Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversio...Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns.In this article,the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed.The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules,it will be a suitable local cooling,and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature.Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature.They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50℃ in batteries by 3 to 4 times.Also,in their integration with fuel cells,they increase the power density of the fuel cell.展开更多
A highly flexible and continuous fibrous thermoelectric(TE)module with high-performance has been fabricated based on an ultra-long single-walled carbon nanotube fiber,which effectively avoids the drawbacks of traditio...A highly flexible and continuous fibrous thermoelectric(TE)module with high-performance has been fabricated based on an ultra-long single-walled carbon nanotube fiber,which effectively avoids the drawbacks of traditional inorganic TE based modules.The maximum output power density of a 1-cm long fibrous TE module with 8 p–n pairs can reach to 3436μW·cm^(-2),the power per unit weight to 2034μW·g^(-1),at a steady-state temperature difference of 50 K.The continuous fibrous TE module is used to detect temperature change of a single point,which exhibits a good responsiveness and excellent stability.Because of its adjustability in length,the flexible fibrous TE module can satisfy the transformation of the temperature difference between two distant heat sources into electrical energy.Based on the signal of the as-fabricated TE module,a multi-region recognizer has been designed and demonstrated.The highly flexible and continuous fibrous TE module with excellent performance shows a great potential in diversified applications of TE generation,temperature detection,and position identification.展开更多
This work proposes a novel heating and cooling system,with incorporated thermoelectric module,that can achieve energy balance using a self-water supply heat exchange subsystem.The thermoelectric effect is used to achi...This work proposes a novel heating and cooling system,with incorporated thermoelectric module,that can achieve energy balance using a self-water supply heat exchange subsystem.The thermoelectric effect is used to achieve controlled and adjustable heating of the circulating water.Simulations were conducted to study the thermal performance of the system while it simultaneously produces hot and cold water,with different working conditions for the hot-and cold-side water outlets.The results show that the water temperature at the hot side outlet increases from 32℃to 75℃when the power increases from 4.5 to 50 W.Additionally,the use of thermoelectric modules to heat water and recover waste heat is 22%more efficient than ordinary electric water heating systems.展开更多
A numerical model of thermoelectric module （TEM） is created by academic analysis,and the impacts of the resistance ratio and thermoelement size on the output power and thermoelectric efficiency of the TEM are analyz...A numerical model of thermoelectric module （TEM） is created by academic analysis,and the impacts of the resistance ratio and thermoelement size on the output power and thermoelectric efficiency of the TEM are analyzed by the MATLAB numerical calculation.The numerical model is validated by the ANSYS thermal,electrical,and structural coupling simulation.The effects of the variable physical property parameters and contact effect on the output power and thermoelectric efficiency are evaluated,and the concept of aspect ratio optimal domain is proposed,which provides a new design approach for the TEM.展开更多
The results of computer simulation of segmented and cascaded thermoelectric generator modules are presented. That use of Bi2Te3-based materials as cold sections and PbTe-based materials as hot sections for two-section...The results of computer simulation of segmented and cascaded thermoelectric generator modules are presented. That use of Bi2Te3-based materials as cold sections and PbTe-based materials as hot sections for two-section modules in the temperature range 303-773 K, allows to multiply their efficiency by 1.28 as compared to single-section ones. Cascade structures are characterized by better efficiency and lesser output power compared with the sectional, although construction investigated modules are designed to the equal areas.展开更多
To address the limitations of traditional numerical simulation methods in determining the optimal structure parameters of thermoelectric module,such as complex modeling procedures,low computational efficiency,and poor...To address the limitations of traditional numerical simulation methods in determining the optimal structure parameters of thermoelectric module,such as complex modeling procedures,low computational efficiency,and poor adaptability to multi-objective design,this paper introduces an efficient structural optimization approach of segmented annular thermoelectric module that combines the uniformly equivalent element integral method and multi-parameter and multi-objective optimization algorithm under both constant temperature and heat flux boundary conditions.The optimization results show that the optimal resistance ratio is independent of the boundary conditions,and the optimal thermoelectric leg ratios remain approximately 1.2 across all studied cases in this study.Notably,the optimal segment ratios are highly sensitive to the temperatures at the two ends of the optimized segmented annular thermoelectric module under all conditions and can be directly calculated using the proposed fitting formulas.In addition,an optimal total thermoelectric leg angle exists for the segmented annular thermoelectric module to achieve the maximum temperature difference within the operating temperature range of the thermoelectric materials.The output power and efficiency of the optimized segmented annular thermoelectric module can be predicted using the parameter-based fitting formulas,with relative errors below 3%when compared to the direct optimization results.The proposed method in this paper offers significant advantages in terms of modeling simplicity,computational efficiency,and highly compatible with machine learning frameworks,thereby enabling artificial intelligence-assisted design and optimization pipelines for segmented annular thermoelectric modules.展开更多
The thermoelectric transport of n-type Bi_(2)Te_(3) heavily depends on grain alignment,causing perfor-mance limitations that severely restrict the demand for low-grade waste heat recovery.Here,the n-type Bi_(2)Te_(2.7...The thermoelectric transport of n-type Bi_(2)Te_(3) heavily depends on grain alignment,causing perfor-mance limitations that severely restrict the demand for low-grade waste heat recovery.Here,the n-type Bi_(2)Te_(2.7)Se_(0.3) material with a certain textured structure is prepared by an innovative rotary swag-ing method.It is found that various defects including Te vacancies,dislocations,and grain boundaries significantly strengthen the phonon scattering.With an obviously suppressed thermal conductivity and well-maintained carrier mobility,the obtained rods extending up to several tens of centimeters achieve a peak ZT of 1.2 at 450 K and an average ZT of 1.0(300-550 K),with Vickers hardness and compressive strength increased to 0.42 GPa and 52.6 MPa,respectively.Moreover,the assembled 17-pair thermoelec-tric module achieves a competitive conversion efficiency of up to 6.3% and a high output power of 0.93 W at a temperature difference of 250 K.This study develops an effective strategy for synergistically en-hancing the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of n-type Bi_(2)(Te,Se)_(3).展开更多
A novel roof tile thermoelectric generator(RT-TEG)was used to harvest electrical energy from a solar heat source.The RT-TEG was fabricated and simulated by flat and curved thermoelectric modules consisting of p-n junc...A novel roof tile thermoelectric generator(RT-TEG)was used to harvest electrical energy from a solar heat source.The RT-TEG was fabricated and simulated by flat and curved thermoelectric modules consisting of p-n junctions of p-Sb_(2)Te_(3) and n-Bi_(2)Te_(3),with an Al_(2)O_(3) substrate at the top and bottom for heat absorption and heat rejection.The RT-TEG was installed in a roof tile to act as a generator.The electrical voltage and power values of the curved thermoelectric modules were higher than those of the flat thermoelectric module by 0.44 V and 80 mW,at a temperature difference(ΔT)of 100 K.In field tests,the RT-TEG produced a maximum electrical voltage of 33.70 mV and an electrical power of 46.24μW atΔT~7 K under a load resistance of 1Ωunder good sunshine at 13.00 hours.The energy conversion efficiency of RT-TEG was found to be 2.24×10^(−4).展开更多
A novel thermal biosensor based on enzyme reaction for pesticides detection has been developed. This biosensor is a flow injection analysis system and consists of two channels with enzyme reaction column and identical...A novel thermal biosensor based on enzyme reaction for pesticides detection has been developed. This biosensor is a flow injection analysis system and consists of two channels with enzyme reaction column and identical reference column, which is set for eliminating the unspecific heat. The enzyme reaction takes place in the enzyme reaction column at a constant temperature(40℃) realized by a thermoelectric thermostat. Thermosensor based on the thermoelectric module containing 127 serial BiTe-thermocouples is used to monitor the temperature difference between two effluents from enzyme reaction column and reference column. The ability of this biosensor to detect pesticides is demonstrated by the decreased degree of the hydrolytic heat in two types of thermosensor mode. The hydrolytic reaction is inhibited by 36% at 1 mg/L DDVP and 50 % at 10 mg/L DDVP when cell-typed thermosensor is used. The percent inhibition is 30% at 1 mg/L DDVP and 42% at 10 mg/L DDVP in tube-typed thermosensor mode. The detection for real sample shows that this biosensor can be used for detection of organophosphate pesticides residue.展开更多
Lithium heat pipes have broad applications in heat pipe cooling reactors and hypersonic vehicles owing to their ultra-high working temperature.In particular,when the length of the lithium heat pipe is ultra-long,the f...Lithium heat pipes have broad applications in heat pipe cooling reactors and hypersonic vehicles owing to their ultra-high working temperature.In particular,when the length of the lithium heat pipe is ultra-long,the flow and heat transfer characteristics are more complex.In this study,an improved lumped parameter model that considers the Marangoni effect,bending effect,and different vapor flow patterns and Mach numbers was developed.Thereafter,the proposed model was verified using the University of New Mexico’s Heat Pipe and HTPIPE models.Finally,the verified model was applied to simulate the steady-state operation of an ultra-long lithium heat pipe in a Heat PipeSegmented Thermoelectric Module Converters space reactor.Based on the results:(1)Vapor thermal resistance was dominant at low heating power and decreased with increasing heating power.The vapor flow inside the heat pipe developed from the laminar to the turbulent phase,whereas the liquid phase in the heat pipe was always laminar.(2)The vapor pressure drop caused by bending was approximately 22–23%of the total,and the bending effect on the liquid pressure drop could be ignored.(3)The Marangoni effect reduced the capillary limit by hindering the liquid reflux,especially at low vapor temperatures.Without considering the Marangoni effect,the capillary limit of the lithium heat pipe was overestimated by 9%when the vapor temperature was 1400 K.(4)The total thermal resistance of the heat pipe significantly increased with increasing adiabatic length when the vapor temperature was low.Further,the wick dryness increased with increasing adiabatic length at any vapor temperature.Such findings improve on current knowledge for the optimal design and safety analysis of a heat pipe reactor,which adopts ultra-long lithium heat pipes.展开更多
文摘Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns.In this article,the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed.The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules,it will be a suitable local cooling,and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature.Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature.They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50℃ in batteries by 3 to 4 times.Also,in their integration with fuel cells,they increase the power density of the fuel cell.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0208402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11634014,51172271,and 51372269)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA09040202)。
文摘A highly flexible and continuous fibrous thermoelectric(TE)module with high-performance has been fabricated based on an ultra-long single-walled carbon nanotube fiber,which effectively avoids the drawbacks of traditional inorganic TE based modules.The maximum output power density of a 1-cm long fibrous TE module with 8 p–n pairs can reach to 3436μW·cm^(-2),the power per unit weight to 2034μW·g^(-1),at a steady-state temperature difference of 50 K.The continuous fibrous TE module is used to detect temperature change of a single point,which exhibits a good responsiveness and excellent stability.Because of its adjustability in length,the flexible fibrous TE module can satisfy the transformation of the temperature difference between two distant heat sources into electrical energy.Based on the signal of the as-fabricated TE module,a multi-region recognizer has been designed and demonstrated.The highly flexible and continuous fibrous TE module with excellent performance shows a great potential in diversified applications of TE generation,temperature detection,and position identification.
文摘This work proposes a novel heating and cooling system,with incorporated thermoelectric module,that can achieve energy balance using a self-water supply heat exchange subsystem.The thermoelectric effect is used to achieve controlled and adjustable heating of the circulating water.Simulations were conducted to study the thermal performance of the system while it simultaneously produces hot and cold water,with different working conditions for the hot-and cold-side water outlets.The results show that the water temperature at the hot side outlet increases from 32℃to 75℃when the power increases from 4.5 to 50 W.Additionally,the use of thermoelectric modules to heat water and recover waste heat is 22%more efficient than ordinary electric water heating systems.
基金Funded by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (No.00355991220615019)
文摘A numerical model of thermoelectric module （TEM） is created by academic analysis,and the impacts of the resistance ratio and thermoelement size on the output power and thermoelectric efficiency of the TEM are analyzed by the MATLAB numerical calculation.The numerical model is validated by the ANSYS thermal,electrical,and structural coupling simulation.The effects of the variable physical property parameters and contact effect on the output power and thermoelectric efficiency are evaluated,and the concept of aspect ratio optimal domain is proposed,which provides a new design approach for the TEM.
文摘The results of computer simulation of segmented and cascaded thermoelectric generator modules are presented. That use of Bi2Te3-based materials as cold sections and PbTe-based materials as hot sections for two-section modules in the temperature range 303-773 K, allows to multiply their efficiency by 1.28 as compared to single-section ones. Cascade structures are characterized by better efficiency and lesser output power compared with the sectional, although construction investigated modules are designed to the equal areas.
基金support by Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20232004)this research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB4604700).
文摘To address the limitations of traditional numerical simulation methods in determining the optimal structure parameters of thermoelectric module,such as complex modeling procedures,low computational efficiency,and poor adaptability to multi-objective design,this paper introduces an efficient structural optimization approach of segmented annular thermoelectric module that combines the uniformly equivalent element integral method and multi-parameter and multi-objective optimization algorithm under both constant temperature and heat flux boundary conditions.The optimization results show that the optimal resistance ratio is independent of the boundary conditions,and the optimal thermoelectric leg ratios remain approximately 1.2 across all studied cases in this study.Notably,the optimal segment ratios are highly sensitive to the temperatures at the two ends of the optimized segmented annular thermoelectric module under all conditions and can be directly calculated using the proposed fitting formulas.In addition,an optimal total thermoelectric leg angle exists for the segmented annular thermoelectric module to achieve the maximum temperature difference within the operating temperature range of the thermoelectric materials.The output power and efficiency of the optimized segmented annular thermoelectric module can be predicted using the parameter-based fitting formulas,with relative errors below 3%when compared to the direct optimization results.The proposed method in this paper offers significant advantages in terms of modeling simplicity,computational efficiency,and highly compatible with machine learning frameworks,thereby enabling artificial intelligence-assisted design and optimization pipelines for segmented annular thermoelectric modules.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.U21A2079)the China Post-doctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2024M753342)+3 种基金the Post-doctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(grant no.GZB20230786)the Ningbo International Cooperation Project(grant no.2023H002)the Ningbo Science&Technology Project(grant no.2023A-160-B)the Ningbo Science&Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project(grant no.2022Z187).
文摘The thermoelectric transport of n-type Bi_(2)Te_(3) heavily depends on grain alignment,causing perfor-mance limitations that severely restrict the demand for low-grade waste heat recovery.Here,the n-type Bi_(2)Te_(2.7)Se_(0.3) material with a certain textured structure is prepared by an innovative rotary swag-ing method.It is found that various defects including Te vacancies,dislocations,and grain boundaries significantly strengthen the phonon scattering.With an obviously suppressed thermal conductivity and well-maintained carrier mobility,the obtained rods extending up to several tens of centimeters achieve a peak ZT of 1.2 at 450 K and an average ZT of 1.0(300-550 K),with Vickers hardness and compressive strength increased to 0.42 GPa and 52.6 MPa,respectively.Moreover,the assembled 17-pair thermoelec-tric module achieves a competitive conversion efficiency of up to 6.3% and a high output power of 0.93 W at a temperature difference of 250 K.This study develops an effective strategy for synergistically en-hancing the thermoelectric and mechanical properties of n-type Bi_(2)(Te,Se)_(3).
基金supported by the Thailand Research Fund(TRF)Research Career Development Grant:(RSA6180070).
文摘A novel roof tile thermoelectric generator(RT-TEG)was used to harvest electrical energy from a solar heat source.The RT-TEG was fabricated and simulated by flat and curved thermoelectric modules consisting of p-n junctions of p-Sb_(2)Te_(3) and n-Bi_(2)Te_(3),with an Al_(2)O_(3) substrate at the top and bottom for heat absorption and heat rejection.The RT-TEG was installed in a roof tile to act as a generator.The electrical voltage and power values of the curved thermoelectric modules were higher than those of the flat thermoelectric module by 0.44 V and 80 mW,at a temperature difference(ΔT)of 100 K.In field tests,the RT-TEG produced a maximum electrical voltage of 33.70 mV and an electrical power of 46.24μW atΔT~7 K under a load resistance of 1Ωunder good sunshine at 13.00 hours.The energy conversion efficiency of RT-TEG was found to be 2.24×10^(−4).
文摘A novel thermal biosensor based on enzyme reaction for pesticides detection has been developed. This biosensor is a flow injection analysis system and consists of two channels with enzyme reaction column and identical reference column, which is set for eliminating the unspecific heat. The enzyme reaction takes place in the enzyme reaction column at a constant temperature(40℃) realized by a thermoelectric thermostat. Thermosensor based on the thermoelectric module containing 127 serial BiTe-thermocouples is used to monitor the temperature difference between two effluents from enzyme reaction column and reference column. The ability of this biosensor to detect pesticides is demonstrated by the decreased degree of the hydrolytic heat in two types of thermosensor mode. The hydrolytic reaction is inhibited by 36% at 1 mg/L DDVP and 50 % at 10 mg/L DDVP when cell-typed thermosensor is used. The percent inhibition is 30% at 1 mg/L DDVP and 42% at 10 mg/L DDVP in tube-typed thermosensor mode. The detection for real sample shows that this biosensor can be used for detection of organophosphate pesticides residue.
基金the CASHIPS Director’s Fund(No.YZJJ2021QN36)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.ZDRW-KT-2019-1-0202).
文摘Lithium heat pipes have broad applications in heat pipe cooling reactors and hypersonic vehicles owing to their ultra-high working temperature.In particular,when the length of the lithium heat pipe is ultra-long,the flow and heat transfer characteristics are more complex.In this study,an improved lumped parameter model that considers the Marangoni effect,bending effect,and different vapor flow patterns and Mach numbers was developed.Thereafter,the proposed model was verified using the University of New Mexico’s Heat Pipe and HTPIPE models.Finally,the verified model was applied to simulate the steady-state operation of an ultra-long lithium heat pipe in a Heat PipeSegmented Thermoelectric Module Converters space reactor.Based on the results:(1)Vapor thermal resistance was dominant at low heating power and decreased with increasing heating power.The vapor flow inside the heat pipe developed from the laminar to the turbulent phase,whereas the liquid phase in the heat pipe was always laminar.(2)The vapor pressure drop caused by bending was approximately 22–23%of the total,and the bending effect on the liquid pressure drop could be ignored.(3)The Marangoni effect reduced the capillary limit by hindering the liquid reflux,especially at low vapor temperatures.Without considering the Marangoni effect,the capillary limit of the lithium heat pipe was overestimated by 9%when the vapor temperature was 1400 K.(4)The total thermal resistance of the heat pipe significantly increased with increasing adiabatic length when the vapor temperature was low.Further,the wick dryness increased with increasing adiabatic length at any vapor temperature.Such findings improve on current knowledge for the optimal design and safety analysis of a heat pipe reactor,which adopts ultra-long lithium heat pipes.
