The huge volumes of crop residues generated during the production,processing,and consumption of farm products constitute an ecological nuisance when ineffectively managed.The conversion of crop residues to green hydro...The huge volumes of crop residues generated during the production,processing,and consumption of farm products constitute an ecological nuisance when ineffectively managed.The conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is one of the sustainable management strategies for ubiquitous crop residues.Production of green hydrogen from crop residue sources will contribute to deepening access to clean and affordable energy,mitigating climate change,and ensuring environmental sustainability.However,the deployment of conventional thermochemical technologies for the conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is costly,requires long residence time,produces low-quality products,and therefore needs to be upgraded.The current review examines the conventional,advanced,and integrated thermochemical conversion technologies for crop residues for green hydrogen production.After a brief overview of the conventional thermochemical techniques,the review delves into the broad narration of advanced thermochemical technologies including catalytic pyrolysis,microwave pyrolysis,co-pyrolysis,hyropyrolysis,and autothermal pyrolysis.The study advocates the deployment of integrated pyrolysis,anaerobic digestion,pyrolysis,and gasification technologies will ensure scalability,decomposition of recalcitrant feedstocks,and generation of high grade green hydrogen.The outlook provides suggestions for future research into cost-saving and sustainable integrated technologies for green hydrogen production towards achieving carbon neutrality and a circular bio-economy.展开更多
The production of high-valued organonitrogen chemicals,especially N-heterocycles,requires artificial N_(2)fixation accompanied by the consumption of fossil resources.To avoid the use of these energy-and resource-inten...The production of high-valued organonitrogen chemicals,especially N-heterocycles,requires artificial N_(2)fixation accompanied by the consumption of fossil resources.To avoid the use of these energy-and resource-intensive processes,we develop a sustainable strategy to convert nitrogen-rich animal biomass into N-heterocycles through a thermochemical conversion process(TCP)under atmospheric pressure.A high percentage of N-heterocycles(87.51%)were obtained after the TCP of bovine skin due to the abundance of nitrogen-containing amino acids(e.g.,glycine,proline,and L-hydroxyproline).Animal biomass with more diverse amino acid composition(e.g.,muscles)yielded higher concentrations of amines/amides and nitriles after TCP.In addition,by introducing catalysts(KOH for pyrrole and Al_(2)O_(3)for cyclo-Gly-Pro)to TCP,the production quantities of pyrrole and cyclo-Gly-Pro increased to 30.79 mg g^(-1)and 38.88 mg g^(-1),respectively.This approach can be used to convert the significant animal biomass waste generated annually from animal culls into valued organonitrogen chemicals while circumventing NH3-dependent and petro-chemical-dependent synthesis routes.展开更多
Hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has attracted great interests world-wide for substitution of fossil fuels and for abatement of the climate change concerns.However,green hydrogen from renewable resources is less tha...Hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has attracted great interests world-wide for substitution of fossil fuels and for abatement of the climate change concerns.However,green hydrogen from renewable resources is less than 0.1%at present in the world hydrogen production and this is largely from water electrolysis which is beneficial only when renewable electricity is used.Hydrogen production from diverse renewable resources is desirable.This review presents recent advances in hydrogen production from woody biomass through biomass steam gasification,producer gas processing and H_(2)/CO_(2)separation.The producer gas processing includes steam-methane reforming(SMR)and water-gas shift(WGS)reactions to convert CH_(4)and CO in the producer gas to H_(2)and CO_(2).The H_(2)storage discussed using liquid carrier through hydrogenation is also discussed.The CO_(2)capture prior to the SMR is investigated to enhance H_(2)yield in the SMR and the WGS reactions.展开更多
The increasing need for sustainable energy and the environmental impacts of reliance on fossil fuels have sparked greater interest in biomass as a renewable energy source.This review provides an in-depth assessment of...The increasing need for sustainable energy and the environmental impacts of reliance on fossil fuels have sparked greater interest in biomass as a renewable energy source.This review provides an in-depth assessment of biooil and biochar generation through the pyrolysis of sawdust,a significant variety of lignocellulosic biomass.The paper investigates different thermochemical conversion methods,including fast,slow,catalytic,flash,and co-pyrolysis,while emphasizing their operational parameters,reactor designs,and effects on product yields.The influence of temperature,heating rate,and catalysts on enhancing the quality and quantity of bio-oil and biochar is thoroughly analyzed.Additionally,the review examines advanced reactor technologies such as fluidized beds,fixed beds,auger reactors,and plasma pyrolysis systems.It also discusses recent progress in catalyst innovation and product enhancement techniques to overcome the challenges posed by bio-oil,including its high oxygen content and low stability.By synthesizing experimental results and conducting comparative analyses,the paper identifies existing research gaps and provides insights into future paths for effective biomass utilization,thereby aiding in the creation of economically viable and environmentally responsible bioenergy systems.展开更多
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and environment-friendly source for renewable energy production.The value and application of biochar,which is obtained from the thermochemical conversion of biomass,is increasing...Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and environment-friendly source for renewable energy production.The value and application of biochar,which is obtained from the thermochemical conversion of biomass,is increasing rapidly because of its high carbon content and porosity.The property of biochar,such as surface area,porosity,and number of functional groups,can be improved by controlling the conditions of biomass conversion,biochar activation,and functionalization methods.The production and activation of biochar as well as its potential use for soil remediation,pollutant adsorption,and biorefinery have been reviewed extensively over recent decades.This paper provides a conceptual approach for biochar production and activation together with its application as a catalyst for biorefineries and the removal of environmental contaminants.展开更多
In the prevailing incineration processes of municipal solid waste,the presence of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)may cause environmental problems.The energy-intensive ironmaking sector in the iron and steel industry operates ...In the prevailing incineration processes of municipal solid waste,the presence of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)may cause environmental problems.The energy-intensive ironmaking sector in the iron and steel industry operates at high temperature and under high reduction potential with the function of energy conversion,which can provide a potential path for the collaborative utilization of waste plastics in large quantities and low cost.The gasification of the char formed from PVC when processed in the ironmaking sector is significant for the development of the related technologies.Thus,the gasification experiment of PVC char and traditional carbonaceous materials was performed by thermogravimetric analysis.The results indicated that the gasification ability decreased in the sequence of PVC char>anthracite coal>coke>graphite.Then,kinetics were also analyzed by Coats-Redfern and Doyle approximations.The PVC char showed the best gasification ability with the smallest activation energy,ranging from 87.18 to 117.52 kJ/mol,and the smaller graphitization degree of PVC char compared with other carbonaceous materials should be the main reason for its excellent gasification reactivity.展开更多
Kraft lignin was liquefied using polyethylene glycol#400(PEG)and glycerol(G)in a weight ratio of 80/20(w/w)and sulphuric acid(SA)as catalyst under atmospheric pressure at 160ºC.The three independent variables:rea...Kraft lignin was liquefied using polyethylene glycol#400(PEG)and glycerol(G)in a weight ratio of 80/20(w/w)and sulphuric acid(SA)as catalyst under atmospheric pressure at 160ºC.The three independent variables:reaction time(60,80 and 100 min),percentage of lignin(15,20 and 25%,w/w),and catalyst concentration(0,3 and 6%,w/w),were varied resulting in 27 experimental runs.The effect of these reaction conditions on the properties of the polyols was evaluated.The statistical analysis showed that only“the percentage of lignin”did not influence the properties of the liquefied products,however,reaction time and catalyst load were important parameters.The resulting liquefied products were characterized by FTIR analysis.展开更多
Rapid economic growth since the turn of the century has often been accompanied by significant challenges,including fossil fuel depletion,environmental degradation,and energy security concerns.Urgent measures are essen...Rapid economic growth since the turn of the century has often been accompanied by significant challenges,including fossil fuel depletion,environmental degradation,and energy security concerns.Urgent measures are essential to promote environmentally friendly advancements and adopt sustainable energy solutions.Biomass energy,an important component of renewable energy,stands out as the sole renewable energy source containing carbon and has attracted significant attention from governments and the scientific community worldwide.Attention to biomass conversion technologies and their practical applications has gradually increased.This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the utilization of biomass and its wastes,and systematically introduces the progress of the application of biomass conversion technologies,including biochemical and thermochemical conversion,to provide readers with a clear picture of the technological development.By meticulously summarizing the current status of the application of different products produced by these technologies,it provides a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in the field of biomass energy,aiming to meet the challenges of clean energy production and biomass waste management,and to mitigate the adverse impacts of human activities on the environment.In addition,this paper explores the application of machine learning in the field of biomass conversion,especially its potential in optimizing the biomass conversion process,improving the accuracy of energy yield prediction,and enhancing process control.Despite challenges such as data quality and model interpretability,developments in machine learning,particularly advances in feature engineering and interpretable AI,promise to address these issues.This study contributes positively to advancing biomass energy technologies.展开更多
Valorization of organic solid waste(OSW)is a promising avenue for the production of value-added products and renewable energy sources.This paper offers an exhaustive review of the thermochem-ical conversion processes ...Valorization of organic solid waste(OSW)is a promising avenue for the production of value-added products and renewable energy sources.This paper offers an exhaustive review of the thermochem-ical conversion processes in spouted bed reactors,which yield products like biochar,bio-oil,and syngas,as well as energy forms such as heat and electricity.While numerous studies have been conducted on thermoconversion in spouted beds,there is a scarcity of systematic reviews on this topic.This paper underscores the importance of spouted beds in torrefaction,pyrolysis,and gasification,drawing on both experimental and simulation perspectives.By focusing on reactor design,reaction condition optimiza-tion,and catalyst enhancement,OSW can be more efficiently transformed into valuable products and bioenergy.Furthermore,the integration of simulation and modeling offers profound insights into the intricate reactions that occur during thermal conversion.Current simulation studies in spouted bed reactors are primarily centered around reaction kinetics,Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)modeling,the Multiphase Particle-In-Cell(MP-PIC)approach,and process simulation.The future integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)is anticipated to enhance parameter optimization with greater precision and facilitate industrial scale-up.The paper concludes with a synthesis and contemplation of the prospective advancements in spouted bed technology.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic encouraged the use of plastic-based personal protective equipment (PPE), which aidedgreatly in its management. However, the increased production and usage of these PPEs put a strain on the enviro...The COVID-19 pandemic encouraged the use of plastic-based personal protective equipment (PPE), which aidedgreatly in its management. However, the increased production and usage of these PPEs put a strain on the environment,especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. This has led various researchers to study low-costand effective technologies for the recycling of these materials. One such material is disposable facemasks. However,previous studies have only been able to engage electrically powered reactors for their thermochemical conversion,which is a challenge as these reactors cannot be used in regions with an insufficient supply of electricity. In thisstudy, the authors utilized a biomass-powered reactor for the conversion of waste disposable facemasks and almondleaves into hybrid biochar. The reactor, which is relatively cheap, simple to use, environmentally friendly, and modifiedfor biochar production, is biomass-powered. The co-carbonization process, which lasted 100 min, produced a 46%biochar yield, which is higher than previously obtained biochar yields by other researchers. The biochar thus obtainedwas characterized to determine its properties. FTIR analysis showed that the biochar contained functional groupssuch as alkenes, alkynes, hydroxyls, amines, and carbonyls. The EDX analysis revealed that the biochar was primarilymade of carbon, tellurium, oxygen, and calcium in the ratios of 57%, 19%, 9%, and 7%, respectively. The inclusion ofthe facemask decreased the surface area and porosity of the biochar material, as evidenced by its surface area andpore characteristics.展开更多
Current large scale biomass energy production systems including cellulosic ethanol,gasification,and pyrolysis facilities face significant technical and economic hurdles.Compared with these large scale systems,small di...Current large scale biomass energy production systems including cellulosic ethanol,gasification,and pyrolysis facilities face significant technical and economic hurdles.Compared with these large scale systems,small distributed biomass energy production systems(DBEPS)are believed to offer advantages including lower capital costs,lower feedstock costs,simplified transportation and logistics and higher returns for biomass producers.DBEPS compliant technologies are expected to make utilization of regional biomass supplies practical and economically viable in the near-term.This paper presents arguments on the need and importance of DBEPS,available DBEPS options,and an economic scenario of DBEPS implementation on an average size farm in the US.展开更多
The current global plastic crisis is triggered by several factors including increased costs of petrochemical feedstock and Covid-19 disruption of the transport sector(Yuan et al.,2021).This disruption of world-wide su...The current global plastic crisis is triggered by several factors including increased costs of petrochemical feedstock and Covid-19 disruption of the transport sector(Yuan et al.,2021).This disruption of world-wide supply chains of polyethylene,polypropylene and other petroleum-based hydrocarbon chemicals has significantly increased shortage and prices of plastics in for example Europe over the last year,hence calling for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics(WMW,2021,European Plastic Manufacturers sound the Alarm Bell on Supply Chain Disruption,Waste Management World.).This is critical due to extensive use of the non-biodegradable personal protective equipment(PPE)masks in the current pandemic,which might be even worse than the shortage of polyolefins at the moment(Deng et al.,2022).展开更多
Woody biomass is a renewable source offering high potential for production of bio-fuels,-chemicals and-energy.During the outdoor storage of biomass biodegradation processes take place,which leads to mass reduction up ...Woody biomass is a renewable source offering high potential for production of bio-fuels,-chemicals and-energy.During the outdoor storage of biomass biodegradation processes take place,which leads to mass reduction up to 30 wt%.To avoid these mass losses,the biomass was mixed with Ca(OH)_(2) in different ratios.To ensure,that this additive does not negatively influence further thermo-chemical conversion of biomass(e.g.by fluidized bed combustion),the spruce and poplar ash with and without additive was tested using ash melting microscopy.It was demonstrated that all the characteristic temperatures(DT,HT,FT)were significantly higher than the thermo-chemical conversion process temperatures in a fluidized bed.Thus it could be pointed out that the addition of Ca(OH)_(2) does not negatively influence ash melting behaviour,ash melting temperature respectively.展开更多
文摘The huge volumes of crop residues generated during the production,processing,and consumption of farm products constitute an ecological nuisance when ineffectively managed.The conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is one of the sustainable management strategies for ubiquitous crop residues.Production of green hydrogen from crop residue sources will contribute to deepening access to clean and affordable energy,mitigating climate change,and ensuring environmental sustainability.However,the deployment of conventional thermochemical technologies for the conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is costly,requires long residence time,produces low-quality products,and therefore needs to be upgraded.The current review examines the conventional,advanced,and integrated thermochemical conversion technologies for crop residues for green hydrogen production.After a brief overview of the conventional thermochemical techniques,the review delves into the broad narration of advanced thermochemical technologies including catalytic pyrolysis,microwave pyrolysis,co-pyrolysis,hyropyrolysis,and autothermal pyrolysis.The study advocates the deployment of integrated pyrolysis,anaerobic digestion,pyrolysis,and gasification technologies will ensure scalability,decomposition of recalcitrant feedstocks,and generation of high grade green hydrogen.The outlook provides suggestions for future research into cost-saving and sustainable integrated technologies for green hydrogen production towards achieving carbon neutrality and a circular bio-economy.
基金supported by the National Talents ProgramNational Natural Science Foundation of China(22178233,22108181)+3 种基金Talents Program of Sichuan ProvinceDouble First-Class University Plan of Sichuan UniversityState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(sklpme 2020-03-01)The Sichuan Province Postdoctoral Special Funding.
文摘The production of high-valued organonitrogen chemicals,especially N-heterocycles,requires artificial N_(2)fixation accompanied by the consumption of fossil resources.To avoid the use of these energy-and resource-intensive processes,we develop a sustainable strategy to convert nitrogen-rich animal biomass into N-heterocycles through a thermochemical conversion process(TCP)under atmospheric pressure.A high percentage of N-heterocycles(87.51%)were obtained after the TCP of bovine skin due to the abundance of nitrogen-containing amino acids(e.g.,glycine,proline,and L-hydroxyproline).Animal biomass with more diverse amino acid composition(e.g.,muscles)yielded higher concentrations of amines/amides and nitriles after TCP.In addition,by introducing catalysts(KOH for pyrrole and Al_(2)O_(3)for cyclo-Gly-Pro)to TCP,the production quantities of pyrrole and cyclo-Gly-Pro increased to 30.79 mg g^(-1)and 38.88 mg g^(-1),respectively.This approach can be used to convert the significant animal biomass waste generated annually from animal culls into valued organonitrogen chemicals while circumventing NH3-dependent and petro-chemical-dependent synthesis routes.
文摘Hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has attracted great interests world-wide for substitution of fossil fuels and for abatement of the climate change concerns.However,green hydrogen from renewable resources is less than 0.1%at present in the world hydrogen production and this is largely from water electrolysis which is beneficial only when renewable electricity is used.Hydrogen production from diverse renewable resources is desirable.This review presents recent advances in hydrogen production from woody biomass through biomass steam gasification,producer gas processing and H_(2)/CO_(2)separation.The producer gas processing includes steam-methane reforming(SMR)and water-gas shift(WGS)reactions to convert CH_(4)and CO in the producer gas to H_(2)and CO_(2).The H_(2)storage discussed using liquid carrier through hydrogenation is also discussed.The CO_(2)capture prior to the SMR is investigated to enhance H_(2)yield in the SMR and the WGS reactions.
文摘The increasing need for sustainable energy and the environmental impacts of reliance on fossil fuels have sparked greater interest in biomass as a renewable energy source.This review provides an in-depth assessment of biooil and biochar generation through the pyrolysis of sawdust,a significant variety of lignocellulosic biomass.The paper investigates different thermochemical conversion methods,including fast,slow,catalytic,flash,and co-pyrolysis,while emphasizing their operational parameters,reactor designs,and effects on product yields.The influence of temperature,heating rate,and catalysts on enhancing the quality and quantity of bio-oil and biochar is thoroughly analyzed.Additionally,the review examines advanced reactor technologies such as fluidized beds,fixed beds,auger reactors,and plasma pyrolysis systems.It also discusses recent progress in catalyst innovation and product enhancement techniques to overcome the challenges posed by bio-oil,including its high oxygen content and low stability.By synthesizing experimental results and conducting comparative analyses,the paper identifies existing research gaps and provides insights into future paths for effective biomass utilization,thereby aiding in the creation of economically viable and environmentally responsible bioenergy systems.
基金supported by the Technology Development Program to Solve Climate Changes of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT(No. 2017MIA2A2086839)supported by Nano-Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korean(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(No.NRF-2015M3A7B4049714)
文摘Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and environment-friendly source for renewable energy production.The value and application of biochar,which is obtained from the thermochemical conversion of biomass,is increasing rapidly because of its high carbon content and porosity.The property of biochar,such as surface area,porosity,and number of functional groups,can be improved by controlling the conditions of biomass conversion,biochar activation,and functionalization methods.The production and activation of biochar as well as its potential use for soil remediation,pollutant adsorption,and biorefinery have been reviewed extensively over recent decades.This paper provides a conceptual approach for biochar production and activation together with its application as a catalyst for biorefineries and the removal of environmental contaminants.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51804024 and U1960205)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IC-20-09)The authors also thank for the financial support from the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy,University of Science and Technology Beijing,China(No.41621002).
文摘In the prevailing incineration processes of municipal solid waste,the presence of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)may cause environmental problems.The energy-intensive ironmaking sector in the iron and steel industry operates at high temperature and under high reduction potential with the function of energy conversion,which can provide a potential path for the collaborative utilization of waste plastics in large quantities and low cost.The gasification of the char formed from PVC when processed in the ironmaking sector is significant for the development of the related technologies.Thus,the gasification experiment of PVC char and traditional carbonaceous materials was performed by thermogravimetric analysis.The results indicated that the gasification ability decreased in the sequence of PVC char>anthracite coal>coke>graphite.Then,kinetics were also analyzed by Coats-Redfern and Doyle approximations.The PVC char showed the best gasification ability with the smallest activation energy,ranging from 87.18 to 117.52 kJ/mol,and the smaller graphitization degree of PVC char compared with other carbonaceous materials should be the main reason for its excellent gasification reactivity.
文摘Kraft lignin was liquefied using polyethylene glycol#400(PEG)and glycerol(G)in a weight ratio of 80/20(w/w)and sulphuric acid(SA)as catalyst under atmospheric pressure at 160ºC.The three independent variables:reaction time(60,80 and 100 min),percentage of lignin(15,20 and 25%,w/w),and catalyst concentration(0,3 and 6%,w/w),were varied resulting in 27 experimental runs.The effect of these reaction conditions on the properties of the polyols was evaluated.The statistical analysis showed that only“the percentage of lignin”did not influence the properties of the liquefied products,however,reaction time and catalyst load were important parameters.The resulting liquefied products were characterized by FTIR analysis.
基金supported by the Key R&D Projects in Henan Province(Grant No.2411111321700)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Henan Province(Grant No.231100110200).
文摘Rapid economic growth since the turn of the century has often been accompanied by significant challenges,including fossil fuel depletion,environmental degradation,and energy security concerns.Urgent measures are essential to promote environmentally friendly advancements and adopt sustainable energy solutions.Biomass energy,an important component of renewable energy,stands out as the sole renewable energy source containing carbon and has attracted significant attention from governments and the scientific community worldwide.Attention to biomass conversion technologies and their practical applications has gradually increased.This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the utilization of biomass and its wastes,and systematically introduces the progress of the application of biomass conversion technologies,including biochemical and thermochemical conversion,to provide readers with a clear picture of the technological development.By meticulously summarizing the current status of the application of different products produced by these technologies,it provides a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in the field of biomass energy,aiming to meet the challenges of clean energy production and biomass waste management,and to mitigate the adverse impacts of human activities on the environment.In addition,this paper explores the application of machine learning in the field of biomass conversion,especially its potential in optimizing the biomass conversion process,improving the accuracy of energy yield prediction,and enhancing process control.Despite challenges such as data quality and model interpretability,developments in machine learning,particularly advances in feature engineering and interpretable AI,promise to address these issues.This study contributes positively to advancing biomass energy technologies.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.52476207)Shandong Province Excellent Youth Science Fund Project(grant No.2023HWYQ-022)+1 种基金Taishan Scholars Youth Expert Program of Shandong Province(grant No.tsqn202312002)Qilu Youth Scholar Program of Shandong University.
文摘Valorization of organic solid waste(OSW)is a promising avenue for the production of value-added products and renewable energy sources.This paper offers an exhaustive review of the thermochem-ical conversion processes in spouted bed reactors,which yield products like biochar,bio-oil,and syngas,as well as energy forms such as heat and electricity.While numerous studies have been conducted on thermoconversion in spouted beds,there is a scarcity of systematic reviews on this topic.This paper underscores the importance of spouted beds in torrefaction,pyrolysis,and gasification,drawing on both experimental and simulation perspectives.By focusing on reactor design,reaction condition optimiza-tion,and catalyst enhancement,OSW can be more efficiently transformed into valuable products and bioenergy.Furthermore,the integration of simulation and modeling offers profound insights into the intricate reactions that occur during thermal conversion.Current simulation studies in spouted bed reactors are primarily centered around reaction kinetics,Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)modeling,the Multiphase Particle-In-Cell(MP-PIC)approach,and process simulation.The future integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)is anticipated to enhance parameter optimization with greater precision and facilitate industrial scale-up.The paper concludes with a synthesis and contemplation of the prospective advancements in spouted bed technology.
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic encouraged the use of plastic-based personal protective equipment (PPE), which aidedgreatly in its management. However, the increased production and usage of these PPEs put a strain on the environment,especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. This has led various researchers to study low-costand effective technologies for the recycling of these materials. One such material is disposable facemasks. However,previous studies have only been able to engage electrically powered reactors for their thermochemical conversion,which is a challenge as these reactors cannot be used in regions with an insufficient supply of electricity. In thisstudy, the authors utilized a biomass-powered reactor for the conversion of waste disposable facemasks and almondleaves into hybrid biochar. The reactor, which is relatively cheap, simple to use, environmentally friendly, and modifiedfor biochar production, is biomass-powered. The co-carbonization process, which lasted 100 min, produced a 46%biochar yield, which is higher than previously obtained biochar yields by other researchers. The biochar thus obtainedwas characterized to determine its properties. FTIR analysis showed that the biochar contained functional groupssuch as alkenes, alkynes, hydroxyls, amines, and carbonyls. The EDX analysis revealed that the biochar was primarilymade of carbon, tellurium, oxygen, and calcium in the ratios of 57%, 19%, 9%, and 7%, respectively. The inclusion ofthe facemask decreased the surface area and porosity of the biochar material, as evidenced by its surface area andpore characteristics.
文摘Current large scale biomass energy production systems including cellulosic ethanol,gasification,and pyrolysis facilities face significant technical and economic hurdles.Compared with these large scale systems,small distributed biomass energy production systems(DBEPS)are believed to offer advantages including lower capital costs,lower feedstock costs,simplified transportation and logistics and higher returns for biomass producers.DBEPS compliant technologies are expected to make utilization of regional biomass supplies practical and economically viable in the near-term.This paper presents arguments on the need and importance of DBEPS,available DBEPS options,and an economic scenario of DBEPS implementation on an average size farm in the US.
文摘The current global plastic crisis is triggered by several factors including increased costs of petrochemical feedstock and Covid-19 disruption of the transport sector(Yuan et al.,2021).This disruption of world-wide supply chains of polyethylene,polypropylene and other petroleum-based hydrocarbon chemicals has significantly increased shortage and prices of plastics in for example Europe over the last year,hence calling for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics(WMW,2021,European Plastic Manufacturers sound the Alarm Bell on Supply Chain Disruption,Waste Management World.).This is critical due to extensive use of the non-biodegradable personal protective equipment(PPE)masks in the current pandemic,which might be even worse than the shortage of polyolefins at the moment(Deng et al.,2022).
基金Funding from the Austrian Research Promotion Agency(FFG)(Project BioAdd,Proj.nr.858837)。
文摘Woody biomass is a renewable source offering high potential for production of bio-fuels,-chemicals and-energy.During the outdoor storage of biomass biodegradation processes take place,which leads to mass reduction up to 30 wt%.To avoid these mass losses,the biomass was mixed with Ca(OH)_(2) in different ratios.To ensure,that this additive does not negatively influence further thermo-chemical conversion of biomass(e.g.by fluidized bed combustion),the spruce and poplar ash with and without additive was tested using ash melting microscopy.It was demonstrated that all the characteristic temperatures(DT,HT,FT)were significantly higher than the thermo-chemical conversion process temperatures in a fluidized bed.Thus it could be pointed out that the addition of Ca(OH)_(2) does not negatively influence ash melting behaviour,ash melting temperature respectively.
