A hybrid model combining Fully Non-Linear Potential Flow Theory(FNPT)based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)and the Unified Navier-Stokes equation,using the 3D Improved Meshless Local Petrov Galerkin method with Ranki...A hybrid model combining Fully Non-Linear Potential Flow Theory(FNPT)based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)and the Unified Navier-Stokes equation,using the 3D Improved Meshless Local Petrov Galerkin method with Rankine Source(IMLPG_R),is developed to study wave interactions with a porous layer.In previous studies,the above formulations are applied to wave interaction with fixed cylindrical structures.The present study extends this framework by integrating a unified governing equation within the hybrid modeling approach to capture the dynamics of wave interaction with porous media.The porous layers are employed to replicate the wave-dissipating behavior of the structure.A weak coupling strategy is implemented within a designated buffer zone,wherein field variables from the 2D Fully Nonlinear Potential Theory(FNPT)simulations are transferred to the 3D Improved Moving Least Squares-based Petrov-Galerkin(IMLPG_R)model at each time step.This domain decomposition significantly reduces computational cost compared to a full 3D simulation by partitioning the domain into two subregions:the FNPT domain representing the far-field without structures,and the IMLPG_R domain encompassing the porous region.The Unified Navier-Stokes formulation is extended by incorporating additional drag forces governed by Darcy’s law to model the resistance introduced by the porous medium.A stationary background node framework is utilized for interpolation by fluid particles at each time step to accommodate the porous representation.To enhance numerical stability and accuracy,particularly in the presence of sloping boundaries,the Particle Shifting Technique(PST)is integrated into the IMLPG_R model.This implementation involves a modified version of the PST algorithm,where key parameters such as the weight function,velocity ratio,and radius of influence are optimized for IMLPG_R.This is the first time the application of 3D IMLPG_R for porous structure has been reported.Further,the model is subsequently validated against experimental data.展开更多
Neurodegenerative disorders represent an increasingly pertinent public health crisis.As a greater proportion of the population ages,neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases of aging place undue burdens on patien...Neurodegenerative disorders represent an increasingly pertinent public health crisis.As a greater proportion of the population ages,neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases of aging place undue burdens on patients,caregivers,and healthcare workers.Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and Parkinson’s disease represent the two most common neurodegenerative disorders in the population,affecting over 65 million people,worldwide.展开更多
Background:Successful liver resection in oncologic surgery depends on safety,precision,and efficacy,all of which require a thorough understanding of liver anatomy.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)-generated th...Background:Successful liver resection in oncologic surgery depends on safety,precision,and efficacy,all of which require a thorough understanding of liver anatomy.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)-generated three-dimensional(3D)models have been proposed as a valuable tool to enhance this understanding.However,a systematic comparison of different display modalities across professional groups has not yet been performed.Methods:In this prospective,monocentric randomized trial,we compared high-resolution twodimensional(2D)CT images of liver malignancies with their corresponding standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models in facilitating anatomical and spatial understanding as well as surgical decision-making.A total of 91 participants,including 40 surgeons,10 radiologists,and 41 students,evaluated six clinical cases(three centrally and three peripherally located liver malignancies).Each participant assessed one central and one peripheral case per display modality,presented in a random order.Results:Compared to 2D CT images,both 3D virtual and printed models significantly improved the identification of tumor location(P<0.001),enhanced the comprehension of spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins(P<0.001 and P=0.019,respectively),and facilitated clinical decisionmaking(P<0.001).No significant difference was observed between virtual and printed models in terms of effectiveness.Within the different groups,surgeons and students,but not radiologists,more accurately identified tumor location and spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins using 3D models.Subjectively,most surgeons and students preferred 3D printed models over virtual models and 2D CT images.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models equally help preoperative anatomical understanding and decision-making,particularly for surgeons and students.By isolating the influence of display modality,our findings clarify prior inconsistent results and support the integration of cost-effective 3D visualization by applying virtual models into surgical planning and education.Preference for printed models despite comparable efficacy highlights the importance of user-centered implementation strategies.展开更多
Climate warming is significantly altering the distribution of tree species,which holds crucial implications for China’s Larix species as they are important afforestation efforts.Understanding their optimal habitats a...Climate warming is significantly altering the distribution of tree species,which holds crucial implications for China’s Larix species as they are important afforestation efforts.Understanding their optimal habitats and environmental constraints is vital for predicting range shifts and guiding adaptive forest management.Previous studies prioritized changing climate impacts on horizontal range shifts of Larix,neglecting the influence of soil factors and range shift along altitudinal gradients.To address this,we applied an optimized MaxEnt model to assess current and future SSP126/SSP585 scenarios,three-dimensional habitat suitability(latitude,longitude,altitude)for four major Larix species(L.principis-rupprechtii,L.gmelinii,L.kaempferi,L.olgensis),while identifying key environmental drivers.Our results indicate that elevation and extreme moisture conditions universally constrain their distribution.Soil chemistry properties exhibited species-specific influences:cation exchange capacity critically shaped L.principis-rupprechtii and L.gmelinii ranges,whereas exchangeable aluminum determined L.kaempferi and L.olgensis distribution.Under future climate scenarios,habitat areas show divergent trajectories-L.principis-rupprechtii maximum gains 5.1%under SSP126,while L.kaempferi maximum expands 15.1%.Conversely,SSP585 triggered a 3.7% decline for L.gmelinii during the 2040s−2100s,and L.olgensis faces a net reduction to 0.4% by 2100s despite transient gains.Spatially,three species(L.kaempferi,L.gmelinii,L.olgensis)shifted northward,while L.principis-rupprechtii migrated northwest.All species distribution ascended altitudinally reflecting thermal adaptation strategies.These multidimensional insights enable targeted species selection for climate-resilient afforestation and underscore the need for soil-inclusive management planning.展开更多
Rockfall hazards pose significant risks to both cultural heritage and populated areas,necessitating comprehensive assessment methodologies.Despite extensive research on rockfalls,only a small number of studies have di...Rockfall hazards pose significant risks to both cultural heritage and populated areas,necessitating comprehensive assessment methodologies.Despite extensive research on rockfalls,only a small number of studies have directly compared empirical methods with modelling approaches.This study investigated rockfalls in five settlements within the Cappadocia region of Türkiye,employing both empirical methods and advanced three-dimensional(3D)probabilistic modeling.The energy line angle approach was applied to identify rockfall propagation zones,while high-resolution digital surface models derived from unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)imagery facilitated detailed 3D rockfall simulations.Cappadocia’s unique geological setting—comprising alternating layers of ignimbrites and weaker fluviolacustrine deposits—renders it highly susceptible to rockfalls intensified by wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles.Results indicate that rockfall propagation characteristics vary markedly between settlements:Göre and Tatlarin exhibit shorter runout distances due to basalt-dominated slopes,whereas Akköy,SoğanlıandŞahinefendi display longer trajectories associated with welded ignimbrites.Empirical cone propagation analyses correspond broadly with field observations,but variations in energy line angles(23°-33°)highlight the necessity for site-specific calibration.Comparative evaluations demonstrate that 3D probabilistic modeling better captures local-scale block dynamics and identifies high-risk areas affected by topographic and structural features such as rockfall ditches.These findings emphasize the importance of integrating empirical and 3D approaches to improve hazard zoning,optimize mitigation structures and guide the protection of Cappadocia’s unique cultural heritage landscape.展开更多
This paper investigates ruin,capital injection,and dividends for a two-dimensional risk model.The model posits that surplus levels of insurance companies are governed by a perturbed composite Poisson risk model.This m...This paper investigates ruin,capital injection,and dividends for a two-dimensional risk model.The model posits that surplus levels of insurance companies are governed by a perturbed composite Poisson risk model.This model introduces a dependence between the two surplus levels,present in both the associated perturbations and the claims resulting from common shocks.Critical levels of capital injection and dividends are established for each of the two risks.The surplus levels are observed discretely at fixed intervals,guiding decisions on capital injection,dividends,and ruin at these junctures.This study employs a two-dimensional Fourier cosine series expansion method to approximate the finite time expected discounted operating cost until ruin.The ensuing approximation error is also quantified.The validity and accuracy of the method are corroborated through numerical examples.Furthermore,the research delves into the optimal capital allocation problem.展开更多
Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade compone...Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.展开更多
The identification of rock mass discontinuities is critical for rock mass characterization.While high-resolution digital outcrop models(DOMs)are widely used,current digital methods struggle to generalize across divers...The identification of rock mass discontinuities is critical for rock mass characterization.While high-resolution digital outcrop models(DOMs)are widely used,current digital methods struggle to generalize across diverse geological settings.Large-scale models(LSMs),with vast parameter spaces and extensive training datasets,excel in solving complex visual problems.This study explores the potential of using one such LSM,Segment anything model(SAM),to identify facet-type discontinuities across several outcrops via interactive prompting.The findings demonstrate that SAM effectively segments two-dimensional(2D)discontinuities,with its generalization capability validated on a dataset of 2426 identified discontinuities across 170 outcrops.The model achieves 0.78 mean IoU and 0.86 average precision using 11-point prompts.To extend to three dimensions(3D),a framework integrating SAM with Structure-from-Motion(SfM)was proposed.By utilizing the inherent but often overlooked relationship between image pixels and point clouds in SfM,the identification process was simplified and generalized across photogrammetric devices.Benchmark studies showed that the framework achieved 0.91 average precision,identifying 87 discontinuities in Dataset-3D.The results confirm its high precision and efficiency,making it a valuable tool for data annotation.The proposed method offers a practical solution for geological investigations.展开更多
To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets ...To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.展开更多
Background:Traditional imaging approaches to keratoconus(KCN)have thus far failed to produce a standardized approach for diagnosis.While many diagnostic modalities and metrics exist,none have proven robust enough to b...Background:Traditional imaging approaches to keratoconus(KCN)have thus far failed to produce a standardized approach for diagnosis.While many diagnostic modalities and metrics exist,none have proven robust enough to be considered a gold standard.This study aims to introduce novel metrics to differentiate between KCN and healthy corneas using three-dimensional(3D)measurements of surface area and volume.Methods:This retrospective observational study examined KCN patients along with healthy control patients between the ages of 20 and 79 years old at the University of Maryland,Baltimore.The selected patients underwent a nine-line raster scan anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT).ImageJ was used to determine the central 6 mm of each image and each corneal image was then divided into six 1 mm segments.Free-D software was then used to render the nine different images into a 3D model to calculate corneal surface area and volume.A two-tailed Mann-Whitney test was used to assess statistical significance when comparing these subsets.Results:Thirty-three eyes with KCN,along with 33 healthy control,were enrolled.There were statistically significant differences between the healthy and KCN groups in the metric of anterior corneal surface area(13.927 vs.13.991 mm^(2),P=0.046),posterior corneal surface area(14.045 vs.14.173 mm^(2),P<0.001),and volume(8.430 vs.7.773 mm3,P<0.001)within the central 6 mm.Conclusions:3D corneal models derived from AS-OCT can be used to measure anterior corneal surface area,posterior corneal surface area,and corneal volume.All three parameters are statistically different between corneas with KCN and healthy corneas.Further study and application of these parameters may yield new methodologies for the detection of KCN.展开更多
Rip currents are a significant threat to swimmers worldwide,responsible for numerous drowning incidents each year.In Vietnam,Bai Dai Beach in Cam Ranh Bay,Khanh Hoa Province,has experienced an increase in drowning eve...Rip currents are a significant threat to swimmers worldwide,responsible for numerous drowning incidents each year.In Vietnam,Bai Dai Beach in Cam Ranh Bay,Khanh Hoa Province,has experienced an increase in drowning events due to rip currents in recent years.To address this issue,a comprehensive study was conducted based on developing a depth-averaged 2D hydrodynamic model to simulate rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The HYDIST-2D numerical model was applied to simulate the rip current evolution in space and time for the study area.The results showed that the HYDIST-2D numerical model can accurately predict the location,magnitude,and microstructure of rip currents,including rip current speed,width,and length.The simulation results revealed that the rip current speed is greater during the low tide phase,with an average speed of 0.5 m s^(-1),while during high tide,the rip current speed is lower,around 0.1–0.8 m s^(-1).The width and length of the rip current also vary with the tide phase,with a wider and longer rip current observed during the low tide phase.The results also showed that the rip current speed and microstructure are influenced by the wave features,tide current,and bathymetry of the study area.The present study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The findings can be used to support the management of bathing activities and provide early warnings for potential risks associated with rip currents.展开更多
The global demand for in vitro respiratory airway models has surged due to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Current state-of-the-art models use polymer membranes to separate epithelial cells from other c...The global demand for in vitro respiratory airway models has surged due to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Current state-of-the-art models use polymer membranes to separate epithelial cells from other cell types,creating a nonphysiological barrier.In this study,we applied three-dimensional(3D)printing and bioprinting to develop an in vitro model where endothelial and epithelial cells were in direct contact,mimicking their natural arrangement.This proof-ofconcept model includes a culture chamber,with an endothelial bioink printed and perfused through an epithelial channel.In silico simulations of the air velocity within the channel revealed shear stress values ranging from 0.13 to 0.39 Pa,aligning with the desired in vivo shear stress observed in the bronchi regions(0.1–0.4 Pa).Biomechanical movements during resting breathing were mimicked by incorporating a textile mesh positioned away from the cell–cell interface.The epithelial channel demonstrated a capacity for compression and expansion of up to−14.7%and+6.4%,respectively.Microscopic images showed that the epithelial cells formed a uniform monolayer within the lumen of the channel close to the bioprinted endothelial cells.Our novel model offers a valuable tool for future research into respiratory diseases and potential treatments under conditions closely mimicking those in the lung.展开更多
Systems with quenched disorder possess complex energy landscapes that are challenging to explore under conventional Monte Carlo methods.In this work,we implement an efficient entropy sampling scheme for accurate compu...Systems with quenched disorder possess complex energy landscapes that are challenging to explore under conventional Monte Carlo methods.In this work,we implement an efficient entropy sampling scheme for accurate computation of the entropy function in low-energy regions.The method is applied to the two-dimensional±J random-bond Ising model,where frustration is controlled by the fraction p of ferromagnetic bonds.We investigate the low-temperature paramagnetic–ferromagnetic phase boundary below the multicritical point at T_(N)=0.9530(4),P_(N)=0.89078(8),as well as the zerotemperature ferromagnetic–spin-glass transition.Finite-size scaling analysis reveals that the phase boundary for T<T_(N) exhibits reentrant behavior.By analyzing the evolution of the magnetizationresolved density of states g(E,M)and ground-state spin configurations against increasing frustration,we provide strong evidence that the zero-temperature transition is a mixed-order.Finite-size scaling conducted on the spin-glass side supports the validity of β=0,whereβis the magnetization exponent,with a correlation length exponentν=1.50(8).Our results provide new insights into the nature of the ferromagnetic-to-spin-glass phase transition in an extensively degenerate ground state.展开更多
Vehicle electrification,an important method for reducing carbon emissions from road transport,has been promoted globally.In this study,we analyze how individuals adapt to this transition in transportation and its subs...Vehicle electrification,an important method for reducing carbon emissions from road transport,has been promoted globally.In this study,we analyze how individuals adapt to this transition in transportation and its subsequent impact on urban structure.Considering the varying travel costs associated with electric and fuel vehicles,we analyze the dynamic choices of households concerning house locations and vehicle types in a two-dimensional monocentric city.A spatial equilibrium is developed to model the interactions between urban density,vehicle age and vehicle type.An agent-based microeconomic residential choice model dynamically coupled with a house rent market is developed to analyze household choices of home locations and vehicle energy types,considering vehicle ages and competition for public charging piles.Key findings from our proposed models show that the proportion of electric vehicles(EVs)peaks at over 50%by the end of the first scrappage period,accompanied by more than a 40%increase in commuting distance and time compared to the scenario with only fuel vehicles.Simulation experiments on a theoretical grid indicate that heterogeneity-induced residential segregation can lead to urban sprawl and congestion.Furthermore,households with EVs tend to be located farther from the city center,and an increase in EV ownership contributes to urban expansion.Our study provides insights into how individuals adapt to EV transitions and the resulting impacts on home locations and land use changes.It offers a novel perspective on the dynamic interactions between EV adoption and urban development.展开更多
The multi-dimensional interactive teaching model significantly enhances the effectiveness of college English instruction by emphasizing dynamic engagement between teachers and students,as well as among students themse...The multi-dimensional interactive teaching model significantly enhances the effectiveness of college English instruction by emphasizing dynamic engagement between teachers and students,as well as among students themselves.This paper explores practical strategies for implementing this model,focusing on four key aspects:deepening teachers’understanding of the model through continuous learning,innovating interactive methods such as questioning techniques and practical activities,leveraging modern technology to integrate resources and track learning progress,and establishing a communication platform that centers on student participation.By adopting these approaches,the model fosters a student-centered classroom environment,improves comprehensive English application skills,and optimizes overall teaching quality.展开更多
Interest in understanding the structural behavior of marine floating photovoltaic(FPV)systems has grown significantly over the last decade.Numerical models are the preferred approach for understanding FPV responses un...Interest in understanding the structural behavior of marine floating photovoltaic(FPV)systems has grown significantly over the last decade.Numerical models are the preferred approach for understanding FPV responses under environmental loads,but they require validation.Several methods are commonly used to validate numerical results,such as comparison with analytical,field data,and experimental data.The use of analytical approaches to validate numerical results can sometimes be inaccurate due to the complexity of the problems;nevertheless,field data is commonly restricted and frequently unavailable for numerical model validation.Thus,physical models play a crucial role in validating numerical results.This study focuses on the two-dimensional(2-D)modeling process and sensors development for an FPV system with taut mooring,aiming to investigate wave-structure interaction while considering hydroelastic effects.The model is developed in accordance with the Froude-Cauchy similitude law and is made from composite materials to capture structural stiffness.Structural motions,specifically heave and pitch,are measured using an Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU),while strain gauges measure structural stress and mooring tension.The sensors provide precise measurements for strain and pitch;however,heave,as a result of time-domain integration from acceleration,requires further validation.The motion responses of the model align with reference results.展开更多
The acetylpolyamine oxidase(APAO),spermine oxidase(SMO),and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase(SSAT)are pivotal enzymes in polyamine metabolism,exerting direct influence on polyamine homeostasis regulation.Dysfu...The acetylpolyamine oxidase(APAO),spermine oxidase(SMO),and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase(SSAT)are pivotal enzymes in polyamine metabolism,exerting direct influence on polyamine homeostasis regulation.Dysfunctions in these enzymes are intricately linked to inflammatory diseases and cancers.Establishing their three-dimensional structures is essential for exploring enzymatic catalytic mechanisms and designing inhibitors at the atomic level.This article primarily assesses the precision of AlphaFold2 and molecular dynamics simulations in determining the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes,utilizing protein conformation rationality assessment,residue correlation matrix,and other techniques.This provides robust models for subsequent polyamine catabolic metabolism calculations and offers valuable insights for modeling proteins that have yet to acquire crystal structures.展开更多
3D model classification has emerged as a significant research focus in computer vision.However,traditional convolutional neural networks(CNNs)often struggle to capture global dependencies across both height and width ...3D model classification has emerged as a significant research focus in computer vision.However,traditional convolutional neural networks(CNNs)often struggle to capture global dependencies across both height and width dimensions simultaneously,leading to limited feature representation capabilities when handling complex visual tasks.To address this challenge,we propose a novel 3D model classification network named ViT-GE(Vision Transformer with Global and Efficient Attention),which integrates Global Grouped Coordinate Attention(GGCA)and Efficient Channel Attention(ECA)mechanisms.Specifically,the Vision Transformer(ViT)is employed to extract comprehensive global features from multi-view inputs using its self-attention mechanism,effectively capturing 3D shape characteristics.To further enhance spatial feature modeling,the GGCA module introduces a grouping strategy and global context interactions.Concurrently,the ECA module strengthens inter-channel information flow,enabling the network to adaptively emphasize key features and improve feature fusion.Finally,a voting mechanism is adopted to enhance classification accuracy,robustness,and stability.Experimental results on the ModelNet10 dataset demonstrate that our method achieves a classification accuracy of 93.50%,validating its effectiveness and superior performance.展开更多
We propose an eigen microstate approach(EMA)for analyzing quantum phase transitions in quantum many-body systems,introducing a novel framework that does not require prior knowledge of an order parameter.Using the tran...We propose an eigen microstate approach(EMA)for analyzing quantum phase transitions in quantum many-body systems,introducing a novel framework that does not require prior knowledge of an order parameter.Using the transversefield Ising model(TFIM)as a case study,we demonstrate the effectiveness of EMA by identifying key features of the phase transition through the scaling behavior of eigenvalues and the structure of associated eigen microstates.Our results reveal substantial changes in the ground state of the TFIM as it undergoes a phase transition,as reflected in the behavior of specific componentsξ_(i)^((k))within the eigen microstates.This method is expected to be applicable to other quantum systems where predefining an order parameter is challenging.展开更多
The Yishu fault zone in Shandong Province,China,exhibits favorable conditions for medium-and high-temperature geothermal storage.However,its geothermal occurrence patterns and heat storage model remain unclear.Recogni...The Yishu fault zone in Shandong Province,China,exhibits favorable conditions for medium-and high-temperature geothermal storage.However,its geothermal occurrence patterns and heat storage model remain unclear.Recognizing the importance of deep heat sources and heat channels in unraveling the formation mechanisms of medium-and high-temperature geothermal systems,we conducted a magnetotelluric survey along the Yishu fault zone,which contained 10 survey lines and 119 usable points.Using two-dimensional and three-dimensional nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion,the deep electrical structure was obtained,and the three-dimensional geothermal reservoir model in the study area was constructed for the first time.The results show that the deep low-resistance anomaly in the Yishu fault zone moves upward through the channel with slightly higher resistivity,forming a relatively low-resistance layer and a low-resistance layer in the shallow part,corresponding to the heat source,thermal conduction fault,heat reservoir,and overburden layer,respectively.The fault structure primarily controls regional geothermal anomalies,influencing atmospheric precipitation,surface water infiltration,and geothermal water migration pathways.The results of this study have a certain guiding significance for the study of the formation mechanism and distribution law of geothermal resources in the middle and deep strata of the Yishu fault zone.Additionally,the results provide valuable insights for the exploration and assessment of geothermal resources in the area.展开更多
基金funded by Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship(PMRF),grant number SB22230924OEPMRF008608.
文摘A hybrid model combining Fully Non-Linear Potential Flow Theory(FNPT)based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)and the Unified Navier-Stokes equation,using the 3D Improved Meshless Local Petrov Galerkin method with Rankine Source(IMLPG_R),is developed to study wave interactions with a porous layer.In previous studies,the above formulations are applied to wave interaction with fixed cylindrical structures.The present study extends this framework by integrating a unified governing equation within the hybrid modeling approach to capture the dynamics of wave interaction with porous media.The porous layers are employed to replicate the wave-dissipating behavior of the structure.A weak coupling strategy is implemented within a designated buffer zone,wherein field variables from the 2D Fully Nonlinear Potential Theory(FNPT)simulations are transferred to the 3D Improved Moving Least Squares-based Petrov-Galerkin(IMLPG_R)model at each time step.This domain decomposition significantly reduces computational cost compared to a full 3D simulation by partitioning the domain into two subregions:the FNPT domain representing the far-field without structures,and the IMLPG_R domain encompassing the porous region.The Unified Navier-Stokes formulation is extended by incorporating additional drag forces governed by Darcy’s law to model the resistance introduced by the porous medium.A stationary background node framework is utilized for interpolation by fluid particles at each time step to accommodate the porous representation.To enhance numerical stability and accuracy,particularly in the presence of sloping boundaries,the Particle Shifting Technique(PST)is integrated into the IMLPG_R model.This implementation involves a modified version of the PST algorithm,where key parameters such as the weight function,velocity ratio,and radius of influence are optimized for IMLPG_R.This is the first time the application of 3D IMLPG_R for porous structure has been reported.Further,the model is subsequently validated against experimental data.
基金supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research(DFD-181599)the National Institutes of Health(T32AG058527)to RJB and R0190106435 to VM.
文摘Neurodegenerative disorders represent an increasingly pertinent public health crisis.As a greater proportion of the population ages,neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases of aging place undue burdens on patients,caregivers,and healthcare workers.Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and Parkinson’s disease represent the two most common neurodegenerative disorders in the population,affecting over 65 million people,worldwide.
文摘Background:Successful liver resection in oncologic surgery depends on safety,precision,and efficacy,all of which require a thorough understanding of liver anatomy.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)-generated three-dimensional(3D)models have been proposed as a valuable tool to enhance this understanding.However,a systematic comparison of different display modalities across professional groups has not yet been performed.Methods:In this prospective,monocentric randomized trial,we compared high-resolution twodimensional(2D)CT images of liver malignancies with their corresponding standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models in facilitating anatomical and spatial understanding as well as surgical decision-making.A total of 91 participants,including 40 surgeons,10 radiologists,and 41 students,evaluated six clinical cases(three centrally and three peripherally located liver malignancies).Each participant assessed one central and one peripheral case per display modality,presented in a random order.Results:Compared to 2D CT images,both 3D virtual and printed models significantly improved the identification of tumor location(P<0.001),enhanced the comprehension of spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins(P<0.001 and P=0.019,respectively),and facilitated clinical decisionmaking(P<0.001).No significant difference was observed between virtual and printed models in terms of effectiveness.Within the different groups,surgeons and students,but not radiologists,more accurately identified tumor location and spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins using 3D models.Subjectively,most surgeons and students preferred 3D printed models over virtual models and 2D CT images.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models equally help preoperative anatomical understanding and decision-making,particularly for surgeons and students.By isolating the influence of display modality,our findings clarify prior inconsistent results and support the integration of cost-effective 3D visualization by applying virtual models into surgical planning and education.Preference for printed models despite comparable efficacy highlights the importance of user-centered implementation strategies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2200501).
文摘Climate warming is significantly altering the distribution of tree species,which holds crucial implications for China’s Larix species as they are important afforestation efforts.Understanding their optimal habitats and environmental constraints is vital for predicting range shifts and guiding adaptive forest management.Previous studies prioritized changing climate impacts on horizontal range shifts of Larix,neglecting the influence of soil factors and range shift along altitudinal gradients.To address this,we applied an optimized MaxEnt model to assess current and future SSP126/SSP585 scenarios,three-dimensional habitat suitability(latitude,longitude,altitude)for four major Larix species(L.principis-rupprechtii,L.gmelinii,L.kaempferi,L.olgensis),while identifying key environmental drivers.Our results indicate that elevation and extreme moisture conditions universally constrain their distribution.Soil chemistry properties exhibited species-specific influences:cation exchange capacity critically shaped L.principis-rupprechtii and L.gmelinii ranges,whereas exchangeable aluminum determined L.kaempferi and L.olgensis distribution.Under future climate scenarios,habitat areas show divergent trajectories-L.principis-rupprechtii maximum gains 5.1%under SSP126,while L.kaempferi maximum expands 15.1%.Conversely,SSP585 triggered a 3.7% decline for L.gmelinii during the 2040s−2100s,and L.olgensis faces a net reduction to 0.4% by 2100s despite transient gains.Spatially,three species(L.kaempferi,L.gmelinii,L.olgensis)shifted northward,while L.principis-rupprechtii migrated northwest.All species distribution ascended altitudinally reflecting thermal adaptation strategies.These multidimensional insights enable targeted species selection for climate-resilient afforestation and underscore the need for soil-inclusive management planning.
基金financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye(T??B1TAK)with the project number 121C420。
文摘Rockfall hazards pose significant risks to both cultural heritage and populated areas,necessitating comprehensive assessment methodologies.Despite extensive research on rockfalls,only a small number of studies have directly compared empirical methods with modelling approaches.This study investigated rockfalls in five settlements within the Cappadocia region of Türkiye,employing both empirical methods and advanced three-dimensional(3D)probabilistic modeling.The energy line angle approach was applied to identify rockfall propagation zones,while high-resolution digital surface models derived from unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)imagery facilitated detailed 3D rockfall simulations.Cappadocia’s unique geological setting—comprising alternating layers of ignimbrites and weaker fluviolacustrine deposits—renders it highly susceptible to rockfalls intensified by wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles.Results indicate that rockfall propagation characteristics vary markedly between settlements:Göre and Tatlarin exhibit shorter runout distances due to basalt-dominated slopes,whereas Akköy,SoğanlıandŞahinefendi display longer trajectories associated with welded ignimbrites.Empirical cone propagation analyses correspond broadly with field observations,but variations in energy line angles(23°-33°)highlight the necessity for site-specific calibration.Comparative evaluations demonstrate that 3D probabilistic modeling better captures local-scale block dynamics and identifies high-risk areas affected by topographic and structural features such as rockfall ditches.These findings emphasize the importance of integrating empirical and 3D approaches to improve hazard zoning,optimize mitigation structures and guide the protection of Cappadocia’s unique cultural heritage landscape.
基金supported by the Shihezi University High-Level Talents Research Startup Project(Project No.RCZK202521)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12271066,11871121,12171405)+1 种基金the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund for Innovation and Development Project(Project No.CSTB2024NSCQLZX0085)the Chongqing Normal University Foundation(Grant No.23XLB018).
文摘This paper investigates ruin,capital injection,and dividends for a two-dimensional risk model.The model posits that surplus levels of insurance companies are governed by a perturbed composite Poisson risk model.This model introduces a dependence between the two surplus levels,present in both the associated perturbations and the claims resulting from common shocks.Critical levels of capital injection and dividends are established for each of the two risks.The surplus levels are observed discretely at fixed intervals,guiding decisions on capital injection,dividends,and ruin at these junctures.This study employs a two-dimensional Fourier cosine series expansion method to approximate the finite time expected discounted operating cost until ruin.The ensuing approximation error is also quantified.The validity and accuracy of the method are corroborated through numerical examples.Furthermore,the research delves into the optimal capital allocation problem.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12372071 and 12372070)the Aeronautical Science Fund of China(No.2022Z055052001)the Foundation of China Scholarship Council(No.202306830079)。
文摘Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.
基金support in dataset preparation.This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42422704 and 52379109)Opening the fund of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection(Chengdu University of Technology)(No.SKLGP2024K028)Science and Technology Research and Design Projects of China State Construction Engineering Corporation Ltd.(No.CSCEC-2024-Q-68).
文摘The identification of rock mass discontinuities is critical for rock mass characterization.While high-resolution digital outcrop models(DOMs)are widely used,current digital methods struggle to generalize across diverse geological settings.Large-scale models(LSMs),with vast parameter spaces and extensive training datasets,excel in solving complex visual problems.This study explores the potential of using one such LSM,Segment anything model(SAM),to identify facet-type discontinuities across several outcrops via interactive prompting.The findings demonstrate that SAM effectively segments two-dimensional(2D)discontinuities,with its generalization capability validated on a dataset of 2426 identified discontinuities across 170 outcrops.The model achieves 0.78 mean IoU and 0.86 average precision using 11-point prompts.To extend to three dimensions(3D),a framework integrating SAM with Structure-from-Motion(SfM)was proposed.By utilizing the inherent but often overlooked relationship between image pixels and point clouds in SfM,the identification process was simplified and generalized across photogrammetric devices.Benchmark studies showed that the framework achieved 0.91 average precision,identifying 87 discontinuities in Dataset-3D.The results confirm its high precision and efficiency,making it a valuable tool for data annotation.The proposed method offers a practical solution for geological investigations.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2022YFF0801201,2021YFC2900300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41872245,U1911202)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010666)。
文摘To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.
文摘Background:Traditional imaging approaches to keratoconus(KCN)have thus far failed to produce a standardized approach for diagnosis.While many diagnostic modalities and metrics exist,none have proven robust enough to be considered a gold standard.This study aims to introduce novel metrics to differentiate between KCN and healthy corneas using three-dimensional(3D)measurements of surface area and volume.Methods:This retrospective observational study examined KCN patients along with healthy control patients between the ages of 20 and 79 years old at the University of Maryland,Baltimore.The selected patients underwent a nine-line raster scan anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT).ImageJ was used to determine the central 6 mm of each image and each corneal image was then divided into six 1 mm segments.Free-D software was then used to render the nine different images into a 3D model to calculate corneal surface area and volume.A two-tailed Mann-Whitney test was used to assess statistical significance when comparing these subsets.Results:Thirty-three eyes with KCN,along with 33 healthy control,were enrolled.There were statistically significant differences between the healthy and KCN groups in the metric of anterior corneal surface area(13.927 vs.13.991 mm^(2),P=0.046),posterior corneal surface area(14.045 vs.14.173 mm^(2),P<0.001),and volume(8.430 vs.7.773 mm3,P<0.001)within the central 6 mm.Conclusions:3D corneal models derived from AS-OCT can be used to measure anterior corneal surface area,posterior corneal surface area,and corneal volume.All three parameters are statistically different between corneas with KCN and healthy corneas.Further study and application of these parameters may yield new methodologies for the detection of KCN.
文摘Rip currents are a significant threat to swimmers worldwide,responsible for numerous drowning incidents each year.In Vietnam,Bai Dai Beach in Cam Ranh Bay,Khanh Hoa Province,has experienced an increase in drowning events due to rip currents in recent years.To address this issue,a comprehensive study was conducted based on developing a depth-averaged 2D hydrodynamic model to simulate rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The HYDIST-2D numerical model was applied to simulate the rip current evolution in space and time for the study area.The results showed that the HYDIST-2D numerical model can accurately predict the location,magnitude,and microstructure of rip currents,including rip current speed,width,and length.The simulation results revealed that the rip current speed is greater during the low tide phase,with an average speed of 0.5 m s^(-1),while during high tide,the rip current speed is lower,around 0.1–0.8 m s^(-1).The width and length of the rip current also vary with the tide phase,with a wider and longer rip current observed during the low tide phase.The results also showed that the rip current speed and microstructure are influenced by the wave features,tide current,and bathymetry of the study area.The present study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of rip currents in the Bai Dai-Cam Ranh coast.The findings can be used to support the management of bathing activities and provide early warnings for potential risks associated with rip currents.
基金supported by the Volkswagen Foundation(Grant No.Az 99078 to DDC,ALT,and MT)funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)under Germany’s Excellence Strategy–2082/1–390761711(to DDC)part of the research training group GRK 2415–Mechanobiology in Epithelial 3D Tissue Constructs(project number 363055819,to ALT and SJ).
文摘The global demand for in vitro respiratory airway models has surged due to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Current state-of-the-art models use polymer membranes to separate epithelial cells from other cell types,creating a nonphysiological barrier.In this study,we applied three-dimensional(3D)printing and bioprinting to develop an in vitro model where endothelial and epithelial cells were in direct contact,mimicking their natural arrangement.This proof-ofconcept model includes a culture chamber,with an endothelial bioink printed and perfused through an epithelial channel.In silico simulations of the air velocity within the channel revealed shear stress values ranging from 0.13 to 0.39 Pa,aligning with the desired in vivo shear stress observed in the bronchi regions(0.1–0.4 Pa).Biomechanical movements during resting breathing were mimicked by incorporating a textile mesh positioned away from the cell–cell interface.The epithelial channel demonstrated a capacity for compression and expansion of up to−14.7%and+6.4%,respectively.Microscopic images showed that the epithelial cells formed a uniform monolayer within the lumen of the channel close to the bioprinted endothelial cells.Our novel model offers a valuable tool for future research into respiratory diseases and potential treatments under conditions closely mimicking those in the lung.
基金supported by NKRDPC-2022YFA1402802,NSFC-92165204the Research Grants Council of the HKSAR under Grant Nos.12304020 and 12301723+2 种基金Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices under Grant No.2022B1212010008Guangdong Fundamental Research Center for Magnetoelectric Physics under Grant No.2024B0303390001Guangdong Provincial Quantum Science Strategic Initiative under Grant No.GDZX2401010。
文摘Systems with quenched disorder possess complex energy landscapes that are challenging to explore under conventional Monte Carlo methods.In this work,we implement an efficient entropy sampling scheme for accurate computation of the entropy function in low-energy regions.The method is applied to the two-dimensional±J random-bond Ising model,where frustration is controlled by the fraction p of ferromagnetic bonds.We investigate the low-temperature paramagnetic–ferromagnetic phase boundary below the multicritical point at T_(N)=0.9530(4),P_(N)=0.89078(8),as well as the zerotemperature ferromagnetic–spin-glass transition.Finite-size scaling analysis reveals that the phase boundary for T<T_(N) exhibits reentrant behavior.By analyzing the evolution of the magnetizationresolved density of states g(E,M)and ground-state spin configurations against increasing frustration,we provide strong evidence that the zero-temperature transition is a mixed-order.Finite-size scaling conducted on the spin-glass side supports the validity of β=0,whereβis the magnetization exponent,with a correlation length exponentν=1.50(8).Our results provide new insights into the nature of the ferromagnetic-to-spin-glass phase transition in an extensively degenerate ground state.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(72288101,72361137002,and 72101018)the Dutch Research Council(NWO Grant 482.22.01).
文摘Vehicle electrification,an important method for reducing carbon emissions from road transport,has been promoted globally.In this study,we analyze how individuals adapt to this transition in transportation and its subsequent impact on urban structure.Considering the varying travel costs associated with electric and fuel vehicles,we analyze the dynamic choices of households concerning house locations and vehicle types in a two-dimensional monocentric city.A spatial equilibrium is developed to model the interactions between urban density,vehicle age and vehicle type.An agent-based microeconomic residential choice model dynamically coupled with a house rent market is developed to analyze household choices of home locations and vehicle energy types,considering vehicle ages and competition for public charging piles.Key findings from our proposed models show that the proportion of electric vehicles(EVs)peaks at over 50%by the end of the first scrappage period,accompanied by more than a 40%increase in commuting distance and time compared to the scenario with only fuel vehicles.Simulation experiments on a theoretical grid indicate that heterogeneity-induced residential segregation can lead to urban sprawl and congestion.Furthermore,households with EVs tend to be located farther from the city center,and an increase in EV ownership contributes to urban expansion.Our study provides insights into how individuals adapt to EV transitions and the resulting impacts on home locations and land use changes.It offers a novel perspective on the dynamic interactions between EV adoption and urban development.
文摘The multi-dimensional interactive teaching model significantly enhances the effectiveness of college English instruction by emphasizing dynamic engagement between teachers and students,as well as among students themselves.This paper explores practical strategies for implementing this model,focusing on four key aspects:deepening teachers’understanding of the model through continuous learning,innovating interactive methods such as questioning techniques and practical activities,leveraging modern technology to integrate resources and track learning progress,and establishing a communication platform that centers on student participation.By adopting these approaches,the model fosters a student-centered classroom environment,improves comprehensive English application skills,and optimizes overall teaching quality.
基金funded by the Center for Higher Education Funding and Assessment(Pusat Pelayanan Pembiayaan dan Asesmen Pendidkan Tinggi)-Ministry of Higher Education,Science,and Technology of Republic Indonesia.
文摘Interest in understanding the structural behavior of marine floating photovoltaic(FPV)systems has grown significantly over the last decade.Numerical models are the preferred approach for understanding FPV responses under environmental loads,but they require validation.Several methods are commonly used to validate numerical results,such as comparison with analytical,field data,and experimental data.The use of analytical approaches to validate numerical results can sometimes be inaccurate due to the complexity of the problems;nevertheless,field data is commonly restricted and frequently unavailable for numerical model validation.Thus,physical models play a crucial role in validating numerical results.This study focuses on the two-dimensional(2-D)modeling process and sensors development for an FPV system with taut mooring,aiming to investigate wave-structure interaction while considering hydroelastic effects.The model is developed in accordance with the Froude-Cauchy similitude law and is made from composite materials to capture structural stiffness.Structural motions,specifically heave and pitch,are measured using an Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU),while strain gauges measure structural stress and mooring tension.The sensors provide precise measurements for strain and pitch;however,heave,as a result of time-domain integration from acceleration,requires further validation.The motion responses of the model align with reference results.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22073023)Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(242300421134)+1 种基金the Young Backbone Teacher in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province(2021GGJS020)Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs。
文摘The acetylpolyamine oxidase(APAO),spermine oxidase(SMO),and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase(SSAT)are pivotal enzymes in polyamine metabolism,exerting direct influence on polyamine homeostasis regulation.Dysfunctions in these enzymes are intricately linked to inflammatory diseases and cancers.Establishing their three-dimensional structures is essential for exploring enzymatic catalytic mechanisms and designing inhibitors at the atomic level.This article primarily assesses the precision of AlphaFold2 and molecular dynamics simulations in determining the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes,utilizing protein conformation rationality assessment,residue correlation matrix,and other techniques.This provides robust models for subsequent polyamine catabolic metabolism calculations and offers valuable insights for modeling proteins that have yet to acquire crystal structures.
基金funded by the project supported by the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number LH2022F030).
文摘3D model classification has emerged as a significant research focus in computer vision.However,traditional convolutional neural networks(CNNs)often struggle to capture global dependencies across both height and width dimensions simultaneously,leading to limited feature representation capabilities when handling complex visual tasks.To address this challenge,we propose a novel 3D model classification network named ViT-GE(Vision Transformer with Global and Efficient Attention),which integrates Global Grouped Coordinate Attention(GGCA)and Efficient Channel Attention(ECA)mechanisms.Specifically,the Vision Transformer(ViT)is employed to extract comprehensive global features from multi-view inputs using its self-attention mechanism,effectively capturing 3D shape characteristics.To further enhance spatial feature modeling,the GGCA module introduces a grouping strategy and global context interactions.Concurrently,the ECA module strengthens inter-channel information flow,enabling the network to adaptively emphasize key features and improve feature fusion.Finally,a voting mechanism is adopted to enhance classification accuracy,robustness,and stability.Experimental results on the ModelNet10 dataset demonstrate that our method achieves a classification accuracy of 93.50%,validating its effectiveness and superior performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12475033,12135003,12174194,and 12405032)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFE0109000)+1 种基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiessupport from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M730299).
文摘We propose an eigen microstate approach(EMA)for analyzing quantum phase transitions in quantum many-body systems,introducing a novel framework that does not require prior knowledge of an order parameter.Using the transversefield Ising model(TFIM)as a case study,we demonstrate the effectiveness of EMA by identifying key features of the phase transition through the scaling behavior of eigenvalues and the structure of associated eigen microstates.Our results reveal substantial changes in the ground state of the TFIM as it undergoes a phase transition,as reflected in the behavior of specific componentsξ_(i)^((k))within the eigen microstates.This method is expected to be applicable to other quantum systems where predefining an order parameter is challenging.
文摘The Yishu fault zone in Shandong Province,China,exhibits favorable conditions for medium-and high-temperature geothermal storage.However,its geothermal occurrence patterns and heat storage model remain unclear.Recognizing the importance of deep heat sources and heat channels in unraveling the formation mechanisms of medium-and high-temperature geothermal systems,we conducted a magnetotelluric survey along the Yishu fault zone,which contained 10 survey lines and 119 usable points.Using two-dimensional and three-dimensional nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion,the deep electrical structure was obtained,and the three-dimensional geothermal reservoir model in the study area was constructed for the first time.The results show that the deep low-resistance anomaly in the Yishu fault zone moves upward through the channel with slightly higher resistivity,forming a relatively low-resistance layer and a low-resistance layer in the shallow part,corresponding to the heat source,thermal conduction fault,heat reservoir,and overburden layer,respectively.The fault structure primarily controls regional geothermal anomalies,influencing atmospheric precipitation,surface water infiltration,and geothermal water migration pathways.The results of this study have a certain guiding significance for the study of the formation mechanism and distribution law of geothermal resources in the middle and deep strata of the Yishu fault zone.Additionally,the results provide valuable insights for the exploration and assessment of geothermal resources in the area.
