Ambient temperature induces the hypocotyl elongation of seedling,called as thermomorphogenesis.It has been reported that the bHLH transcriptional factor PIF7 acts as the critical component to modulate plant thermomorp...Ambient temperature induces the hypocotyl elongation of seedling,called as thermomorphogenesis.It has been reported that the bHLH transcriptional factor PIF7 acts as the critical component to modulate plant thermomorphogenesis,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.The phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA)suppresses the hypocotyl elongation under high temperature(HT)stress.As the ABI5 binding protein,AFP2 acts as the negative factor to control ABA signaling.In this study,we first identified AFP2 as the interaction protein of PIF7 in vitro and in vivo.Phenotype analysis revealed that overexpressing AFP2 reduced the hypocotyl elongation,while loss-of-function afp2 mutant showed longer hypocotyl under HT.Consistently,overexpressing AFP2 impaired the transactivation effect of PIF7 on auxin biosynthesis related genes YUC8 and IAA19,which possibly resulted into the shorter hypocotyl in the transgenic line overexpressing AFP2 or co-overexpressing AFP2 and PIF7.Thus,these data suggest that AFP2 suppressed PIF7 activity to suppress hypocotyl elongation.Furthermore,we found that HT gradually induced the degradation of AFP2 that possibly released the inhibitory effect of AFP2 on PIF7,thus induced hypocotyl elongation under HT.Taken together,our result reveals the novel function of AFP2 in coordinating thermomorphogenesis through sophistically modulating PIF7 activity.展开更多
Temperature is a crucial environmental cue that governs plant growth and adaptation in natural habitats.PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)functions as a central regulator promoting thermomor-phogenesis in Arabidop...Temperature is a crucial environmental cue that governs plant growth and adaptation in natural habitats.PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)functions as a central regulator promoting thermomor-phogenesis in Arabidopsis.An understanding of its precise regulation is essential for optimal thermomor-phogenic growth.Here,we identified two BBX proteins,BBX24 and BBX25,as novel components of the PIF4-mediated thermosensory pathway that promote growth at elevated temperatures.Single and double mutants of bbx24 and bbx25 exhibit moderate to strong temperature-insensitive hypocotyl and cotyledon growth.Elevated temperatures induce BBX24 and BBX25 mRNA expression and protein accumulation.Ge-netic and biochemical analyses reveal that BBX24 and BBX25 enhance PIF4-mediated thermosensory growth by counteracting ELF3,a key component of the evening complex.Whereas ELF3 represses BBX24 and BBX25 gene expression at low ambient temperatures during the evening,the inhibition of ELF3 activity under elevated temperatures increases BBX24 and BBX25 activity.Moreover,BBX24 and BBX25 suppress ELF3 function through direct physical interaction,likely relieving its repression of PIF4 and enhancing thermomorphogenesis.These findings identify the ELF3–BBX24/BBX25–PIF4 axis as a key regulatory module controlling plant growth and development in response to temperature cues.展开更多
Plants respond to slight increases in ambient temperature by altering their architecture,a phenomenon collectively termed thermomorphogenesis.Thermomorphogenesis helps mitigate the damage caused by potentially harmful...Plants respond to slight increases in ambient temperature by altering their architecture,a phenomenon collectively termed thermomorphogenesis.Thermomorphogenesis helps mitigate the damage caused by potentially harmful high-temperature conditions and is modulated by multiple environmental factors.Among these factors,ultraviolet-B(UV-B)light has been shown to strongly suppress this response.However,the molecular mechanisms by which UV-B light regulates thermomorphogenesis and the physiological roles of the UV-B-mediated suppression remain poorly understood.Here,we show that UV-B light inhibits thermomorphogenesis through the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8(UVR8)–CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1(COP1)–phytochrome B(phyB)/LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR RED 1(HFR1)signaling pathway.We found that cop1 mutants maintain high levels of active phyB at high temperatures.Extensive genetic analyses revealed that the increased levels of phyB,HFR1,and CRY1 in cop1 mutants redundantly reduce both the level and the activity of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4(PIF4),a key positive regulator in thermomorphogenesis,thereby repressing this growth response.In addition,we found that UV-B light inactivates COP1 to enhance phyB stability and increase its photobody number.The UV-B-stabilized active phyB,in concert with HFR1,inhibits thermomorphogenesis by interfering with PIF4 activity.We further demonstrate that increased levels of active phyB enhance UV-B tolerance by promoting flavonoid biosynthesis and inhibiting thermomorphogenic growth.Taken together,our results elucidate that UV-B increases the levels of active phyB and HFR1 by inhibiting COP1 to suppress PIF4-mediated growth responses,which is crucial for plant tolerance to UV-B stress at high temperatures.展开更多
Increases in recorded high temperatures around the world are causing plant thermomorphogenesis and decreasing crop productivity.PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)is a central positive regulator of plant thermomorp...Increases in recorded high temperatures around the world are causing plant thermomorphogenesis and decreasing crop productivity.PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)is a central positive regulator of plant thermomorphogenesis.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying PIF4-regulated thermomorphogenesis remain largely unclear.In this study,we identified ABNORMAL THERMOMORPHOGENESIS 1(ABT1)as an important negative regulator of PIF4 and plant thermomorphogenesis.Overexpression of ABT1 in the activation tagging mutant abt1-D caused shorter hypocotyls and petioles under moderately high temperature(HT).ABT1 encodes WRKY14,which belongs to subgroup II of the WRKY transcription factors.Overexpression of ABT1/WRKY14 or its close homologs,including ABT2/WRKY35,ABT3/WRKY65,and ABT4/WRKY69in transgenic plants caused insensitivity to HT,whereas the quadruple mutant abt1 abt2 abt3 abt4 exhibited greater sensitivity to HT.ABTs were expressed in hypocotyls,cotyledons,shoot apical meristems,and leaves,but their expression were suppressed by HT.Biochemical assays showed that ABT1 can interact with TCP5,a known positive regulator of PIF4,and interrupt the formation of the TCP5-PIF4 complex and repress its transcriptional activation activity.Genetic analysis showed that ABT1 functioned antagonistically with TCP5,BZR1,and PIF4 in plant thermomorphogenesis.Taken together,our results identify ABT1/WRKY14 as a critical repressor of plant thermomorphogenesis and suggest that ABT1/WRKY14,TCP5,and PIF4 may form a sophisticated regulatory module to fine-tune PIF4 activity and temperature-dependent plant growth.展开更多
Temperature is a key factor in determining plant growth and development,geographical distribution,and seasonal behavior.Plants accurately sense subtle changes in ambient temperature and alter their growth and developm...Temperature is a key factor in determining plant growth and development,geographical distribution,and seasonal behavior.Plants accurately sense subtle changes in ambient temperature and alter their growth and development accordingly to improve their chances of survival and successful propagation.Thermomorphogenesis encompasses a variety of morphological changes that help plants acclimate to warm environmental temperatures.Revealing the molecular mechanism of thermomorphogenesis is important for breeding thermo-tolerant crops and ensuri ng food security under global climate change.Plant adaptation to elevated ambient temperature is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications,histone variants,and non-coding RNAs.In this review,we summarize recent advances in the mechanism of epigenetic regulation during thermo-morphogenesis with a focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and briefly discuss future pro-spects for this field.展开更多
Under warm temperatures,plants adjust their morphologies for environmental adaption via precise gene expression regulation.However,the function and regulation of alternative polyadenylation(APA),an important fine-tuni...Under warm temperatures,plants adjust their morphologies for environmental adaption via precise gene expression regulation.However,the function and regulation of alternative polyadenylation(APA),an important fine-tuning of gene expression,remains unknown in plant thermomorphogenesis.In this study,we found that SUMOylation,a critical post-translational modification,is induced by a long-term treat-ment at warm temperatures via a SUMO ligase SIZ1 in Arabidopsis.Disruption of SIZ1 altered the global usage of polyadenylation signals and affected the APA dynamic of thermomorphogenesis-related genes.CPSF100,a key subunit of the CPSF complex for polyadenylation regulation,is SUMOylated by SIZ1.Importantly,we demonstrated that SUMOylation is essential for the function of CPSF1oo in genome-wide polyadenylation site choice during thermomorphogenesis.Further analyses revealed that the SUMO conjugation on CPSF100 attenuates its interaction with two isoforms of its partner CPSF30,increasing the nuclear accumulation of CPsF1oo for polyadenylation regulation.In summary,our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism of APA via SiZ1-mediated SUMOylation in plant thermomorpho-genesis.展开更多
Thermomorphogenesis and the heat shock(HS)response are distinct thermal responses in plants that are regulated by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)and HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A1s(HSFA1s),respectively.Little is known ab...Thermomorphogenesis and the heat shock(HS)response are distinct thermal responses in plants that are regulated by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)and HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A1s(HSFA1s),respectively.Little is known about whether these responses are interconnected and whether they are activated by similar mechanisms.An analysis of transcriptome dynamics in response to warm temperature(28℃)treatment revealed that 30 min of exposure activated the expression of a subset of HSFA1 target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.Meanwhile,a loss-of-function HSFA1 quadruple mutant(hsfa1-cq)was insensitive to warm temperature-induced hypocotyl growth.In hsfa1-cq plants grown at 28℃,the protein and transcript levels of PIF4 were greatly reduced,and the circadian rhythm of many thermomorphogenesis-related genes(including PIF4)was disturbed.Additionally,the nuclear localization of HSFA1s and the binding of HSFA1d to the PIF4 promoter increased following warm temperature exposure,whereas PIF4 overexpression in hsfa1-cq partially rescued the altered warm temperature-induced hypocotyl growth of the mutant.Taken together,these results suggest that HSFA1s are required for PIF4 accumulation at a warm temperature,and they establish a central role for HSFA1s in regulating both thermomorphogenesis and HS responses in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Dear Editor,With the inevitable trend of global warming,it is urgent to understand how plants sense and respond to temperature increases for designing new crop varieties that can tolerate high ambient temperature.In A...Dear Editor,With the inevitable trend of global warming,it is urgent to understand how plants sense and respond to temperature increases for designing new crop varieties that can tolerate high ambient temperature.In Arabidopsis thaliana,high ambient temperature promotes hypocotyl elongation in seedlings and stimulates petiole elongation and hyponasty in rosette leaves.These changes in architecture are collectively tenned thermomorphogenesis.Thennomorphogenesis protects seedling meristems from the heat reflected from the ground and reduces the heat flux among leaves in adult plants.展开更多
Global warming has great impacts on plant growth and development,as well as ecological distribution.Plants constantly perceive environmental temperatures and adjust their growth and development programs accordingly to...Global warming has great impacts on plant growth and development,as well as ecological distribution.Plants constantly perceive environmental temperatures and adjust their growth and development programs accordingly to cope with the environment under non-lethal warm temperature conditions.Plant hormones are endogenous bioactive chemicals that play central roles in plant growth,developmental,and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In this review,we summarize the important roles of plant hormones,including auxin,brassinosteroids(BRs),Gibberellins(GAs),ethylene(ET),and jasmonates(JAs),in regulating plant growth under warm temperature conditions.This provides a picture on how plants sense and transduce the warm temperature signals to regulate downstream gene expression for controlling plant growth under warm temperature conditions via hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways.展开更多
High temperature activates the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4(PIF4)to stimulate auxin signaling,which causes hypocotyl elongation and leaf hyponasty(thermomorphogenesis).HOOKLESS1(HLS1)is a recen...High temperature activates the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4(PIF4)to stimulate auxin signaling,which causes hypocotyl elongation and leaf hyponasty(thermomorphogenesis).HOOKLESS1(HLS1)is a recently reported positive regulator of thermomorphogenesis,but the molecular mechanisms by which HLS1 regulates thermomorphogenesis remain unknown.In this study,we initially compared PIF4-and/or HLS1-dependent differential gene expression(DEG)upon high-temperature treatment.We found that a large number of genes are coregulated by PIF4 and HLS1,especially genes involved in plant growth or defense responses.Moreover,we found that HLS1 interacts with PIF4 to form a regulatory module and that,among the HLS1-PIF4-coregulated genes,27.7%are direct targets of PIF4.We also identified 870 differentially alternatively spliced genes(DASGs)in wild-type plants under high temperature.Interestingly,more than half of these DASG events(52.4%)are dependent on both HLS1 and PIF4,and the spliceosome-defective mutant plantsexhibit a hyposensitive response to high temperature,indicating that DASGs are required for thermomorphogenesis.Further comparative analyses showed that the HLS1/PIF4-coregulated DEGs and DASGs exhibit almost no overlap,suggesting that high temperature triggers two distinct strategies to control plant responses and thermomorphogenesis.Taken together,these results demonstrate that the HLS1-PIF4 module precisely controls both transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation during plant thermomorphogenesis.展开更多
Plants can sense temperature changes and adjust their growth accordingly.In Arabidopsis,high ambient temperatures stimulate stem elongation by activating a key thermoresponsive regulator,PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR...Plants can sense temperature changes and adjust their growth accordingly.In Arabidopsis,high ambient temperatures stimulate stem elongation by activating a key thermoresponsive regulator,PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4).Here,we show that warmth promotes the nighttime transcription of GI,which is necessary for the high temperature-induced transcription of TOC1.Genetic analyses suggest that GI prevents excessive thermoresponsive growth by inhibiting PIF4,with this regulatory mechanism be-ing partially reliant on TOC1.GI transcription is repressed by ELF3 and HY5,which concurrently inhibit PIF4 expression and activity.Temperature elevation causes the deactivation or degradation of ELF3 and HY5,leading to PIF4 activation and relief of GI transcriptional repression at high temperatures.This allows PIF4 to further activate GI transcription in response to elevated temperatures.GI,in turn,inhibits PIF4,es-tablishing a negative feedback loop thatfine-tunes PIF4 activity.In addition,we demonstrate that ELF3,HY5,and PIF4 regulate GI transcription by modulating the enrichment of histone variant H2A.Z at the GI lo-cus.Together,ourfindings suggest that thermal release of a negative feedback loopfinely adjusts plant thermomorphogenesis.展开更多
Temperature is one of the major environmental signals controlling plant development,geographical distribution,and seasonal behavior.Plants perceive adverse temperatures,such as high,low,and freezing temperatures,as st...Temperature is one of the major environmental signals controlling plant development,geographical distribution,and seasonal behavior.Plants perceive adverse temperatures,such as high,low,and freezing temperatures,as stressful signals that can cause physiological defects and even death.As sessile organisms,plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to recurring stressful environments through changing gene expression or transcriptional reprogramming.Transcriptional memory refers to the ability of primed plants to remember previously experienced stress and acquire enhanced tolerance to similar or different stresses.Epigenetic modifications mediate transcriptional memory and play a key role in adapting to adverse temperatures.Understanding the mechanisms of the formation,maintenance,and resetting of stress-induced transcriptional memory will not only enable us to understand why there is a trade-off between plant defense and growth,but also provide a theoretical basis for generating stress-tolerant crops optimized for future climate change.In this review,we summarize recent advances in dissecting the mechanisms of plant transcriptional memory in response to adverse temperatures,based mainly on studies of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.We also discuss remaining questions that are important for further understanding the mechanisms of transcriptional memory during the adverse temperature response.展开更多
Temperature is a key factor governing the growth and development,distribution,and seasonal behavior of plants.The entireplant life cycle is affected by environmental temperatures.Plants grow rapidly and exhibit specif...Temperature is a key factor governing the growth and development,distribution,and seasonal behavior of plants.The entireplant life cycle is affected by environmental temperatures.Plants grow rapidly and exhibit specific changes in morphology under mild average temperature conditions,a response termed thermomorphogenesis.When exposed to chilling or moist chilling low temperatures,flowering or seed germination is accelerated in some plant species;these processes are known as vernalization and cold stratification,respectively.Interestingly,once many temperate plants are exposed to chilling temperatures for some time,they can acquire the ability to resist freezing stress,a process termed cold acclimation.In the face of global climate change,heat stress has emerged as a frequent challenge,which adversely affects plant growth and development.In this review,we summarize and discuss recent progress in dissecting them olecular mechanism sregulating plant thermomorphogenesis,vernalization,and responses to extreme temperatures.We also discuss the remaining issues that are crucial for understanding the interactions between plants and temperature.展开更多
Global warming imposes a major threat to plant growth and crop production. In some plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, elevated temperatures induce a series of morphological and developmental adjustments, termed th...Global warming imposes a major threat to plant growth and crop production. In some plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, elevated temperatures induce a series of morphological and developmental adjustments, termed thermomorphogenesis to facilitate plant cooling under high-temperature conditions. Plant thermal response is suppressed by histone variant H2A.Z. At warm temperatures, H2A.Z is evicted from nucleosomes at thermo-responsive genes, resulting in their expression changes. However, the mechanisms that regulate H2A.Z eviction and subsequent transcription changes are largely unknown. Here, we show that the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex (INO80-C) promotes thermomorphogenesis and activates the expression of thermo-responsive and auxin-related genes. INO80-C associates with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4), a potent regulator in thermomorphogenesis, and mediates temperature-induced H2A.Z eviction at PIF4 targets. Moreover, INO80-C directly interacts with COMPASS-like and transcription elongation factors to promote active histone modification Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and RNA Polymerase II (RNA Pol II) elongation, leading to the thermal induction of transcription. Notably, transcription elongation factors SPT4 and SPT5 are required for the H2A.Z eviction at PIF4 targets, suggesting the cooperation of INO80-C and transcription elongation in H2A.Z removal. Our results demonstrate that the (PIF4)-(INO80-C)-(COMPASS-like)-(transcription elongator) module controls plant thermal response, and establish a link between H2A.Z eviction and active transcription.展开更多
Global warming impacts crop production and threatens food security.Elevated temperatures are sensed by different cell components.Temperature increases are classified as either mild warm temperatures or excessively hot...Global warming impacts crop production and threatens food security.Elevated temperatures are sensed by different cell components.Temperature increases are classified as either mild warm temperatures or excessively hot temperatures,which are perceived by distinct signaling pathways in plants.Warm temperatures induce thermomorphogenesis,while high-temperature stress triggers heat acclimation and has destructive effects on plant growth and development.In this review,we systematically summarize the heat-responsive genetic networks in Arabidopsis and crop plants based on recent studies.In addition,we highlight the strategies used to improve grain yield under heat stress from a source-sink perspective.We also discuss the remaining issues regarding the characteristics of thermosensors and the urgency required to explore the basis of acclimation under multifactorial stress combination.展开更多
Plants maintain their internal temperature under environments with fluctuating temperatures by adjusting their morphology and architecture,an adaptive process termed thermomorphogenesis.Notably,the rhythmic patterns o...Plants maintain their internal temperature under environments with fluctuating temperatures by adjusting their morphology and architecture,an adaptive process termed thermomorphogenesis.Notably,the rhythmic patterns of plant thermomorphogenesis are governed by day-length information.However,it remains elusive how thermomorphogenic rhythms are regulated by photoperiod.Here,we show that warm temperatures enhance the accumulation of the chaperone GIGANTEA(Gl),which thermostabilizes the DELLA protein,REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA),under long days,thereby attenuating PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)-mediated thermomorphogenesis.In contrast,under short days,when Gl accumulation is reduced,RGA is readily degraded through the gibberellic acid-mediated ubiquitination-proteasome pathway,promoting thermomorphogenic growth.These data indicate that the GI-RGA-PIF4 signaling module enables plant thermomorphogenic responses to occur in a day-length-dependent manner.We propose that the Gl-mediated integration of photoperiodic and temperature information shapes thermomorphogenic rhythms,which enable plants to adapt to diel fluctuations in day length and temperature during seasonal transitions.展开更多
Gibberellins(GAs)play important roles in multiple developmental processes and in plant response to the environment.Within the GA pathway,a central regulatory step relies on GA-dependent degradation of the DELLA transc...Gibberellins(GAs)play important roles in multiple developmental processes and in plant response to the environment.Within the GA pathway,a central regulatory step relies on GA-dependent degradation of the DELLA transcriptional regulators.Nevertheless,the relevance of the stability of other key proteins in this pathway,such as SLY1 and SNE(the F-box proteins involved in DELLA degradation),remains unknown.Here,we take advantage of mutants in the HSP70-HSP90 organizing protein(HOP)co-chaperones and reveal that these proteins contribute to the accumulation of SNE in Arabidopsis.Indeed,HOP proteins,along with HSP90 and HSP70,interact in vivo with SNE,and SNE accumulation is significantly reduced in the hop mutants.Concomitantly,greater accumulation of the DELLA protein RGA is observed in these plants.In agreement with these molecular phenotypes,hop mutants show a hypersensitive response to the GA inhibitor paclobutrazol and display a partial response to the ectopic addition of GA when GA-regulated processes are assayed.These mutants also display different phenotypes associated with alterations in the GA pathway,such as reduced germination rate,delayed bolting,and reduced hypocotyl elongation in response to warm temperatures.Remarkably,ectopic overexpression of SNE reverts the delay in germination and the thermally dependent hypocotyl elongation defect of the hop1 hop2 hop3 mutant,revealing that SNE accumulation is the key aspect of the hop mutant phenotypes.Together,these data reveal a pivotal role for HOP in SNE accumulation and GA signaling.展开更多
Unlike animals,plant development is plastic and sensitive to environmental changes.For example,Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings display distinct growth patterns when they are grown under different light or temperature c...Unlike animals,plant development is plastic and sensitive to environmental changes.For example,Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings display distinct growth patterns when they are grown under different light or temperature conditions.M oreover,endogenous plant hormone such as ethylene also impacts seedling morphol ogy.Ethylene induces hypocotyl elongation in light-grown seedlings but strongly inhibits hypocotyl elongation in etiolated(dark-grown)seedlings.Another characteristic ethylene response in etiolated seedlings is the formation of exaggerated apical hooks.Although it is well known that high ambient temperature promotes hypocotyl elongation in light-grown seedlings(thermomor-phogenesis),ethylene suppresses thermomorphogenesis.On another side,high ambient temperature also inhibits the ethylene-responsive hypocotyl shortening and exaggerated hook for mation in etiolated seedlings.Therefore,the simplest phytohormone ethylene exhibits almost the most complicated responses,depending on temperature and/or light conditions.In this review,we will focus on two topics related to the main theme of this special issue(response to high temperature):(1)how does high temperature suppress ethylene-induced seedling morphology in dark grown seedlings,and(2)how does ethylene inhibit high temperature-induced seedling growth in light-grown seedlings.Controlling ethylene biosynthesis through antisense technology was the hallmark event in plant genetic engi-neering in 1990,we assume that manipulations on plant ethylene signaling in agricultural plants may pave the way for coping with climate change in future.展开更多
With the increasing global warming high-temperature stress is affecting plant growth and develop-ment with greater frequency.Therefore,an increasing number of studies examining the mechanism of temperature response co...With the increasing global warming high-temperature stress is affecting plant growth and develop-ment with greater frequency.Therefore,an increasing number of studies examining the mechanism of temperature response contribute to a more optimal understanding of plant growth under environ-mental pressure.Post-translational modification(PTM)provides the rapid reconnection of tr anscrip-tional programs including transcription factors and signaling proteins.It is vital that plants quickly respond to changes in the environment in order to survive under stressful situations.Herein,we discuss several types of PTMs that occur in response to warm-temperature and high-temperature stress,including ubiquitination,SUMOylation,phosphorylation,histone methylation,and acetylation.This review provides a valuable resolution to this issue to enable increased crop productivity at high temperatures.展开更多
Growing concern around global warming has led to an increase in research focused on plant responses to increased temperature.In this review,we highlight recent advances in our understanding of plant adaptation to high...Growing concern around global warming has led to an increase in research focused on plant responses to increased temperature.In this review,we highlight recent advances in our understanding of plant adaptation to high ambient temperature and heat stress,emphasizing the roles of plant light signaling in these responses.We summarize how high temperatures regulate plant cotyledon expansion and shoot and root elongation and explain how plants use light signaling to combat severe heat stress.Finally,we discuss several future avenues for this research and identify various unresolved questions within this field.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31970289).
文摘Ambient temperature induces the hypocotyl elongation of seedling,called as thermomorphogenesis.It has been reported that the bHLH transcriptional factor PIF7 acts as the critical component to modulate plant thermomorphogenesis,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.The phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA)suppresses the hypocotyl elongation under high temperature(HT)stress.As the ABI5 binding protein,AFP2 acts as the negative factor to control ABA signaling.In this study,we first identified AFP2 as the interaction protein of PIF7 in vitro and in vivo.Phenotype analysis revealed that overexpressing AFP2 reduced the hypocotyl elongation,while loss-of-function afp2 mutant showed longer hypocotyl under HT.Consistently,overexpressing AFP2 impaired the transactivation effect of PIF7 on auxin biosynthesis related genes YUC8 and IAA19,which possibly resulted into the shorter hypocotyl in the transgenic line overexpressing AFP2 or co-overexpressing AFP2 and PIF7.Thus,these data suggest that AFP2 suppressed PIF7 activity to suppress hypocotyl elongation.Furthermore,we found that HT gradually induced the degradation of AFP2 that possibly released the inhibitory effect of AFP2 on PIF7,thus induced hypocotyl elongation under HT.Taken together,our result reveals the novel function of AFP2 in coordinating thermomorphogenesis through sophistically modulating PIF7 activity.
基金supported by grants from the Department of Biotechnol-ogy(Ramalingaswami Fellowship Grant,BT/RLF/Re-entry/28/2017)Sci-ence and Engineering Research Board(Start-up Research Grant,SRG/2019/000446)+1 种基金Anusandhan National Research Foundation(Core Research Grant,CRG/2023/001553)Intramural grant(IISER Kolkata),Ministry of Education(MoE/STARS-1/416),Government of India.
文摘Temperature is a crucial environmental cue that governs plant growth and adaptation in natural habitats.PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)functions as a central regulator promoting thermomor-phogenesis in Arabidopsis.An understanding of its precise regulation is essential for optimal thermomor-phogenic growth.Here,we identified two BBX proteins,BBX24 and BBX25,as novel components of the PIF4-mediated thermosensory pathway that promote growth at elevated temperatures.Single and double mutants of bbx24 and bbx25 exhibit moderate to strong temperature-insensitive hypocotyl and cotyledon growth.Elevated temperatures induce BBX24 and BBX25 mRNA expression and protein accumulation.Ge-netic and biochemical analyses reveal that BBX24 and BBX25 enhance PIF4-mediated thermosensory growth by counteracting ELF3,a key component of the evening complex.Whereas ELF3 represses BBX24 and BBX25 gene expression at low ambient temperatures during the evening,the inhibition of ELF3 activity under elevated temperatures increases BBX24 and BBX25 activity.Moreover,BBX24 and BBX25 suppress ELF3 function through direct physical interaction,likely relieving its repression of PIF4 and enhancing thermomorphogenesis.These findings identify the ELF3–BBX24/BBX25–PIF4 axis as a key regulatory module controlling plant growth and development in response to temperature cues.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea,funded by the Korean government(NRF-2022R1A4A3024451,NRF-2023R1A2C3002386,NRF-2021R1A6A3A13046676,NRF-2021R1A4A 1032888,and NRF-RS-2024-00461656)support was provided by a grant from Korea University.
文摘Plants respond to slight increases in ambient temperature by altering their architecture,a phenomenon collectively termed thermomorphogenesis.Thermomorphogenesis helps mitigate the damage caused by potentially harmful high-temperature conditions and is modulated by multiple environmental factors.Among these factors,ultraviolet-B(UV-B)light has been shown to strongly suppress this response.However,the molecular mechanisms by which UV-B light regulates thermomorphogenesis and the physiological roles of the UV-B-mediated suppression remain poorly understood.Here,we show that UV-B light inhibits thermomorphogenesis through the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8(UVR8)–CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1(COP1)–phytochrome B(phyB)/LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR RED 1(HFR1)signaling pathway.We found that cop1 mutants maintain high levels of active phyB at high temperatures.Extensive genetic analyses revealed that the increased levels of phyB,HFR1,and CRY1 in cop1 mutants redundantly reduce both the level and the activity of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4(PIF4),a key positive regulator in thermomorphogenesis,thereby repressing this growth response.In addition,we found that UV-B light inactivates COP1 to enhance phyB stability and increase its photobody number.The UV-B-stabilized active phyB,in concert with HFR1,inhibits thermomorphogenesis by interfering with PIF4 activity.We further demonstrate that increased levels of active phyB enhance UV-B tolerance by promoting flavonoid biosynthesis and inhibiting thermomorphogenic growth.Taken together,our results elucidate that UV-B increases the levels of active phyB and HFR1 by inhibiting COP1 to suppress PIF4-mediated growth responses,which is crucial for plant tolerance to UV-B stress at high temperatures.
基金National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(grant no.31725005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.31970194)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0503800).
文摘Increases in recorded high temperatures around the world are causing plant thermomorphogenesis and decreasing crop productivity.PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)is a central positive regulator of plant thermomorphogenesis.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying PIF4-regulated thermomorphogenesis remain largely unclear.In this study,we identified ABNORMAL THERMOMORPHOGENESIS 1(ABT1)as an important negative regulator of PIF4 and plant thermomorphogenesis.Overexpression of ABT1 in the activation tagging mutant abt1-D caused shorter hypocotyls and petioles under moderately high temperature(HT).ABT1 encodes WRKY14,which belongs to subgroup II of the WRKY transcription factors.Overexpression of ABT1/WRKY14 or its close homologs,including ABT2/WRKY35,ABT3/WRKY65,and ABT4/WRKY69in transgenic plants caused insensitivity to HT,whereas the quadruple mutant abt1 abt2 abt3 abt4 exhibited greater sensitivity to HT.ABTs were expressed in hypocotyls,cotyledons,shoot apical meristems,and leaves,but their expression were suppressed by HT.Biochemical assays showed that ABT1 can interact with TCP5,a known positive regulator of PIF4,and interrupt the formation of the TCP5-PIF4 complex and repress its transcriptional activation activity.Genetic analysis showed that ABT1 functioned antagonistically with TCP5,BZR1,and PIF4 in plant thermomorphogenesis.Taken together,our results identify ABT1/WRKY14 as a critical repressor of plant thermomorphogenesis and suggest that ABT1/WRKY14,TCP5,and PIF4 may form a sophisticated regulatory module to fine-tune PIF4 activity and temperature-dependent plant growth.
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31788103 to X.C.,31801063 to Y.H.)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Strategic Priority Research Program XDB27030201 and QYZDY-SSW-SMC022 to X.C.)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2016M600143 to Y.H.,2020M680744 to Y.Y.)the State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics.
文摘Temperature is a key factor in determining plant growth and development,geographical distribution,and seasonal behavior.Plants accurately sense subtle changes in ambient temperature and alter their growth and development accordingly to improve their chances of survival and successful propagation.Thermomorphogenesis encompasses a variety of morphological changes that help plants acclimate to warm environmental temperatures.Revealing the molecular mechanism of thermomorphogenesis is important for breeding thermo-tolerant crops and ensuri ng food security under global climate change.Plant adaptation to elevated ambient temperature is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications,histone variants,and non-coding RNAs.In this review,we summarize recent advances in the mechanism of epigenetic regulation during thermo-morphogenesis with a focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and briefly discuss future pro-spects for this field.
基金supported by grants from the Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32000449,32270292,32270344,32270752,and 32170593)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M672674)the Program for Changjang Scholars,the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2024A1515011497,2020B1515020007,and 2024A1515011071)the Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talent Plan(2019QN01N108)the National Science Foundation of USA(2347540).
文摘Under warm temperatures,plants adjust their morphologies for environmental adaption via precise gene expression regulation.However,the function and regulation of alternative polyadenylation(APA),an important fine-tuning of gene expression,remains unknown in plant thermomorphogenesis.In this study,we found that SUMOylation,a critical post-translational modification,is induced by a long-term treat-ment at warm temperatures via a SUMO ligase SIZ1 in Arabidopsis.Disruption of SIZ1 altered the global usage of polyadenylation signals and affected the APA dynamic of thermomorphogenesis-related genes.CPSF100,a key subunit of the CPSF complex for polyadenylation regulation,is SUMOylated by SIZ1.Importantly,we demonstrated that SUMOylation is essential for the function of CPSF1oo in genome-wide polyadenylation site choice during thermomorphogenesis.Further analyses revealed that the SUMO conjugation on CPSF100 attenuates its interaction with two isoforms of its partner CPSF30,increasing the nuclear accumulation of CPsF1oo for polyadenylation regulation.In summary,our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism of APA via SiZ1-mediated SUMOylation in plant thermomorpho-genesis.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070293)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2020205028,C2021205013,C2021205009)High-Level Talent Team Construction Project of Hebei Province(225A2902D).
文摘Thermomorphogenesis and the heat shock(HS)response are distinct thermal responses in plants that are regulated by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)and HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A1s(HSFA1s),respectively.Little is known about whether these responses are interconnected and whether they are activated by similar mechanisms.An analysis of transcriptome dynamics in response to warm temperature(28℃)treatment revealed that 30 min of exposure activated the expression of a subset of HSFA1 target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.Meanwhile,a loss-of-function HSFA1 quadruple mutant(hsfa1-cq)was insensitive to warm temperature-induced hypocotyl growth.In hsfa1-cq plants grown at 28℃,the protein and transcript levels of PIF4 were greatly reduced,and the circadian rhythm of many thermomorphogenesis-related genes(including PIF4)was disturbed.Additionally,the nuclear localization of HSFA1s and the binding of HSFA1d to the PIF4 promoter increased following warm temperature exposure,whereas PIF4 overexpression in hsfa1-cq partially rescued the altered warm temperature-induced hypocotyl growth of the mutant.Taken together,these results suggest that HSFA1s are required for PIF4 accumulation at a warm temperature,and they establish a central role for HSFA1s in regulating both thermomorphogenesis and HS responses in Arabidopsis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470375)the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (161023)+1 种基金the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPBKF1802)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Dear Editor,With the inevitable trend of global warming,it is urgent to understand how plants sense and respond to temperature increases for designing new crop varieties that can tolerate high ambient temperature.In Arabidopsis thaliana,high ambient temperature promotes hypocotyl elongation in seedlings and stimulates petiole elongation and hyponasty in rosette leaves.These changes in architecture are collectively tenned thermomorphogenesis.Thennomorphogenesis protects seedling meristems from the heat reflected from the ground and reduces the heat flux among leaves in adult plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872653 and 32000374)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Zhejiang Provincial Universities(2021XZZX023).
文摘Global warming has great impacts on plant growth and development,as well as ecological distribution.Plants constantly perceive environmental temperatures and adjust their growth and development programs accordingly to cope with the environment under non-lethal warm temperature conditions.Plant hormones are endogenous bioactive chemicals that play central roles in plant growth,developmental,and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In this review,we summarize the important roles of plant hormones,including auxin,brassinosteroids(BRs),Gibberellins(GAs),ethylene(ET),and jasmonates(JAs),in regulating plant growth under warm temperature conditions.This provides a picture on how plants sense and transduce the warm temperature signals to regulate downstream gene expression for controlling plant growth under warm temperature conditions via hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970256)the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation(161023)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2019-kb05)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘High temperature activates the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4(PIF4)to stimulate auxin signaling,which causes hypocotyl elongation and leaf hyponasty(thermomorphogenesis).HOOKLESS1(HLS1)is a recently reported positive regulator of thermomorphogenesis,but the molecular mechanisms by which HLS1 regulates thermomorphogenesis remain unknown.In this study,we initially compared PIF4-and/or HLS1-dependent differential gene expression(DEG)upon high-temperature treatment.We found that a large number of genes are coregulated by PIF4 and HLS1,especially genes involved in plant growth or defense responses.Moreover,we found that HLS1 interacts with PIF4 to form a regulatory module and that,among the HLS1-PIF4-coregulated genes,27.7%are direct targets of PIF4.We also identified 870 differentially alternatively spliced genes(DASGs)in wild-type plants under high temperature.Interestingly,more than half of these DASG events(52.4%)are dependent on both HLS1 and PIF4,and the spliceosome-defective mutant plantsexhibit a hyposensitive response to high temperature,indicating that DASGs are required for thermomorphogenesis.Further comparative analyses showed that the HLS1/PIF4-coregulated DEGs and DASGs exhibit almost no overlap,suggesting that high temperature triggers two distinct strategies to control plant responses and thermomorphogenesis.Taken together,these results demonstrate that the HLS1-PIF4 module precisely controls both transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation during plant thermomorphogenesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32150610472)the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0903903).
文摘Plants can sense temperature changes and adjust their growth accordingly.In Arabidopsis,high ambient temperatures stimulate stem elongation by activating a key thermoresponsive regulator,PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4).Here,we show that warmth promotes the nighttime transcription of GI,which is necessary for the high temperature-induced transcription of TOC1.Genetic analyses suggest that GI prevents excessive thermoresponsive growth by inhibiting PIF4,with this regulatory mechanism be-ing partially reliant on TOC1.GI transcription is repressed by ELF3 and HY5,which concurrently inhibit PIF4 expression and activity.Temperature elevation causes the deactivation or degradation of ELF3 and HY5,leading to PIF4 activation and relief of GI transcriptional repression at high temperatures.This allows PIF4 to further activate GI transcription in response to elevated temperatures.GI,in turn,inhibits PIF4,es-tablishing a negative feedback loop thatfine-tunes PIF4 activity.In addition,we demonstrate that ELF3,HY5,and PIF4 regulate GI transcription by modulating the enrichment of histone variant H2A.Z at the GI lo-cus.Together,ourfindings suggest that thermal release of a negative feedback loopfinely adjusts plant thermomorphogenesis.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31970534)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2019QNA6014),China.
文摘Temperature is one of the major environmental signals controlling plant development,geographical distribution,and seasonal behavior.Plants perceive adverse temperatures,such as high,low,and freezing temperatures,as stressful signals that can cause physiological defects and even death.As sessile organisms,plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to recurring stressful environments through changing gene expression or transcriptional reprogramming.Transcriptional memory refers to the ability of primed plants to remember previously experienced stress and acquire enhanced tolerance to similar or different stresses.Epigenetic modifications mediate transcriptional memory and play a key role in adapting to adverse temperatures.Understanding the mechanisms of the formation,maintenance,and resetting of stress-induced transcriptional memory will not only enable us to understand why there is a trade-off between plant defense and growth,but also provide a theoretical basis for generating stress-tolerant crops optimized for future climate change.In this review,we summarize recent advances in dissecting the mechanisms of plant transcriptional memory in response to adverse temperatures,based mainly on studies of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.We also discuss remaining questions that are important for further understanding the mechanisms of transcriptional memory during the adverse temperature response.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Agriculture of China for Transgenic Research(2016ZX08009003-002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31920103002,31921001)the Beijing Outstanding University Discipline Program.
文摘Temperature is a key factor governing the growth and development,distribution,and seasonal behavior of plants.The entireplant life cycle is affected by environmental temperatures.Plants grow rapidly and exhibit specific changes in morphology under mild average temperature conditions,a response termed thermomorphogenesis.When exposed to chilling or moist chilling low temperatures,flowering or seed germination is accelerated in some plant species;these processes are known as vernalization and cold stratification,respectively.Interestingly,once many temperate plants are exposed to chilling temperatures for some time,they can acquire the ability to resist freezing stress,a process termed cold acclimation.In the face of global climate change,heat stress has emerged as a frequent challenge,which adversely affects plant growth and development.In this review,we summarize and discuss recent progress in dissecting them olecular mechanism sregulating plant thermomorphogenesis,vernalization,and responses to extreme temperatures.We also discuss the remaining issues that are crucial for understanding the interactions between plants and temperature.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFA0903903)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Precision Seed Design and Breeding,XDA24020303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970527).
文摘Global warming imposes a major threat to plant growth and crop production. In some plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, elevated temperatures induce a series of morphological and developmental adjustments, termed thermomorphogenesis to facilitate plant cooling under high-temperature conditions. Plant thermal response is suppressed by histone variant H2A.Z. At warm temperatures, H2A.Z is evicted from nucleosomes at thermo-responsive genes, resulting in their expression changes. However, the mechanisms that regulate H2A.Z eviction and subsequent transcription changes are largely unknown. Here, we show that the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex (INO80-C) promotes thermomorphogenesis and activates the expression of thermo-responsive and auxin-related genes. INO80-C associates with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4), a potent regulator in thermomorphogenesis, and mediates temperature-induced H2A.Z eviction at PIF4 targets. Moreover, INO80-C directly interacts with COMPASS-like and transcription elongation factors to promote active histone modification Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and RNA Polymerase II (RNA Pol II) elongation, leading to the thermal induction of transcription. Notably, transcription elongation factors SPT4 and SPT5 are required for the H2A.Z eviction at PIF4 targets, suggesting the cooperation of INO80-C and transcription elongation in H2A.Z removal. Our results demonstrate that the (PIF4)-(INO80-C)-(COMPASS-like)-(transcription elongator) module controls plant thermal response, and establish a link between H2A.Z eviction and active transcription.
基金supported by the Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1406500)the Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2030 Initiative(WH510363001-11)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32388201 and 32201705)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27010104)the Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project(NT2021002)a project funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022T150648).
文摘Global warming impacts crop production and threatens food security.Elevated temperatures are sensed by different cell components.Temperature increases are classified as either mild warm temperatures or excessively hot temperatures,which are perceived by distinct signaling pathways in plants.Warm temperatures induce thermomorphogenesis,while high-temperature stress triggers heat acclimation and has destructive effects on plant growth and development.In this review,we systematically summarize the heat-responsive genetic networks in Arabidopsis and crop plants based on recent studies.In addition,we highlight the strategies used to improve grain yield under heat stress from a source-sink perspective.We also discuss the remaining issues regarding the characteristics of thermosensors and the urgency required to explore the basis of acclimation under multifactorial stress combination.
基金supported by the Leaping Research(NRF-2018R1A2A1A19020840)Program provided by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program(PJ013134)provided by the Rural Development Administration of Korea.Y.-J.P.was partiallysupported by Global PhD Fellowship Program through NRF(NRF-2016H1A2A1906534).
文摘Plants maintain their internal temperature under environments with fluctuating temperatures by adjusting their morphology and architecture,an adaptive process termed thermomorphogenesis.Notably,the rhythmic patterns of plant thermomorphogenesis are governed by day-length information.However,it remains elusive how thermomorphogenic rhythms are regulated by photoperiod.Here,we show that warm temperatures enhance the accumulation of the chaperone GIGANTEA(Gl),which thermostabilizes the DELLA protein,REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA),under long days,thereby attenuating PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)-mediated thermomorphogenesis.In contrast,under short days,when Gl accumulation is reduced,RGA is readily degraded through the gibberellic acid-mediated ubiquitination-proteasome pathway,promoting thermomorphogenic growth.These data indicate that the GI-RGA-PIF4 signaling module enables plant thermomorphogenic responses to occur in a day-length-dependent manner.We propose that the Gl-mediated integration of photoperiodic and temperature information shapes thermomorphogenic rhythms,which enable plants to adapt to diel fluctuations in day length and temperature during seasonal transitions.
基金supported by the project RTI2018-095946-B-I00 and PID2021-126956OB-I00 from MICIUby"Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D"from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of Spain(grants SEV-2016-0672 and CEX2020-000999-S to the CBGP)In the frame of this latter program,S.M.was supported with postdoctoral contracts.We also acknowledge the grant"Recualificación del profesorado universitario"from the Ministerio de Universidades to A.M.(UCO).
文摘Gibberellins(GAs)play important roles in multiple developmental processes and in plant response to the environment.Within the GA pathway,a central regulatory step relies on GA-dependent degradation of the DELLA transcriptional regulators.Nevertheless,the relevance of the stability of other key proteins in this pathway,such as SLY1 and SNE(the F-box proteins involved in DELLA degradation),remains unknown.Here,we take advantage of mutants in the HSP70-HSP90 organizing protein(HOP)co-chaperones and reveal that these proteins contribute to the accumulation of SNE in Arabidopsis.Indeed,HOP proteins,along with HSP90 and HSP70,interact in vivo with SNE,and SNE accumulation is significantly reduced in the hop mutants.Concomitantly,greater accumulation of the DELLA protein RGA is observed in these plants.In agreement with these molecular phenotypes,hop mutants show a hypersensitive response to the GA inhibitor paclobutrazol and display a partial response to the ectopic addition of GA when GA-regulated processes are assayed.These mutants also display different phenotypes associated with alterations in the GA pathway,such as reduced germination rate,delayed bolting,and reduced hypocotyl elongation in response to warm temperatures.Remarkably,ectopic overexpression of SNE reverts the delay in germination and the thermally dependent hypocotyl elongation defect of the hop1 hop2 hop3 mutant,revealing that SNE accumulation is the key aspect of the hop mutant phenotypes.Together,these data reveal a pivotal role for HOP in SNE accumulation and GA signaling.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970256)the Natural Science Foundation of jiangsu Province(BK20201371)the Qing Lan Project and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Unlike animals,plant development is plastic and sensitive to environmental changes.For example,Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings display distinct growth patterns when they are grown under different light or temperature conditions.M oreover,endogenous plant hormone such as ethylene also impacts seedling morphol ogy.Ethylene induces hypocotyl elongation in light-grown seedlings but strongly inhibits hypocotyl elongation in etiolated(dark-grown)seedlings.Another characteristic ethylene response in etiolated seedlings is the formation of exaggerated apical hooks.Although it is well known that high ambient temperature promotes hypocotyl elongation in light-grown seedlings(thermomor-phogenesis),ethylene suppresses thermomorphogenesis.On another side,high ambient temperature also inhibits the ethylene-responsive hypocotyl shortening and exaggerated hook for mation in etiolated seedlings.Therefore,the simplest phytohormone ethylene exhibits almost the most complicated responses,depending on temperature and/or light conditions.In this review,we will focus on two topics related to the main theme of this special issue(response to high temperature):(1)how does high temperature suppress ethylene-induced seedling morphology in dark grown seedlings,and(2)how does ethylene inhibit high temperature-induced seedling growth in light-grown seedlings.Controlling ethylene biosynthesis through antisense technology was the hallmark event in plant genetic engi-neering in 1990,we assume that manipulations on plant ethylene signaling in agricultural plants may pave the way for coping with climate change in future.
基金Funding This work was supported by the Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(2018B030308002+7 种基金2021 A1515011151)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871222,31670286,31970531,and 31771504)the Guangdong YangFan Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Project(2015YT02H032)the Program for Changjiang Scholarsthe Guangdong Special Support Program of Young Top-Notch Talent in Science and Technology Innovation(2019TQ05N651)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32000449)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M672674)South China Normal University Young Tea-chers' Research Incubation Fund Project(21KJ18).
文摘With the increasing global warming high-temperature stress is affecting plant growth and develop-ment with greater frequency.Therefore,an increasing number of studies examining the mechanism of temperature response contribute to a more optimal understanding of plant growth under environ-mental pressure.Post-translational modification(PTM)provides the rapid reconnection of tr anscrip-tional programs including transcription factors and signaling proteins.It is vital that plants quickly respond to changes in the environment in order to survive under stressful situations.Herein,we discuss several types of PTMs that occur in response to warm-temperature and high-temperature stress,including ubiquitination,SUMOylation,phosphorylation,histone methylation,and acetylation.This review provides a valuable resolution to this issue to enable increased crop productivity at high temperatures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970256)the Qing Lan Project from the Jiangsu Department of Education.
文摘Growing concern around global warming has led to an increase in research focused on plant responses to increased temperature.In this review,we highlight recent advances in our understanding of plant adaptation to high ambient temperature and heat stress,emphasizing the roles of plant light signaling in these responses.We summarize how high temperatures regulate plant cotyledon expansion and shoot and root elongation and explain how plants use light signaling to combat severe heat stress.Finally,we discuss several future avenues for this research and identify various unresolved questions within this field.
