2) at 800℃ in an air atmosphere.Notably,at an electrolytic voltage of 2 V and a temperature of 800℃,the current density reaches up to 1.68 A/cm^(2).The HE-LSCF air electrode exhibited excellent reversibility and stability,and its electrochemical performance remains stable after 100 h of reversible operation.With these advantages,HE-LSCF is shown to be an excellent air electrode for RSOC.展开更多
Multicomponent Gd_(1−x)Sm_(x)Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)double perovskites are optimized for application in terms of chemical composi-tion and morphology for the use as oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells.Structur...Multicomponent Gd_(1−x)Sm_(x)Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)double perovskites are optimized for application in terms of chemical composi-tion and morphology for the use as oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells.Structural studies of other physicochemical properties are con-ducted on a series of materials obtained by the sol-gel method with different ratios of Gd and Sm cations.It is documented that changing the x value,and the resulting adjustment of the average ionic radius,have a significant impact on the crystal structure,stability,as well as on the total conductivity and thermomechanical properties of the materials,with the best results obtained for the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)composition.Oxygen electrodes are prepared using the selected compound,allowing to obtain low polarization resistance values,such as 0.086Ω·cm^(2)at 800℃.Systematic studies of electrocatalytic activity are conducted using La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(_(0.2))O_(3−δ)as the electrolyte for all electrodes,and Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)electrolyte for the best performing Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes.The electrochemical data are analyzed using the distribution of relaxation times method.Also,the influence of the preparation method of the electrode material is in-ve`stigated using the electrospinning technique.Finally,the performance of the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes is tested in a Ni-YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia)anode-supported cell with a Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)buffer layer,in the fuel cell and electrolyzer operating modes.With the electrospun electrode,a power density of 462 mW·cm^(−2)is obtained at 700℃,with a current density of ca.0.2 A·cm^(−2)at 1.3 V for the electrolysis at the same temperature,indicating better performance compared to the sol-gel-based electrode.展开更多
Developing highly active and stable air electrodes remains challenging for reversible solid oxide cells(R-SOCs).Herein,we re-port an A-site high-entropy engineered perovskite oxide,La_(0.2)Pr_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Ba_(0.2)Sr_(...Developing highly active and stable air electrodes remains challenging for reversible solid oxide cells(R-SOCs).Herein,we re-port an A-site high-entropy engineered perovskite oxide,La_(0.2)Pr_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Ba_(0.2)Sr_(0.2)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ)(HE-LSCF),and its electrocatalytic activity and stability property are systematically probed for tubular R-SOCs.The HE-LSCF air electrode exhibits excellent oxygen reduction reac-tion(ORR)activity with a low polarization resistance of 0.042Ω·cm^(2)at 700℃,which is much lower than that of La0.6Sr0.4Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ)(LSCF),indicating the excellent catalytic activity of HE-LSCF.Meanwhile,the tubular R-SOCs with HE-LSCF shows a high peak power density of 1.18 W·cm^(−2)in the fuel cell mode and a promising electrolysis current density of−0.52 A·cm^(−2)at 1.5 V in the electrolysis mode with H_(2)(~10%H_(2)O)atmosphere at 700℃.More importantly,the tubular R-SOCs with HE-LSCF shows favorable stability under 180 h reversible cycling test.Our results show the high-entropy design can significantly enhance the activity and robustness of LSCF electrode for tubular R-SOCs.展开更多
Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are attractive electrochemical energy conversion/storage technologies for electricity/green hydrogen production because of the high efficiencies,all-solid structure,and superb reversibility.Neve...Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are attractive electrochemical energy conversion/storage technologies for electricity/green hydrogen production because of the high efficiencies,all-solid structure,and superb reversibility.Nevertheless,the widespread applications of SOCs are remarkably restricted by the inferior stability and high material costs induced by the high operational temperatures(600-800℃).Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to suppressing the operating temperatures of SOCs to decrease the overall costs and enhance the long-term durability.However,fuel electrodes as key components in SOCs suffer from insufficient(electro)catalytic activity and inferior impurity tolerance/redox resistance at reduced temperatures.Nanostructures and relevant nanomaterials exhibit great potential to boost the performance of fuel electrodes for low-temperature(LT)-SOCs due to the unique surface/interface properties,enlarged active sites,and strong interaction.Herein,an in-time review about advances in the design and fabrication of nanostructured fuel electrodes for LT-SOCs is presented by emphasizing the crucial role of nanostructure construction in boosting the performance of fuel electrodes and the relevant/distinct material design strategies.The main achievements,remaining challenges,and research trends about the development of nanostructured fuel electrodes in LT-SOCs are also presented,aiming to offer important insights for the future development of energy storage/conversion technologies.展开更多
In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on tran...In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on transition metal oxides/graphene which have demonstrated significant potential for improving capacitance.The electrochemical properties of titanium oxide doped graphene in current research have been improved through the incorporation of rare earth metals.The hydrothermal technique was chosen for the fabrication of nanocomposites as electrode materials.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) approaches were employed for the characterization of nanocomposites.Ternary and quaternary nanocomposites with 2 wt% rare earth elements doped with titanium oxide and graphene were synthesized with various ratios of lanthanum and cerium as dopants.In 2 wt% La:Ce-TiO_(2)/rGO,lanthanum,and cerium were doped in 1:1,1:3,and 1:5 ratios.2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO among co-doped composites exhibits better capacitive performance as determined through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge.Among all the nanocomposites 422 F/g was the maximum depicted by 2 wt%La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO at a scan rate of 10 mV/s(potential window from-0.4 to+0.6 V) and 1895 F/g at1 mV/s(potential window-0.6 to+0.6 V).specific capacitance was also determined via GCD,and a maximum capacitance of 486 F/g is depicted by 2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO.The same composites have also served as promising electrode materials in terms of columbic efficiency,power,and energy density.展开更多
High-entropy oxides(HEOs),offering reversible lithium storage and moderate operating potential,are considered promising negative electrodes.However,the intricate lithium storage mechanism within HE polycationic system...High-entropy oxides(HEOs),offering reversible lithium storage and moderate operating potential,are considered promising negative electrodes.However,the intricate lithium storage mechanism within HE polycationic systems remains challenging.Here,we conduct comprehensive investigations into the electrochemical properties and structu ral evolution of(CrMnCoNiZn)_(3)O_(4)(HESO)to clarify lithium storage mechanisms.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that polycationic synergy modulates the electronic structure and d-band centers of HESO,delivering fast electrode kinetics.Exhaustive in-and exsitu analyses demonstrate that the residual crystalline phases acting as seed crystals maintain the spinel/rock-salt lattice persistence under the entropy stabilization effect,lattice distortion effect,and cation synergy,which guide cation crystallization upon the electric field to drive reversible lithium storage.Such properties underlie the HESO electrode with an exceptional rate and long-term capability.This work clarifies the roles of cationic synergy and seed-crystal-driven structural reversibility,providing a blueprint for designing high-performance HEO negative electrodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).展开更多
The insufficient stability and poor surface reaction kinetics(i.e.,oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER))of air electrodes are significant factors hindering the development of reversible sol...The insufficient stability and poor surface reaction kinetics(i.e.,oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER))of air electrodes are significant factors hindering the development of reversible solid oxide cells(R-SOCs).The high-entropy strategy offers a new direction to optimize air electrodes.We introduce a high-entropy air electrode,(La_(0.12)Pr_(0.12)Nd_(0.12)Sm_(0.12)Gd_(0.12))Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3-δ)(LPNSGSrCF),demonstrating a low polarization resistance(0.15Ωcm^(2))and good durability(1.3×10^(-3)Ωcm^(2)h^(-1)),superior to those of La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3-δ)(0.31Ωcm^(2),2.0×10^(-3)Ωcm^(2)h^(-1))at 650℃.The elevated activity may be a result of the substantial concentration of oxygen vacancies and rapid reaction kinetics,as verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and distribution of relaxation times studies.Specifically,an R-SOC with LPNSGSrCF air electrode achieves a peak power density of 1.05 W cm^(-2)in fuel cell mode and a current density of0.89 A cm^(-2)at 1.3 V in electrolysis cell mode(with 30%H_(2)O)at 700℃.Moreover,the cells with LPNSGSrCF electrode can be stably operated in both modes for over 100 h.展开更多
The Ti base PbO 2 electrode prepared by electrodeposition of PbO 2 on the surface of titanium was used for electro catalytic oxidation of phenol in waste water. The experimental results show that the electrodeposition...The Ti base PbO 2 electrode prepared by electrodeposition of PbO 2 on the surface of titanium was used for electro catalytic oxidation of phenol in waste water. The experimental results show that the electrodeposition of PbO 2 at a higher current density for a short time, then followed by a lower current density can get a compact and combinative PbO 2 layer. The properties of a Ti/PbO 2 electrode with an interlayer of oxide are the best. When this kind of electrode is used to treat phenol containing waste water, the phenol removal rate is higher and the slot voltage is lower. In addition, by using the phenol removal rate as an index, the influences of electrolysis current density, mass transfer condition and pH were studied and the optimal condition was confirmed.展开更多
Monolayer ultra-large graphene oxide （UL-GO） sheets with diameter up to about 100 μm were synthesized based on a chemical method. Transparent conductive films were produced using the UL-GO sheets that were deposite...Monolayer ultra-large graphene oxide （UL-GO） sheets with diameter up to about 100 μm were synthesized based on a chemical method. Transparent conductive films were produced using the UL-GO sheets that were deposited layer-by-layer on a substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett （L-B） assembly technique. The films produced from UL-GO sheets with a close-packed flat structure exhibit exceptionally high electrical conductivity and transparency after thermal reduction. A remarkable sheet resistance of 605 -/sq at 86% transparency is obtained, which outperforms the graphene films grown on a Ni substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The technique used to produce transparent conductive films is facile, inexpensive and tunable for mass production.展开更多
The conventional Ni cermet anode suffers from severe carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning when fossil fuels are used. Alternative anode materials are desired for high performance hydrocarbon fuel solid oxide fuel ce...The conventional Ni cermet anode suffers from severe carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning when fossil fuels are used. Alternative anode materials are desired for high performance hydrocarbon fuel solid oxide fuel cells （SOFCs）. We report the rational design of a very active Ni doped La0.6Sr0.4FeO3‐δ（LSFN） electrode for hydrocarbon fuel SOFCs. Homogeneously dispersed Ni‐Fe alloy nanoparticles were in situ extruded onto the surface of the LSFN particles during the operation of the cell. Sym‐metric SOFC single cells were prepared by impregnating a LSFN precursor solution onto a YSZ （yt‐tria stabilized zirconia） monolithic cell with a subsequent heat treatment. The open circuit voltage of the LSFN symmetric cell reached 1.18 and 1.0 V in humidified C3H8 and CH4 at 750？？, respective‐ly. The peak power densities of the cells were 400 and 230 mW/cm2 in humidified C3H8 and CH4, respectively. The electrode showed good stability in long term testing, which revealed LSFN has good catalytic activity for hydrocarbon fuel oxidation.展开更多
This work describes the discharge characteristics and acetone degradation with plasma under different electric fields based on a coaxial cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)device energized by pulsed power.It...This work describes the discharge characteristics and acetone degradation with plasma under different electric fields based on a coaxial cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)device energized by pulsed power.It is found that the segmented electrodes with appropriate spacing in coaxial cylindrical DBD are beneficial to the plasma ionization.In this work,the plasma distribution,discharge thermal effect,ionization of reactive species,and acetone degradation performance in coaxial cylindrical DBD with different segmented electrodes are systematically investigated.The experimental results show that segmented electrodes with a certain distance can cause additional ionization in the non-electrode-covered region between adjacent electrodes,thus enlarging the plasma region compared with a single electrode with equivalent total electrode length.The additional ionization involved the inner volume discharge between the quartz tubes and the outer surface discharge along the surface of the external quartz tube.The spatial distributions of the inner volume discharge and external surface discharge were predominantly governed by the radial and axial components of the inter-electrode electric field,respectively.The external surface discharge exhibited significant suppression when the electrode spacing was<1.5 mm,and it reached its maximum length at 3 mm spacing.When the electrode distance increased to 7-9 mm,a weak ionizing region appeared in the middle of the adjacent electrodes,which could be attributed to the gradual attenuation of the radial component with the increasing electrode spacing.A higher thermal effect and better oxidation of acetone to CO_(x)(CO and CO_(2))were achieved with the segmented electrode;the dual-segment configuration(3 mm per electrode)achieved a reactor temperature of 63.4℃,representing a 10℃enhancement over comparable single-electrode systems.Similarly,the CO_(2)and CO concentration reached 328.8 mg/m3and 105.7 mg/m3,respectively,in two 3 mm long segmented electrodes,which was an increase of 12.2%and 25.6%,respectively,compared with the single electrode.Notably,considering the equivalent ionization of the inner discharge with different electrodes,the enhanced thermal effects and CO_(x)conversion efficiency directly correlate with the expanded plasma zone induced by electrode segmentation.This work provides critical insights into optimizing electrode configurations for efficient plasma-assisted volatile organic compound degradation systems.展开更多
In this study,we successfully synthesized double perovskite-type oxide NdBa0.5Ca0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ(NBCCF)using a conventional wet chemical method as the oxygen electrode for reversible solid oxide electrochemical cell...In this study,we successfully synthesized double perovskite-type oxide NdBa0.5Ca0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ(NBCCF)using a conventional wet chemical method as the oxygen electrode for reversible solid oxide electrochemical cells(RSOCs).The polarization resistance(Rp)of the composite electrode NBCCFGd0.1Ce0.9O2(GDC)is only 0.079Ωcm^2 at 800℃under air.The single cell based on NBCCF-GDC electrode displays a peak power density of 0.941 W/cm^2 in fuel cell mode and a low Rp value of 0.134Ωcm^2.In electrolysis cell mode,the cell displays an outstanding oxygen evolution reaction(OER)activity and shows current density as high as 0.92 A/cm^2 with 50 vol%AH(Absolute Humidity)at 800℃and applied voltage of 1.3 V.Most importantly,the cell exhibits admirable durability of 60 h both in electrolysis mode and fuel cell mode with distinguished reversibility.All these results suggest that NBCCF is a promising candidate electrode for RSOC.展开更多
In order to achieve better Na storage performance, most layered oxide positive electrode materials contain toxic and expensive transition metals Ni and/or Co, which are also widely used for lithium-ion batteries. Here...In order to achieve better Na storage performance, most layered oxide positive electrode materials contain toxic and expensive transition metals Ni and/or Co, which are also widely used for lithium-ion batteries. Here we report a new quaternary layered oxide consisting of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ti transition metals with O3-type oxygen stacking as a positive electrode for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries. The material can be simply prepared by a high-temperature solidstate reaction route and delivers a reversible capacity of 94 m Ah/g with an average storage voltage of 3.2 V. This paves the way for cheaper and non-toxic batteries with high Na storage performance.展开更多
The sandwich-like structure of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline （RGO/PANI） hybrid electrode was prepared by electrochemical deposition. Both the voltage windows and electrolytes for electrochemical deposition of P...The sandwich-like structure of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline （RGO/PANI） hybrid electrode was prepared by electrochemical deposition. Both the voltage windows and electrolytes for electrochemical deposition of PANI and RGO were optimized. In the composites, PANI nanofibers were anchored on the surface of the RGO sheets, which avoids the re-stacking of neighboring sheets. The R（;O/PANI composite electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 466 F/g at 2 mA/cm2 than that of previously reported RGO/PANI composites. Asymmetric flexible supercapacitors applying RGO/PANI as positive electrode and carbon fiber cloth as negative electrode can be cycled reversibly in the high-voltage region of 0-1.6 V and displays intriguing performance with a maximum specific capacitance of 35.5 mF cm^-2. Also, it delivers a high energy density of 45.5 mW h cm^-2 at power density of 1250 mW cm^-2. Furthermore, the asymmetric device exhibits an excellent long cycle life with 97.6Z initial capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. Such composite electrode has a great potential for applications in flexible electronics, roll-up display, and wearable devices.2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science ＆ Technology.展开更多
This article delivers a robust overview of potential electrode materials for use in symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells(S-SOFCs),a relatively new SOFC technology.To this end,this article provides a comprehensive review...This article delivers a robust overview of potential electrode materials for use in symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells(S-SOFCs),a relatively new SOFC technology.To this end,this article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances and progress in electrode materials for S-SOFC,discussing both the selection of materials and the challenges that come with making that choice.This article discussed the relevant factors involved in developing electrodes with nano/microstructure.Nanocomposites,e.g.,non-cobalt and lithiated materials,are only a few of the electrode types now being researched.Furthermore,the phase structure and microstructure of the produced materials are heavily influenced by the synthesis procedure.Insights into the possibilities and difficulties of the material are discussed.To achieve the desired microstructural features,this article focuses on a synthesis technique that is either the most recent or a better iteration of an existing process.The portion of this analysis that addresses the risks associated with manufacturing and the challenges posed by materials when fabricating S-SOFCs is the most critical.This article also provides important and useful recommendations for the strategic design of electrode materials researchers.展开更多
Effects of flaky rare earth oxide additives including Er2O3,Tm2O3,and Yb2O3,Lu2O3 on high temperature and high rate discharge performance of nickel electrodes were investigated.The discharge efficiency at 0.2C reached...Effects of flaky rare earth oxide additives including Er2O3,Tm2O3,and Yb2O3,Lu2O3 on high temperature and high rate discharge performance of nickel electrodes were investigated.The discharge efficiency at 0.2C reached 96% at 60 oC for electrodes with 1 at.% flaky rare earth oxides.The high rate discharge performance for electrodes with flaky rare earth oxides were improved significantly,for example,discharge efficiency at 5C improved from 50% to 70%.The results showed that the end charging potential of the ...展开更多
Reversible proton ceramic electrochemical cell(R-PCEC)is regarded as the most promising energy conversion device,which can realize efficient mutual conversion of electrical and chemical energy and to solve the problem...Reversible proton ceramic electrochemical cell(R-PCEC)is regarded as the most promising energy conversion device,which can realize efficient mutual conversion of electrical and chemical energy and to solve the problem of large-scale energy storage.However,the development of robust electrodes with high catalytic activity is the main bottleneck for the commercialization of R-PCECs.Here,a novel type of high-entropy perovskite oxide consisting of six equimolar metals in the A-site,Pr_(1/6)La_(1/6)Nd_(1/6)Ba_(1/6)Sr_(1/6)Ca_(1/6)CoO_(3−δ)(PLN-BSCC),is reported as a high-performance bifunctional air electrode for R-PCEC.By harnessing the unique functionalities of multiple ele-ments,high-entropy perovskite oxide can be anticipated to accelerate reaction rates in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes.Especially,an R-PCEC utilizing the PLNBSCC air electrode achieves exceptional electrochemical performances,demonstrating a peak power density of 1.21 W cm^(−2)for the fuel cell,while simultaneously obtaining an astonishing current density of−1.95 A cm^(−2)at an electrolysis voltage of 1.3 V and a temperature of 600℃.The significantly enhanced electrochemical performance and durability of the PLNBSCC air electrode is attributed mainly to the high electrons/ions conductivity,fast hydration reactivity and high configurational entropy.This research explores to a new avenue to develop optimally active and stable air electrodes for R-PCECs.展开更多
Graphene oxide has been used widely as a starting precursor for applications that cater to the needs of tunable graphene. However, the hydrophilic characteristic limits their application, especially in a hydrophobic c...Graphene oxide has been used widely as a starting precursor for applications that cater to the needs of tunable graphene. However, the hydrophilic characteristic limits their application, especially in a hydrophobic condition. Herein, a novel non-covalent surface modification approach towards graphene oxide was conducted via a UV-induced photo-polymerization technique that involves two major routes; a UV-sensitive initiator embedded via pi-pi interactions on the graphene planar rings, and the polymerization of hydrophobic polymeric chains along the surface. The functionalized graphene oxide successfully achieved the desired hydrophobicity as it displayed the characteristic of being readily dissolved in organic solvent. Upon its addition into a polymeric solution and subjected to an electrospinning process,non-woven random nanofibers embedded with graphene oxide sheets were obtained. The prepared polymeric nanofibers were subjected to two-step thermal treatments that eventually converted the polymeric chains into a carbon-rich conductive structure. A unique morphology was observed upon the addition of the functionalized graphene oxide, whereby the sheets were embedded and intercalated within the carbon nanofibers and formed a continuous structure. This reinforcement effectively enhanced the electrochemical performance of the carbon nanofibers by recording a specific capacitance of up to 140.10 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g, which was approximately three folds more than that of pristine nanofibers.It also retained the capacitance up to 96.2% after 1000 vigorous charge/discharge cycles. This functionalization technique opens up a new pathway in tuning the solubility nature of graphene oxide towards the synthesis of a graphene oxide-reinforced polymeric structure.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279018)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005055)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01085).
文摘Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are emerging devices for efficient energy storage and conversion.However,during SOC operation,gaseous chromium(Cr)species released from Fe-Cr alloy interconnect can lead to Cr deposition and poisoning of air electrodes,causing substantial degradation in electrochemical performance and compromising the longterm stability of SOCs.This mini-review examines the mechanism of Cr deposition and poisoning in air electrodes under both fuel-cell and electrolysis modes.Furthermore,emphasis is placed on the recent advancements in strategies to mitigate Cr poisoning,offering insights into the rational design and development of active and Cr-tolerant air electrodes for SOCs.
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023KYJD1008)the Science Research Projects of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China(2022AH051582).
文摘Reversible solid oxide cell(RSOC)is a new energy conversion device with significant applications,especially for power grid peaking shaving.However,the reversible conversion process of power generation/energy storage poses challenges for the performance and stability of air electrodes.In this work,a novel high-entropy perovskite oxide La_(0.2)Pr_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Sm_(0.2)Sr_(0.2)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ)(HE-LSCF)is proposed and investigated as an air electrode in RSOC.The electrochemical behavior of HE-LSCF was studied as an air electrode in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes.The polarization impedance(Rp)of the HE-LSCF electrode is only 0.25Ω·cm^(2) at 800℃ in an air atmosphere.Notably,at an electrolytic voltage of 2 V and a temperature of 800℃,the current density reaches up to 1.68 A/cm^(2).The HE-LSCF air electrode exhibited excellent reversibility and stability,and its electrochemical performance remains stable after 100 h of reversible operation.With these advantages,HE-LSCF is shown to be an excellent air electrode for RSOC.
基金funded by the National Science Centre,Poland,on the basis of the decision number UMO-2020/37/B/ST8/02097supported by the program“Excellence Initiative-Research University”for the AGH University of Krakow(IDUB AGH,No.501.696.7996,Action 4,ID 9880).
文摘Multicomponent Gd_(1−x)Sm_(x)Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)double perovskites are optimized for application in terms of chemical composi-tion and morphology for the use as oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells.Structural studies of other physicochemical properties are con-ducted on a series of materials obtained by the sol-gel method with different ratios of Gd and Sm cations.It is documented that changing the x value,and the resulting adjustment of the average ionic radius,have a significant impact on the crystal structure,stability,as well as on the total conductivity and thermomechanical properties of the materials,with the best results obtained for the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)composition.Oxygen electrodes are prepared using the selected compound,allowing to obtain low polarization resistance values,such as 0.086Ω·cm^(2)at 800℃.Systematic studies of electrocatalytic activity are conducted using La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(_(0.2))O_(3−δ)as the electrolyte for all electrodes,and Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)electrolyte for the best performing Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes.The electrochemical data are analyzed using the distribution of relaxation times method.Also,the influence of the preparation method of the electrode material is in-ve`stigated using the electrospinning technique.Finally,the performance of the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes is tested in a Ni-YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia)anode-supported cell with a Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)buffer layer,in the fuel cell and electrolyzer operating modes.With the electrospun electrode,a power density of 462 mW·cm^(−2)is obtained at 700℃,with a current density of ca.0.2 A·cm^(−2)at 1.3 V for the electrolysis at the same temperature,indicating better performance compared to the sol-gel-based electrode.
基金support provided by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFE0101500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52272257)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20240109).
文摘Developing highly active and stable air electrodes remains challenging for reversible solid oxide cells(R-SOCs).Herein,we re-port an A-site high-entropy engineered perovskite oxide,La_(0.2)Pr_(0.2)Nd_(0.2)Ba_(0.2)Sr_(0.2)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ)(HE-LSCF),and its electrocatalytic activity and stability property are systematically probed for tubular R-SOCs.The HE-LSCF air electrode exhibits excellent oxygen reduction reac-tion(ORR)activity with a low polarization resistance of 0.042Ω·cm^(2)at 700℃,which is much lower than that of La0.6Sr0.4Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3−δ)(LSCF),indicating the excellent catalytic activity of HE-LSCF.Meanwhile,the tubular R-SOCs with HE-LSCF shows a high peak power density of 1.18 W·cm^(−2)in the fuel cell mode and a promising electrolysis current density of−0.52 A·cm^(−2)at 1.5 V in the electrolysis mode with H_(2)(~10%H_(2)O)atmosphere at 700℃.More importantly,the tubular R-SOCs with HE-LSCF shows favorable stability under 180 h reversible cycling test.Our results show the high-entropy design can significantly enhance the activity and robustness of LSCF electrode for tubular R-SOCs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB4002502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22279057)。
文摘Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are attractive electrochemical energy conversion/storage technologies for electricity/green hydrogen production because of the high efficiencies,all-solid structure,and superb reversibility.Nevertheless,the widespread applications of SOCs are remarkably restricted by the inferior stability and high material costs induced by the high operational temperatures(600-800℃).Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to suppressing the operating temperatures of SOCs to decrease the overall costs and enhance the long-term durability.However,fuel electrodes as key components in SOCs suffer from insufficient(electro)catalytic activity and inferior impurity tolerance/redox resistance at reduced temperatures.Nanostructures and relevant nanomaterials exhibit great potential to boost the performance of fuel electrodes for low-temperature(LT)-SOCs due to the unique surface/interface properties,enlarged active sites,and strong interaction.Herein,an in-time review about advances in the design and fabrication of nanostructured fuel electrodes for LT-SOCs is presented by emphasizing the crucial role of nanostructure construction in boosting the performance of fuel electrodes and the relevant/distinct material design strategies.The main achievements,remaining challenges,and research trends about the development of nanostructured fuel electrodes in LT-SOCs are also presented,aiming to offer important insights for the future development of energy storage/conversion technologies.
文摘In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on transition metal oxides/graphene which have demonstrated significant potential for improving capacitance.The electrochemical properties of titanium oxide doped graphene in current research have been improved through the incorporation of rare earth metals.The hydrothermal technique was chosen for the fabrication of nanocomposites as electrode materials.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) approaches were employed for the characterization of nanocomposites.Ternary and quaternary nanocomposites with 2 wt% rare earth elements doped with titanium oxide and graphene were synthesized with various ratios of lanthanum and cerium as dopants.In 2 wt% La:Ce-TiO_(2)/rGO,lanthanum,and cerium were doped in 1:1,1:3,and 1:5 ratios.2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO among co-doped composites exhibits better capacitive performance as determined through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge.Among all the nanocomposites 422 F/g was the maximum depicted by 2 wt%La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO at a scan rate of 10 mV/s(potential window from-0.4 to+0.6 V) and 1895 F/g at1 mV/s(potential window-0.6 to+0.6 V).specific capacitance was also determined via GCD,and a maximum capacitance of 486 F/g is depicted by 2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO.The same composites have also served as promising electrode materials in terms of columbic efficiency,power,and energy density.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22271101)the R&D Program of Guangzhou(2024A04J2497)+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry&Physics of Ministry of Educationsupported by the High Performance Computing Platform of SCUT。
文摘High-entropy oxides(HEOs),offering reversible lithium storage and moderate operating potential,are considered promising negative electrodes.However,the intricate lithium storage mechanism within HE polycationic systems remains challenging.Here,we conduct comprehensive investigations into the electrochemical properties and structu ral evolution of(CrMnCoNiZn)_(3)O_(4)(HESO)to clarify lithium storage mechanisms.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that polycationic synergy modulates the electronic structure and d-band centers of HESO,delivering fast electrode kinetics.Exhaustive in-and exsitu analyses demonstrate that the residual crystalline phases acting as seed crystals maintain the spinel/rock-salt lattice persistence under the entropy stabilization effect,lattice distortion effect,and cation synergy,which guide cation crystallization upon the electric field to drive reversible lithium storage.Such properties underlie the HESO electrode with an exceptional rate and long-term capability.This work clarifies the roles of cationic synergy and seed-crystal-driven structural reversibility,providing a blueprint for designing high-performance HEO negative electrodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4003601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179039)+4 种基金the Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Guangdong(2021ZT09L392)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(2024A04J3079)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515010448)the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program(2019QN01C693)Zijin Mining Group Co.,Ltd(5405-ZC-2023-00008).
文摘The insufficient stability and poor surface reaction kinetics(i.e.,oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER))of air electrodes are significant factors hindering the development of reversible solid oxide cells(R-SOCs).The high-entropy strategy offers a new direction to optimize air electrodes.We introduce a high-entropy air electrode,(La_(0.12)Pr_(0.12)Nd_(0.12)Sm_(0.12)Gd_(0.12))Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3-δ)(LPNSGSrCF),demonstrating a low polarization resistance(0.15Ωcm^(2))and good durability(1.3×10^(-3)Ωcm^(2)h^(-1)),superior to those of La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3-δ)(0.31Ωcm^(2),2.0×10^(-3)Ωcm^(2)h^(-1))at 650℃.The elevated activity may be a result of the substantial concentration of oxygen vacancies and rapid reaction kinetics,as verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and distribution of relaxation times studies.Specifically,an R-SOC with LPNSGSrCF air electrode achieves a peak power density of 1.05 W cm^(-2)in fuel cell mode and a current density of0.89 A cm^(-2)at 1.3 V in electrolysis cell mode(with 30%H_(2)O)at 700℃.Moreover,the cells with LPNSGSrCF electrode can be stably operated in both modes for over 100 h.
文摘The Ti base PbO 2 electrode prepared by electrodeposition of PbO 2 on the surface of titanium was used for electro catalytic oxidation of phenol in waste water. The experimental results show that the electrodeposition of PbO 2 at a higher current density for a short time, then followed by a lower current density can get a compact and combinative PbO 2 layer. The properties of a Ti/PbO 2 electrode with an interlayer of oxide are the best. When this kind of electrode is used to treat phenol containing waste water, the phenol removal rate is higher and the slot voltage is lower. In addition, by using the phenol removal rate as an index, the influences of electrolysis current density, mass transfer condition and pH were studied and the optimal condition was confirmed.
基金Project (51102170) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2010CB234609) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Monolayer ultra-large graphene oxide （UL-GO） sheets with diameter up to about 100 μm were synthesized based on a chemical method. Transparent conductive films were produced using the UL-GO sheets that were deposited layer-by-layer on a substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett （L-B） assembly technique. The films produced from UL-GO sheets with a close-packed flat structure exhibit exceptionally high electrical conductivity and transparency after thermal reduction. A remarkable sheet resistance of 605 -/sq at 86% transparency is obtained, which outperforms the graphene films grown on a Ni substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The technique used to produce transparent conductive films is facile, inexpensive and tunable for mass production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51372271,51172275)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program,2012CB215402)~~
文摘The conventional Ni cermet anode suffers from severe carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning when fossil fuels are used. Alternative anode materials are desired for high performance hydrocarbon fuel solid oxide fuel cells （SOFCs）. We report the rational design of a very active Ni doped La0.6Sr0.4FeO3‐δ（LSFN） electrode for hydrocarbon fuel SOFCs. Homogeneously dispersed Ni‐Fe alloy nanoparticles were in situ extruded onto the surface of the LSFN particles during the operation of the cell. Sym‐metric SOFC single cells were prepared by impregnating a LSFN precursor solution onto a YSZ （yt‐tria stabilized zirconia） monolithic cell with a subsequent heat treatment. The open circuit voltage of the LSFN symmetric cell reached 1.18 and 1.0 V in humidified C3H8 and CH4 at 750？？, respective‐ly. The peak power densities of the cells were 400 and 230 mW/cm2 in humidified C3H8 and CH4, respectively. The electrode showed good stability in long term testing, which revealed LSFN has good catalytic activity for hydrocarbon fuel oxidation.
文摘This work describes the discharge characteristics and acetone degradation with plasma under different electric fields based on a coaxial cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)device energized by pulsed power.It is found that the segmented electrodes with appropriate spacing in coaxial cylindrical DBD are beneficial to the plasma ionization.In this work,the plasma distribution,discharge thermal effect,ionization of reactive species,and acetone degradation performance in coaxial cylindrical DBD with different segmented electrodes are systematically investigated.The experimental results show that segmented electrodes with a certain distance can cause additional ionization in the non-electrode-covered region between adjacent electrodes,thus enlarging the plasma region compared with a single electrode with equivalent total electrode length.The additional ionization involved the inner volume discharge between the quartz tubes and the outer surface discharge along the surface of the external quartz tube.The spatial distributions of the inner volume discharge and external surface discharge were predominantly governed by the radial and axial components of the inter-electrode electric field,respectively.The external surface discharge exhibited significant suppression when the electrode spacing was<1.5 mm,and it reached its maximum length at 3 mm spacing.When the electrode distance increased to 7-9 mm,a weak ionizing region appeared in the middle of the adjacent electrodes,which could be attributed to the gradual attenuation of the radial component with the increasing electrode spacing.A higher thermal effect and better oxidation of acetone to CO_(x)(CO and CO_(2))were achieved with the segmented electrode;the dual-segment configuration(3 mm per electrode)achieved a reactor temperature of 63.4℃,representing a 10℃enhancement over comparable single-electrode systems.Similarly,the CO_(2)and CO concentration reached 328.8 mg/m3and 105.7 mg/m3,respectively,in two 3 mm long segmented electrodes,which was an increase of 12.2%and 25.6%,respectively,compared with the single electrode.Notably,considering the equivalent ionization of the inner discharge with different electrodes,the enhanced thermal effects and CO_(x)conversion efficiency directly correlate with the expanded plasma zone induced by electrode segmentation.This work provides critical insights into optimizing electrode configurations for efficient plasma-assisted volatile organic compound degradation systems.
基金financial support from National Key Research&Development Project(2016YFE0126900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672095)+2 种基金Hubei Province(2018AAA057)the EPSRC Capital for Great Technologies Grant EP/L017008/1the China Scholarship Council for funding(201806160178)。
文摘In this study,we successfully synthesized double perovskite-type oxide NdBa0.5Ca0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ(NBCCF)using a conventional wet chemical method as the oxygen electrode for reversible solid oxide electrochemical cells(RSOCs).The polarization resistance(Rp)of the composite electrode NBCCFGd0.1Ce0.9O2(GDC)is only 0.079Ωcm^2 at 800℃under air.The single cell based on NBCCF-GDC electrode displays a peak power density of 0.941 W/cm^2 in fuel cell mode and a low Rp value of 0.134Ωcm^2.In electrolysis cell mode,the cell displays an outstanding oxygen evolution reaction(OER)activity and shows current density as high as 0.92 A/cm^2 with 50 vol%AH(Absolute Humidity)at 800℃and applied voltage of 1.3 V.Most importantly,the cell exhibits admirable durability of 60 h both in electrolysis mode and fuel cell mode with distinguished reversibility.All these results suggest that NBCCF is a promising candidate electrode for RSOC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51222210 and 11234013)the One Hundred Talent Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘In order to achieve better Na storage performance, most layered oxide positive electrode materials contain toxic and expensive transition metals Ni and/or Co, which are also widely used for lithium-ion batteries. Here we report a new quaternary layered oxide consisting of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ti transition metals with O3-type oxygen stacking as a positive electrode for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries. The material can be simply prepared by a high-temperature solidstate reaction route and delivers a reversible capacity of 94 m Ah/g with an average storage voltage of 3.2 V. This paves the way for cheaper and non-toxic batteries with high Na storage performance.
基金supported by the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Provincethe Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161289)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education of Jiangsu Province (17KJB610009)the Research Innovation Program for College Graduates and Students of Jiangsu Province (KYZZ15 0043)the Foundation of Nantong Vocational University (1512102)the College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province (201612684001Y)333 Talents Program of Jiangsu Province (BRA2016195)
文摘The sandwich-like structure of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline （RGO/PANI） hybrid electrode was prepared by electrochemical deposition. Both the voltage windows and electrolytes for electrochemical deposition of PANI and RGO were optimized. In the composites, PANI nanofibers were anchored on the surface of the RGO sheets, which avoids the re-stacking of neighboring sheets. The R（;O/PANI composite electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 466 F/g at 2 mA/cm2 than that of previously reported RGO/PANI composites. Asymmetric flexible supercapacitors applying RGO/PANI as positive electrode and carbon fiber cloth as negative electrode can be cycled reversibly in the high-voltage region of 0-1.6 V and displays intriguing performance with a maximum specific capacitance of 35.5 mF cm^-2. Also, it delivers a high energy density of 45.5 mW h cm^-2 at power density of 1250 mW cm^-2. Furthermore, the asymmetric device exhibits an excellent long cycle life with 97.6Z initial capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. Such composite electrode has a great potential for applications in flexible electronics, roll-up display, and wearable devices.2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science ＆ Technology.
基金the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS),grant No.FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UKM/01/5 funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)。
文摘This article delivers a robust overview of potential electrode materials for use in symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells(S-SOFCs),a relatively new SOFC technology.To this end,this article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances and progress in electrode materials for S-SOFC,discussing both the selection of materials and the challenges that come with making that choice.This article discussed the relevant factors involved in developing electrodes with nano/microstructure.Nanocomposites,e.g.,non-cobalt and lithiated materials,are only a few of the electrode types now being researched.Furthermore,the phase structure and microstructure of the produced materials are heavily influenced by the synthesis procedure.Insights into the possibilities and difficulties of the material are discussed.To achieve the desired microstructural features,this article focuses on a synthesis technique that is either the most recent or a better iteration of an existing process.The portion of this analysis that addresses the risks associated with manufacturing and the challenges posed by materials when fabricating S-SOFCs is the most critical.This article also provides important and useful recommendations for the strategic design of electrode materials researchers.
基金supported by the 863 National Research and Development Project Foundation of China (2006AA11A151)
文摘Effects of flaky rare earth oxide additives including Er2O3,Tm2O3,and Yb2O3,Lu2O3 on high temperature and high rate discharge performance of nickel electrodes were investigated.The discharge efficiency at 0.2C reached 96% at 60 oC for electrodes with 1 at.% flaky rare earth oxides.The high rate discharge performance for electrodes with flaky rare earth oxides were improved significantly,for example,discharge efficiency at 5C improved from 50% to 70%.The results showed that the end charging potential of the ...
基金The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878158 and 21706129)State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization(Open Fund Project No.ZJUCEU2021001)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20221312).
文摘Reversible proton ceramic electrochemical cell(R-PCEC)is regarded as the most promising energy conversion device,which can realize efficient mutual conversion of electrical and chemical energy and to solve the problem of large-scale energy storage.However,the development of robust electrodes with high catalytic activity is the main bottleneck for the commercialization of R-PCECs.Here,a novel type of high-entropy perovskite oxide consisting of six equimolar metals in the A-site,Pr_(1/6)La_(1/6)Nd_(1/6)Ba_(1/6)Sr_(1/6)Ca_(1/6)CoO_(3−δ)(PLN-BSCC),is reported as a high-performance bifunctional air electrode for R-PCEC.By harnessing the unique functionalities of multiple ele-ments,high-entropy perovskite oxide can be anticipated to accelerate reaction rates in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes.Especially,an R-PCEC utilizing the PLNBSCC air electrode achieves exceptional electrochemical performances,demonstrating a peak power density of 1.21 W cm^(−2)for the fuel cell,while simultaneously obtaining an astonishing current density of−1.95 A cm^(−2)at an electrolysis voltage of 1.3 V and a temperature of 600℃.The significantly enhanced electrochemical performance and durability of the PLNBSCC air electrode is attributed mainly to the high electrons/ions conductivity,fast hydration reactivity and high configurational entropy.This research explores to a new avenue to develop optimally active and stable air electrodes for R-PCECs.
文摘Graphene oxide has been used widely as a starting precursor for applications that cater to the needs of tunable graphene. However, the hydrophilic characteristic limits their application, especially in a hydrophobic condition. Herein, a novel non-covalent surface modification approach towards graphene oxide was conducted via a UV-induced photo-polymerization technique that involves two major routes; a UV-sensitive initiator embedded via pi-pi interactions on the graphene planar rings, and the polymerization of hydrophobic polymeric chains along the surface. The functionalized graphene oxide successfully achieved the desired hydrophobicity as it displayed the characteristic of being readily dissolved in organic solvent. Upon its addition into a polymeric solution and subjected to an electrospinning process,non-woven random nanofibers embedded with graphene oxide sheets were obtained. The prepared polymeric nanofibers were subjected to two-step thermal treatments that eventually converted the polymeric chains into a carbon-rich conductive structure. A unique morphology was observed upon the addition of the functionalized graphene oxide, whereby the sheets were embedded and intercalated within the carbon nanofibers and formed a continuous structure. This reinforcement effectively enhanced the electrochemical performance of the carbon nanofibers by recording a specific capacitance of up to 140.10 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g, which was approximately three folds more than that of pristine nanofibers.It also retained the capacitance up to 96.2% after 1000 vigorous charge/discharge cycles. This functionalization technique opens up a new pathway in tuning the solubility nature of graphene oxide towards the synthesis of a graphene oxide-reinforced polymeric structure.
