This paper presents the first phase of design, analysis, and simulation for the klystron coaxial radio frequency（RF）output window. This study is motivated by 800 kW continuous wave（CW）, 650 MHz klystrons for the f...This paper presents the first phase of design, analysis, and simulation for the klystron coaxial radio frequency（RF）output window. This study is motivated by 800 kW continuous wave（CW）, 650 MHz klystrons for the future plan of circular electron–positron collider（CEPC） project. The RF window which is used in the klystron output section has a function to separate the klystron from the inner vacuum side to the outside, and high RF power propagates through the window with small power dissipation. Therefore, the window is a key component for the high power klystron. However, it is vulnerable to the high thermal stress and multipacting, so this paper presents the window design and analysis for these problems. The microwave design has been performed by using the computer simulation technology（CST） microwave studio and the return loss of the window has been established to be less than-90 d B. The multipacting simulation of the window has been carried out using MultiPac and CST particles studio. Through the multipacting analysis, it is shown that with thin coating of TiN, the multipacting effect has been suppressed effectively on the ceramic surface. The thermal analysis is carried out using ANSYS code and the temperature of alumina ceramic is lower than 310 K with water cooling.The design result successfully meets the requirement of the CEPC 650 MHz klystron. The manufacturing and high power test plan are also described in this paper.展开更多
Thermal management smart windows can regulate indoor temperature by adjusting the intensity or spectral distribution of incoming solar radiation.This functionality helps reduce the energy demand of heating,ventilation...Thermal management smart windows can regulate indoor temperature by adjusting the intensity or spectral distribution of incoming solar radiation.This functionality helps reduce the energy demand of heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems,thereby contributing to energy conservation,emission reduction,and the achievement of carbon neutrality.Thermochromic hydrogels,with their intrinsic temperature responsiveness,broadband optical modulation capability,facile tunability,and low cost,have become ideal thermochromic materials for thermal management smart windows.This review focuses on thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows and introduces the research progress of intrinsic thermochromic hydrogels and their thermal management smart windows from the perspectives of chemical modification strategies and physical modification strategies.Then,the research progress of composite thermochromic hydrogels and their applications in thermal management smart windows is systematically reviewed,with particular emphasis on the incorporation of photothermal conversion fillers and thermochromic components.Moreover,current challenges and potential improvement strategies of thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows are identified and discussed.The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the optimization strategies for thermochromic hydrogels in thermal management smart windows and to provide guidance for future in-depth research,thereby promoting the advancement and application of thermochromic hydrogels for smart windows.展开更多
基金Project supported by Yifang Wang’s Science Studio of the Ten Thousand Talents Project,China
文摘This paper presents the first phase of design, analysis, and simulation for the klystron coaxial radio frequency（RF）output window. This study is motivated by 800 kW continuous wave（CW）, 650 MHz klystrons for the future plan of circular electron–positron collider（CEPC） project. The RF window which is used in the klystron output section has a function to separate the klystron from the inner vacuum side to the outside, and high RF power propagates through the window with small power dissipation. Therefore, the window is a key component for the high power klystron. However, it is vulnerable to the high thermal stress and multipacting, so this paper presents the window design and analysis for these problems. The microwave design has been performed by using the computer simulation technology（CST） microwave studio and the return loss of the window has been established to be less than-90 d B. The multipacting simulation of the window has been carried out using MultiPac and CST particles studio. Through the multipacting analysis, it is shown that with thin coating of TiN, the multipacting effect has been suppressed effectively on the ceramic surface. The thermal analysis is carried out using ANSYS code and the temperature of alumina ceramic is lower than 310 K with water cooling.The design result successfully meets the requirement of the CEPC 650 MHz klystron. The manufacturing and high power test plan are also described in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473083)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2024JC-TBZC-04)+4 种基金the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2024RS-CXTD-57)Foundation of Aeronautics Science Fund(2024Z054053002)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2025JC-YBQN-587)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(D5000240067)Undergraduate Innovation&Business Program in Northwestern Polytechnical University(202510699268 and S202510699635).
文摘Thermal management smart windows can regulate indoor temperature by adjusting the intensity or spectral distribution of incoming solar radiation.This functionality helps reduce the energy demand of heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems,thereby contributing to energy conservation,emission reduction,and the achievement of carbon neutrality.Thermochromic hydrogels,with their intrinsic temperature responsiveness,broadband optical modulation capability,facile tunability,and low cost,have become ideal thermochromic materials for thermal management smart windows.This review focuses on thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows and introduces the research progress of intrinsic thermochromic hydrogels and their thermal management smart windows from the perspectives of chemical modification strategies and physical modification strategies.Then,the research progress of composite thermochromic hydrogels and their applications in thermal management smart windows is systematically reviewed,with particular emphasis on the incorporation of photothermal conversion fillers and thermochromic components.Moreover,current challenges and potential improvement strategies of thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows are identified and discussed.The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the optimization strategies for thermochromic hydrogels in thermal management smart windows and to provide guidance for future in-depth research,thereby promoting the advancement and application of thermochromic hydrogels for smart windows.
