Investigating the damage evolution of surrounding rock under thermal shock cycles is crucial for ensuring the stability of engineering rock masses.This study performed Brazilian splitting tests on granite specimens un...Investigating the damage evolution of surrounding rock under thermal shock cycles is crucial for ensuring the stability of engineering rock masses.This study performed Brazilian splitting tests on granite specimens under varying temperature and cycle conditions,employing acoustic emission monitoring,digital image correlation,and three-dimensional scanning technology.A systematic analysis was conducted on the patterns of damage evolution,failure precursor,and response mechanisms under combined thermal and cyclic loading.Experimental results show that both P-wave velocity and tensile strength degrade significantly with increasing temperature and cycle count,with temperature having a more pronounced effect than cycle count.Notably,damage evolution exhibits a dual-threshold behavior in which degradation accelerates markedly above 400℃ and stabilizes after 5 thermal cycles.Fracture surfaces evolve from initially planar to rugged morphologies,with peak-valley height differences at 600℃ being approximately three times greater than those at 200℃.Furthermore,based on acoustic emission energy entropy analysis,we introduce a novel failure precursor indicator where the sustained increase and critical surge in average entropy serve as reliable early-warning signals for impending rock failure.These findings establish a solid theoretical basis and practical methodology for damage assessment and instability early-warning systems in high-temperature rock engineering.展开更多
An experiment was conducted to assess the impact of fused calcia-stabilized zirconia micro-powder on the thermal shock behavior of magnesia–spinel refractories.The effects of calcia-stabilized zirconia on the microst...An experiment was conducted to assess the impact of fused calcia-stabilized zirconia micro-powder on the thermal shock behavior of magnesia–spinel refractories.The effects of calcia-stabilized zirconia on the microstructure evolution and properties of magnesia–spinel refractories were characterized by the high-temperature elastic modulus,thermal shock damage resistance parameters,retainment of elastic modulus after thermal shock,and scanning electron microscopy.The results indicated that the incorporation of calcia-stabilized zirconia improved the thermomechanical properties and thermal shock behavior of magnesia–spinel specimens.The hot modulus of rupture of magnesia–spinel specimens increased by 2.5-fold due to the incorporation of calcia-stabilized zirconia micro-powder.The presence of a martensitic phase transformation in partially unstable ZrO2 and thermal mismatches among various phases contributed to a controlled formation of microcracks.And the pinning effect caused by the calcia-stabilized zirconia particles surrounding the grain boundaries played a crucial role in preventing the propagation of microcracks.This phenomenon significantly bolstered the thermal shock stability of magnesia–spinel refractories,consequently prolonging their service life.展开更多
Exploring dynamic mechanical responses and failure behaviors of hot dry rock(HDR)is significant for geothermal exploitation and stability assessment.In this study,via the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,a ser...Exploring dynamic mechanical responses and failure behaviors of hot dry rock(HDR)is significant for geothermal exploitation and stability assessment.In this study,via the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,a series of dynamic compression tests were conducted on granite treated by cyclic thermal shocks at different temperatures.We analyzed the effects of cyclic thermal shock on the thermal-related physical and dynamic mechanical behaviors of granite.Specifically,the P-wave velocity,dynamic strength,and elastic modulus of the tested granite decrease with increasing temperature and cycle number,while porosity and peak strain increase.The degradation law of dynamic mechanical properties could be described by a cubic polynomial.Cyclic thermal shock promotes shear cracks propagation,causing dynamic failure mode of granite to transition from splitting to tensile-shear composite failure,accompanied by surface spalling and debris splashing.Moreover,the thermal shock damage evolution and coupled failure mechanism of tested granite are discussed.The evolution of thermal shock damage with thermal shock cycle numbers shows an obvious S-shaped surface,featured by an exponential correlation with dynamic mechanical parameters.In addition,with increasing thermal shock temperature and cycles,granite mineral species barely change,but the length and width of thermal cracks increase significantly.The non-uniform expansion of minerals,thermal shock-induced cracking,and water-rock interaction are primary factors for deteriorating dynamic mechanical properties of granite under cyclic thermal shock.展开更多
This research employs micro-CT scanning technology to analyze the porosity,pore fractal dimension,and spatial variability of sandstone preheated to 600℃ and subsequently cooled in water at varying temperatures(20℃,6...This research employs micro-CT scanning technology to analyze the porosity,pore fractal dimension,and spatial variability of sandstone preheated to 600℃ and subsequently cooled in water at varying temperatures(20℃,60℃,100℃).The study investigates the mechanisms by which various factors influence thermal shock damage,focusing on the effects of cooling water temperature and the boiling phase transition.The objective is to develop a method for characterizing thermal shock damage that considers spatial variability.The findings indicate that thermal shock damage is limited to a shallow depth beneath the surface,with increased severity near the surface.The boiling phase transition significantly enhances the convective heat transfer coefficient,resulting in substantially higher thermal shock damage when cooled with 100℃ boiling water compared to 20℃ and 60℃ water.Furthermore,for the entire specimen,heating damage exceeds thermal shock damage,and the influence of thermal shock diminishes as specimen size increases.This study addresses the limitations of traditional methods for assessing thermal shock damage that disregard spatial variability and provides practical guidance for engineering projects to manage thermal shock damage more effectively.展开更多
Thermal shock damage in deep shale hydraulic fracturing can impact fracture propagation behaviors,potentially leading to the formation of complex fractures and enhancing gas recovery.This study introduces a thermalhyd...Thermal shock damage in deep shale hydraulic fracturing can impact fracture propagation behaviors,potentially leading to the formation of complex fractures and enhancing gas recovery.This study introduces a thermalhydraulic-mechnical(THM)coupled fracture propagation model relying on the phase field method to simulate thermal shock-induced fracturing in the deep shale considering dynamic temperature conditions.The validity of this model is confirmed through comparison of experimental and numerical results concerning the THM-coupled stress field and thermal cracking.Special attention is paid to the interaction of thermal shock-induced fractures in deep shale that contains weak planes.The results indicate that thermal shock-induced stress significantly amplifies the tensile stress range and deteriorates rock strength,resulting in a multi-point failure pattern within a fracture.The thermal shock damage degree is closely related to the fracture cooling efficiency,suggesting that considering downhole temperature conditions in THM-coupled fracture stress field calculations is advisable.Thermal shock can activate pre-existing natural fractures and enhance the penetration ability of hydraulic fractures,thereby leading to a fracture network.展开更多
Currently,chemical furnaces play an important role in the chemical industry.It is necessary to ensure their quality and operation performance,so as to guarantee the efficiency of chemical production.Compared with othe...Currently,chemical furnaces play an important role in the chemical industry.It is necessary to ensure their quality and operation performance,so as to guarantee the efficiency of chemical production.Compared with other furnaces,chemical furnaces have strong particularity,which puts forward higher requirements for the thermal shock resistance of the refractories of furnace linings.This paper studied the thermal shock resistance of the refractories for chemical furnace linings,and proposed measures for improvement,providing experience and technical support for the safe production of chemical enterprises.展开更多
Thermal shock,a phenomenon known to cause rock fracturing,has gained increasing significance with advancements in enhanced geothermal systems.In this comprehensive review,we delve into the intricacies of thermal shock...Thermal shock,a phenomenon known to cause rock fracturing,has gained increasing significance with advancements in enhanced geothermal systems.In this comprehensive review,we delve into the intricacies of thermal shock in rocks,exploring its mechanisms,mechanical interpretations,impacts,and applications.Despite generations of researchers'attempts to identify the conditions that trigger thermal shock and propose various thresholds for heating rates,temperatures,and durations,establishing a universal threshold remains elusive.Commonly adopted heating rate threshold of 2℃/min and critical temperature around 75℃still require further experimental data and theoretical model support.This study scrutinizes the typical thermal shock process in rocks during heating and cooling,employing both microscopic and macroscopic approaches.To examine the effects of thermal shock,we compile and analyze published experimental findings on rock physico-mechanical properties under rapid heating,cooling,and cyclic conditions.Our review reveals that both external and internal conditions significantly impact a rock's response to thermal shock.We assess several analytical equations related to rock thermal shock;nevertheless,a thorough and strong mechanical model is still required.Thermal shock can be harnessed to support underground rock engineering project design and construction,ranging from thermal spallation drilling to cryogenic fracturing.This review examines the evolution of thermal spallation drilling regarding mechanical models and experimental investigations,and discusses cryogenic fracturing in terms of mechanisms,advantages,application cases,and future developments.Serving as a crucial resource,this review paper consolidates the current understanding of thermal shock in rocks,enabling researchers and engineers to develop improved,sustainable solutions for underground engineering projects that cater to the growing demand for underground space and energy.展开更多
Ultrafine metal nanoparticles are crucial for various applications,such as energy storage,catalysis,electronics,and biomedicine,owing to their high surfaceto-volume ratio and unique electronic properties.However,conve...Ultrafine metal nanoparticles are crucial for various applications,such as energy storage,catalysis,electronics,and biomedicine,owing to their high surfaceto-volume ratio and unique electronic properties.However,conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods often face challenges like irregular shapes and agglomeration,leading to compromised functionality.To address these challenges,this paper introduces a novel,rapid,high-temperature thermal radiation heating for the ultrafast synthesis and dispersion of metal nanoparticles.Utilizing the heating properties of carbon materials,the direct Joule heating generated by them rises to 1800-2000 K within~200 ms,followed by cooling to room temperature at a rate of 2×10^(3)K s^(-1).展开更多
Microporous MgO–MgAl_(2)O_(4)refractory aggregates were prepared using calcined MgO powder andα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder as raw materials.The influence ofα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder addition on the microstructures and...Microporous MgO–MgAl_(2)O_(4)refractory aggregates were prepared using calcined MgO powder andα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder as raw materials.The influence ofα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder addition on the microstructures and properties of the aggregates was investigated.The results indicated that the addition ofα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder to MgO powder not only promoted more pores in the MgO powder to being enclosed,but also caused the pores among the MgO powder to become micronano scale by the formation of continuous microporous MgAl_(2)O_(4)bonding layers,which reduced the thermal conductivity of the aggregates.Furthermore,the microporous MgAl_(2)O_(4)can induce crack deflection and generate crack branching when subjected to thermal shock,thus improving the thermal shock resistance of the microporous aggregates.The sample with 12.1 wt.%α-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder addition exhibited the best comprehensive properties,with a bulk density of 3.44 g/cm^(3),a median pore size of 120.7 nm,a high flexural strength of 82.7 MPa,a high retention rate of flexural strength of 87.7%,and a thermal conductivity of 8.4 W/(m K)at 800°C.Compared to commercial fused magnesia and sintered magnesia,the thermal conductivity decreased by 47.2%and 18.4%at 800°C,respectively.展开更多
In this study,we attempted to investigate the spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage to granite with respect to associated deterioration mechanisms.First,thermal shock experiments were conducte...In this study,we attempted to investigate the spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage to granite with respect to associated deterioration mechanisms.First,thermal shock experiments were conducted on granite specimens by slowly preheating the specimens to high temperatures,followed by rapid cooling in tap water.Then,the spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage were investigated by computed tomography(CT)and image analysis techniques.Finally,the influence of the preheating temperature on the spatial gradients of the damage was discussed.The results show that the thermal shock induced by rapid cooling can cause more damage to granite than that induced by slow cooling.The thermal shock induced by rapid cooling can cause spatial gradient distributions of the damage to granite.The damage near the specimen surface was at a maximum,while the damage inside the specimen was at a minimum.In addition,the preheating temperature can significantly influence the spatial gradient distributions of the thermal shock-induced damage.The spatial gradient distribution of damage increased as the preheating temperature increased and then decreased significantly over 600C.When the preheating temperature was sufficiently high(e.g.800C),the gradient can be ignored.展开更多
In the NaAlO2-Na2SiO3 compound system, the ceramic coatings were prepared on magnesium alloy by micro-arc oxidation. The morphology, phase composition, and thermal shock resistance of the ceramic coatings were studied...In the NaAlO2-Na2SiO3 compound system, the ceramic coatings were prepared on magnesium alloy by micro-arc oxidation. The morphology, phase composition, and thermal shock resistance of the ceramic coatings were studied by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and thermal shock tests, respectively. The results showed that the ceramic coating contains MgO, MgAl2O4, as well as a little amount of MgESiO4. The thickness of the ceramic coatings increases with the current density increasing, when the current density is 12 A·dm^-2, the thermal shock resistance of the produced ceramic coating is the best. The hardness of the ceramic coating is up to 10 GPa or so.展开更多
Based on the deep understanding of the requirements of cutting conditions on ceramic tools, a design model for functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical composition distribution was presented in th...Based on the deep understanding of the requirements of cutting conditions on ceramic tools, a design model for functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical composition distribution was presented in this paper, according to which an Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool material FG-1 was synthesized by powder-laminating and uniaxially hot-pressing technique. The thermal shock resistance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramics FG-1 was evaluated by water quenching and subsequent three-point bending tests of flexural strength diminution. Comparisons were made with results from parallel experiments conducted using a homogeneous Al 2O 3-TiC ceramics. Functionally gradient ceramics exhibited higher retained strength under all thermal shock temperature differences compared to homogeneous ceramics, indicating the higher thermal shock resistance. The experimental results were supported by the calculation of transient thermal stress field. The cutting performance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool FG-1 was also investigated in rough turning the cylindrical surface of exhaust valve of diesel engine in comparison with that of a common Al 2O 3-TiC ceramic tool LT55. The results indicated that the tool life of FG-1 increased by 50 percent over that of LT55. Tool life of LT55 was mainly controlled by thermal shock cracking which was accompanied by mechanical shock. While tool life of FG-1 was mainly controlled by mechanical fatigue crack extension rather than thermal shock cracking, revealing the less thermal shock susceptibility of functionally gradient ceramics than that of common ceramics.展开更多
The thermal shock fatigue behaviors of pure hot-pressed alumina and 30 wt.% TiC/Al2O3 composites were studied. The effect of TiC and Al2O3 starting particle size on the mechanical properties of the composites was disc...The thermal shock fatigue behaviors of pure hot-pressed alumina and 30 wt.% TiC/Al2O3 composites were studied. The effect of TiC and Al2O3 starting particle size on the mechanical properties of the composites was discussed. Indentation-quench test was conducted to evaluate the effect of thermal fatigue temperature difference （ΔT） and number of thermal cycles （Ⅳ） on fatigue crack growth （Δa）. The mechanical properties and thermal fatigue resistance of TiC/Al203 composites are remarkably improved by the addition of TiC. The thermal shock fatigue of monolithic alumina and TiC/Al2O3 composites is due to a ＂true＂ cycling effect （thermal fatigue）. Crack deflection and bridging are the predominant reasons for the improvement of thermal shock fatigue resistance of the composites.展开更多
To develop an ultra-high-temperature resistant coating for a reusable thermal protection system,the preparation of a tantalum-based MoSi_(2)-Mo coating by a new two-step process of multi-arc ion plating and halide act...To develop an ultra-high-temperature resistant coating for a reusable thermal protection system,the preparation of a tantalum-based MoSi_(2)-Mo coating by a new two-step process of multi-arc ion plating and halide activated pack cementation is presented.The coating has a dense structure and is well compatible with the tantalum substrate,which can be thermally shocked from room temperature to 1750℃ for 360 cycles without failure.The mechanism of the coating’s excellent resistance to high-temperature thermal shocks is that a strong-binding gradient interface and a dense SiO_(2) oxide scale with good oxygen resistance are formed by the high-temperature self-diffusion of Si.展开更多
Coatings are widely used to protect substrates in extreme thermal environments(e.g., arc heaters), and thermal shock resistance is a crucial parameter for the coatings, which requires tight interlayer bonding between ...Coatings are widely used to protect substrates in extreme thermal environments(e.g., arc heaters), and thermal shock resistance is a crucial parameter for the coatings, which requires tight interlayer bonding between coatings and substrates. In this work, Ni Cr Al Y coatings were highly required for the pure copper substrate to restrict the electric arc in arc heaters. To overcome the bonding difculty of coating on the copper surface, the Ni Cr Al Y coatings were prepared by two laser cladding methods: conventional laser cladding(CLC) and high-speed laser cladding(HSLC). The microstructure, composition, and thermal shock resistance of Ni Cr Al Y cladding layers prepared by both methods were investigated. Benefitting from the high cooling rate and high energy density, the HSLC-layer has better composition uniformity and tighter interlayer bonding than the CLC-layer, achieving a 30%–45% improvement in thermal cycling lifetime. Besides, the Ni Cr Al Y layers prepared on copper substrate by both laser cladding methods exhibit3–10 times better thermal shock resistance than those Ni Cr Al Y layers prepared by conventional spraying methods. It further confirms the great effects of metallurgical bonding and composition uniformity on the thermal shock resistance of coatings. The Ni Cr Al Y layers fail in the form of internal cracking and interface peeling, and the corresponding failure mechanism is discussed.展开更多
A water-quenching technique has been adopted to evaluate thermal shock fracture and fatigue behaviors of porous Si3N4 ceramics in an air atmosphere. The high-porosity Si3N4 ceramics exhibit a higher strength retention...A water-quenching technique has been adopted to evaluate thermal shock fracture and fatigue behaviors of porous Si3N4 ceramics in an air atmosphere. The high-porosity Si3N4 ceramics exhibit a higher strength retention and a better resistance to thermal shock fatigue because of its role of the pores as crack arresters.A dense and coherent surface oxide layer leads to a significant benefit in residual strength during thermal fatigue, however, an increased fatigue number to 30 th cycle cannot cause a further influence although a thicker oxide layer presents, which is attributed to holes defect and disappearance of part intergranular phase.展开更多
Nanomaterials based on nickel foam(NF) have been widely applied in energy conversion and storage field.Traditional synthesis methods such as hydrothermal method which is dangerous and high cost limited the scalable de...Nanomaterials based on nickel foam(NF) have been widely applied in energy conversion and storage field.Traditional synthesis methods such as hydrothermal method which is dangerous and high cost limited the scalable developments.Herein,we report a fast,simple,and low-cost synthesis method of nanomaterials based on NF by Joule-heating and water soaking treatment.Thin carbon-coated CoS on NF(NF-C/CoS) was synthesized by Joule-heating for a few seconds with rapid cooling.And then,NF-C/CoS/NiOOH with core-shell heterostructure was fabricated by soaking treatment of NF-C/CoS in water on which NiOOH nanosheets grew spontaneously.The formation mechanism is proposed that the coordination complex precursor converts into C/CoS on NF driven by Joule-heating,and the nickel on the surface of NF is activated to form metastable nickel simultaneously.The metastable nickel reacting with water leads to the formation of NiOOH,and the induction of CoS makes NiOOH grow continuously.This synthesis technology provides a new route to manufacture NF-based nanostructures,and the as-fabricated NF-C/CoS/NiOOH exhibits great potential as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction.展开更多
Understanding rock mechanical behaviors after thermal shock is critically important for practical engineering application.In this context,physico-mechanical properties of Beishan granite,Gansu Province,China after cyc...Understanding rock mechanical behaviors after thermal shock is critically important for practical engineering application.In this context,physico-mechanical properties of Beishan granite,Gansu Province,China after cyclic thermal shock were studied using digital image correlation(DIC),acoustic emission(AE)monitoring,and microscopic observation.The results show that the peak strength and elastic modulus decreased gradually with increase in thermal shock cycle.However,the above two parameters showed no further changes after 10 thermal shock cycles.The loading stress ratio(i.e.the ratio of the current loading stress level to the peak stress in this state)corresponding to the occurrence of the uneven principal strain field and the local strain concentration zone on the surface of the granite specimen decreased with increase in thermal shock cycle.Three transformation forms of the standard deviation curves of the surface principal strain were found.For granite with fewer thermal shock cycles(e.g.no more than 2 cycles),the standard deviation curves exhibited approximately exponential growth in exponential form.With increase in thermal shock cycle,the S-shaped curve was dominant.After 10 thermal shock cycles,an approximate ladder-shaped curve was observed.It is displayed that AE activity was mainly concentrated around the peak strength zone of the granite specimen when the rock samples underwent fewer thermal shock cycles.With increase in thermal shock cycle,AE activity could occur at low loading stress levels.Microscopic observation further confirmed these scenarios,which showed that more microcracks were induced with increase in thermal shock cycle.The number of induced microcracks at the edge location of the granite specimen was significantly larger than that at the interior location.Finally,a continuum damage model was proposed to describe the damage evolution of the granite specimen after cyclic thermal shock during loading.展开更多
The thermal protection performance of superalloy honeycomb structure in high-temperature environments are important for thermal protection design of high-speed aircrafts. By using a self-developed transient aerodynami...The thermal protection performance of superalloy honeycomb structure in high-temperature environments are important for thermal protection design of high-speed aircrafts. By using a self-developed transient aerodynamic thermal simulation system, the thermal protection performance of superalloy honeycomb panel was tested in this paper at different transient heating rates ranging from 5℃/s to 30℃/s, with the maximum instantaneous temperature reaching 950℃. Furthermore, the thermal protection performance of superalloy honeycomb struc- ture under simulated thermal environments was computed for different high heat- ing rates by using 3D finite element method, and a comparison between calcu- lational and experimental results was carded out. The results of this research provide an important reference for the design of thermal protection systems com- prising superalloy honeycomb panel.展开更多
In order to investigate the thermal shock and the heat conduction property of a target under multi-pulsed laser radiation,analytic expressions of both temperature and thermal stress fields in the target are deduced on...In order to investigate the thermal shock and the heat conduction property of a target under multi-pulsed laser radiation,analytic expressions of both temperature and thermal stress fields in the target are deduced on the basis of the non-Fourier conduction law and the thermo-elastic theory.Taking a stainless steel target as an example,we can solve the analytic expressions under appropriate boundary conditions by using the finite difference method and MATLAB software,and then reveal the evolution law of both surplus temperaturt,and thermal stress in the target.The results indicate that the temperature curves in the target irradiated by a multi-pulsed laser take on a delayed character in different sections away from the boundary,which is only affected by its relaxation time.The front of the stress wave is very steep in the non-Fourier numerical solutions,which presents an obvious thermal shock,so it is necessary to consider the non-Fourier effect of semi-infinite body under the high energy laser radiation.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52264006,52364004,and 52464005)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Foundation (No.GCC[2022]005-1)。
文摘Investigating the damage evolution of surrounding rock under thermal shock cycles is crucial for ensuring the stability of engineering rock masses.This study performed Brazilian splitting tests on granite specimens under varying temperature and cycle conditions,employing acoustic emission monitoring,digital image correlation,and three-dimensional scanning technology.A systematic analysis was conducted on the patterns of damage evolution,failure precursor,and response mechanisms under combined thermal and cyclic loading.Experimental results show that both P-wave velocity and tensile strength degrade significantly with increasing temperature and cycle count,with temperature having a more pronounced effect than cycle count.Notably,damage evolution exhibits a dual-threshold behavior in which degradation accelerates markedly above 400℃ and stabilizes after 5 thermal cycles.Fracture surfaces evolve from initially planar to rugged morphologies,with peak-valley height differences at 600℃ being approximately three times greater than those at 200℃.Furthermore,based on acoustic emission energy entropy analysis,we introduce a novel failure precursor indicator where the sustained increase and critical surge in average entropy serve as reliable early-warning signals for impending rock failure.These findings establish a solid theoretical basis and practical methodology for damage assessment and instability early-warning systems in high-temperature rock engineering.
基金supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A2058)the Hebei Guoliang New Materials Co.,Ltd.(Grant No.22150239J).
文摘An experiment was conducted to assess the impact of fused calcia-stabilized zirconia micro-powder on the thermal shock behavior of magnesia–spinel refractories.The effects of calcia-stabilized zirconia on the microstructure evolution and properties of magnesia–spinel refractories were characterized by the high-temperature elastic modulus,thermal shock damage resistance parameters,retainment of elastic modulus after thermal shock,and scanning electron microscopy.The results indicated that the incorporation of calcia-stabilized zirconia improved the thermomechanical properties and thermal shock behavior of magnesia–spinel specimens.The hot modulus of rupture of magnesia–spinel specimens increased by 2.5-fold due to the incorporation of calcia-stabilized zirconia micro-powder.The presence of a martensitic phase transformation in partially unstable ZrO2 and thermal mismatches among various phases contributed to a controlled formation of microcracks.And the pinning effect caused by the calcia-stabilized zirconia particles surrounding the grain boundaries played a crucial role in preventing the propagation of microcracks.This phenomenon significantly bolstered the thermal shock stability of magnesia–spinel refractories,consequently prolonging their service life.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52225904 and 52039007)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2023NSFSC0377)supported by the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE.
文摘Exploring dynamic mechanical responses and failure behaviors of hot dry rock(HDR)is significant for geothermal exploitation and stability assessment.In this study,via the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,a series of dynamic compression tests were conducted on granite treated by cyclic thermal shocks at different temperatures.We analyzed the effects of cyclic thermal shock on the thermal-related physical and dynamic mechanical behaviors of granite.Specifically,the P-wave velocity,dynamic strength,and elastic modulus of the tested granite decrease with increasing temperature and cycle number,while porosity and peak strain increase.The degradation law of dynamic mechanical properties could be described by a cubic polynomial.Cyclic thermal shock promotes shear cracks propagation,causing dynamic failure mode of granite to transition from splitting to tensile-shear composite failure,accompanied by surface spalling and debris splashing.Moreover,the thermal shock damage evolution and coupled failure mechanism of tested granite are discussed.The evolution of thermal shock damage with thermal shock cycle numbers shows an obvious S-shaped surface,featured by an exponential correlation with dynamic mechanical parameters.In addition,with increasing thermal shock temperature and cycles,granite mineral species barely change,but the length and width of thermal cracks increase significantly.The non-uniform expansion of minerals,thermal shock-induced cracking,and water-rock interaction are primary factors for deteriorating dynamic mechanical properties of granite under cyclic thermal shock.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51874207)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant Nos.202303021211042 and 202303011222006).
文摘This research employs micro-CT scanning technology to analyze the porosity,pore fractal dimension,and spatial variability of sandstone preheated to 600℃ and subsequently cooled in water at varying temperatures(20℃,60℃,100℃).The study investigates the mechanisms by which various factors influence thermal shock damage,focusing on the effects of cooling water temperature and the boiling phase transition.The objective is to develop a method for characterizing thermal shock damage that considers spatial variability.The findings indicate that thermal shock damage is limited to a shallow depth beneath the surface,with increased severity near the surface.The boiling phase transition significantly enhances the convective heat transfer coefficient,resulting in substantially higher thermal shock damage when cooled with 100℃ boiling water compared to 20℃ and 60℃ water.Furthermore,for the entire specimen,heating damage exceeds thermal shock damage,and the influence of thermal shock diminishes as specimen size increases.This study addresses the limitations of traditional methods for assessing thermal shock damage that disregard spatial variability and provides practical guidance for engineering projects to manage thermal shock damage more effectively.
基金paper is funded by the CNOOC Science and Technology Project(KJGG2022-0701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51904258,51874250).
文摘Thermal shock damage in deep shale hydraulic fracturing can impact fracture propagation behaviors,potentially leading to the formation of complex fractures and enhancing gas recovery.This study introduces a thermalhydraulic-mechnical(THM)coupled fracture propagation model relying on the phase field method to simulate thermal shock-induced fracturing in the deep shale considering dynamic temperature conditions.The validity of this model is confirmed through comparison of experimental and numerical results concerning the THM-coupled stress field and thermal cracking.Special attention is paid to the interaction of thermal shock-induced fractures in deep shale that contains weak planes.The results indicate that thermal shock-induced stress significantly amplifies the tensile stress range and deteriorates rock strength,resulting in a multi-point failure pattern within a fracture.The thermal shock damage degree is closely related to the fracture cooling efficiency,suggesting that considering downhole temperature conditions in THM-coupled fracture stress field calculations is advisable.Thermal shock can activate pre-existing natural fractures and enhance the penetration ability of hydraulic fractures,thereby leading to a fracture network.
文摘Currently,chemical furnaces play an important role in the chemical industry.It is necessary to ensure their quality and operation performance,so as to guarantee the efficiency of chemical production.Compared with other furnaces,chemical furnaces have strong particularity,which puts forward higher requirements for the thermal shock resistance of the refractories of furnace linings.This paper studied the thermal shock resistance of the refractories for chemical furnace linings,and proposed measures for improvement,providing experience and technical support for the safe production of chemical enterprises.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42377149)the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong,China(General Research Fund Project Nos.17200721 and 17202423)。
文摘Thermal shock,a phenomenon known to cause rock fracturing,has gained increasing significance with advancements in enhanced geothermal systems.In this comprehensive review,we delve into the intricacies of thermal shock in rocks,exploring its mechanisms,mechanical interpretations,impacts,and applications.Despite generations of researchers'attempts to identify the conditions that trigger thermal shock and propose various thresholds for heating rates,temperatures,and durations,establishing a universal threshold remains elusive.Commonly adopted heating rate threshold of 2℃/min and critical temperature around 75℃still require further experimental data and theoretical model support.This study scrutinizes the typical thermal shock process in rocks during heating and cooling,employing both microscopic and macroscopic approaches.To examine the effects of thermal shock,we compile and analyze published experimental findings on rock physico-mechanical properties under rapid heating,cooling,and cyclic conditions.Our review reveals that both external and internal conditions significantly impact a rock's response to thermal shock.We assess several analytical equations related to rock thermal shock;nevertheless,a thorough and strong mechanical model is still required.Thermal shock can be harnessed to support underground rock engineering project design and construction,ranging from thermal spallation drilling to cryogenic fracturing.This review examines the evolution of thermal spallation drilling regarding mechanical models and experimental investigations,and discusses cryogenic fracturing in terms of mechanisms,advantages,application cases,and future developments.Serving as a crucial resource,this review paper consolidates the current understanding of thermal shock in rocks,enabling researchers and engineers to develop improved,sustainable solutions for underground engineering projects that cater to the growing demand for underground space and energy.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22468029,52274408,52204314)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province(No.202402AF080005)+1 种基金Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(No.202201AW070014)the Program for Innovative Research Team in the University of ministry of Education of China(No.IRT_17R48)
文摘Ultrafine metal nanoparticles are crucial for various applications,such as energy storage,catalysis,electronics,and biomedicine,owing to their high surfaceto-volume ratio and unique electronic properties.However,conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods often face challenges like irregular shapes and agglomeration,leading to compromised functionality.To address these challenges,this paper introduces a novel,rapid,high-temperature thermal radiation heating for the ultrafast synthesis and dispersion of metal nanoparticles.Utilizing the heating properties of carbon materials,the direct Joule heating generated by them rises to 1800-2000 K within~200 ms,followed by cooling to room temperature at a rate of 2×10^(3)K s^(-1).
基金financially supported by the Key Projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U21A2058)the Innovation Group Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2025AFA016).
文摘Microporous MgO–MgAl_(2)O_(4)refractory aggregates were prepared using calcined MgO powder andα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder as raw materials.The influence ofα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder addition on the microstructures and properties of the aggregates was investigated.The results indicated that the addition ofα-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder to MgO powder not only promoted more pores in the MgO powder to being enclosed,but also caused the pores among the MgO powder to become micronano scale by the formation of continuous microporous MgAl_(2)O_(4)bonding layers,which reduced the thermal conductivity of the aggregates.Furthermore,the microporous MgAl_(2)O_(4)can induce crack deflection and generate crack branching when subjected to thermal shock,thus improving the thermal shock resistance of the microporous aggregates.The sample with 12.1 wt.%α-Al_(2)O_(3)micro-powder addition exhibited the best comprehensive properties,with a bulk density of 3.44 g/cm^(3),a median pore size of 120.7 nm,a high flexural strength of 82.7 MPa,a high retention rate of flexural strength of 87.7%,and a thermal conductivity of 8.4 W/(m K)at 800°C.Compared to commercial fused magnesia and sintered magnesia,the thermal conductivity decreased by 47.2%and 18.4%at 800°C,respectively.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant Nos.51778021,51627812 and 51678403)。
文摘In this study,we attempted to investigate the spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage to granite with respect to associated deterioration mechanisms.First,thermal shock experiments were conducted on granite specimens by slowly preheating the specimens to high temperatures,followed by rapid cooling in tap water.Then,the spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage were investigated by computed tomography(CT)and image analysis techniques.Finally,the influence of the preheating temperature on the spatial gradients of the damage was discussed.The results show that the thermal shock induced by rapid cooling can cause more damage to granite than that induced by slow cooling.The thermal shock induced by rapid cooling can cause spatial gradient distributions of the damage to granite.The damage near the specimen surface was at a maximum,while the damage inside the specimen was at a minimum.In addition,the preheating temperature can significantly influence the spatial gradient distributions of the thermal shock-induced damage.The spatial gradient distribution of damage increased as the preheating temperature increased and then decreased significantly over 600C.When the preheating temperature was sufficiently high(e.g.800C),the gradient can be ignored.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50171026) and the State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University (No. SKLT04-08)
文摘In the NaAlO2-Na2SiO3 compound system, the ceramic coatings were prepared on magnesium alloy by micro-arc oxidation. The morphology, phase composition, and thermal shock resistance of the ceramic coatings were studied by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and thermal shock tests, respectively. The results showed that the ceramic coating contains MgO, MgAl2O4, as well as a little amount of MgESiO4. The thickness of the ceramic coatings increases with the current density increasing, when the current density is 12 A·dm^-2, the thermal shock resistance of the produced ceramic coating is the best. The hardness of the ceramic coating is up to 10 GPa or so.
文摘Based on the deep understanding of the requirements of cutting conditions on ceramic tools, a design model for functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical composition distribution was presented in this paper, according to which an Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool material FG-1 was synthesized by powder-laminating and uniaxially hot-pressing technique. The thermal shock resistance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramics FG-1 was evaluated by water quenching and subsequent three-point bending tests of flexural strength diminution. Comparisons were made with results from parallel experiments conducted using a homogeneous Al 2O 3-TiC ceramics. Functionally gradient ceramics exhibited higher retained strength under all thermal shock temperature differences compared to homogeneous ceramics, indicating the higher thermal shock resistance. The experimental results were supported by the calculation of transient thermal stress field. The cutting performance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool FG-1 was also investigated in rough turning the cylindrical surface of exhaust valve of diesel engine in comparison with that of a common Al 2O 3-TiC ceramic tool LT55. The results indicated that the tool life of FG-1 increased by 50 percent over that of LT55. Tool life of LT55 was mainly controlled by thermal shock cracking which was accompanied by mechanical shock. While tool life of FG-1 was mainly controlled by mechanical fatigue crack extension rather than thermal shock cracking, revealing the less thermal shock susceptibility of functionally gradient ceramics than that of common ceramics.
文摘The thermal shock fatigue behaviors of pure hot-pressed alumina and 30 wt.% TiC/Al2O3 composites were studied. The effect of TiC and Al2O3 starting particle size on the mechanical properties of the composites was discussed. Indentation-quench test was conducted to evaluate the effect of thermal fatigue temperature difference （ΔT） and number of thermal cycles （Ⅳ） on fatigue crack growth （Δa）. The mechanical properties and thermal fatigue resistance of TiC/Al203 composites are remarkably improved by the addition of TiC. The thermal shock fatigue of monolithic alumina and TiC/Al2O3 composites is due to a ＂true＂ cycling effect （thermal fatigue）. Crack deflection and bridging are the predominant reasons for the improvement of thermal shock fatigue resistance of the composites.
基金This work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51901252the National Major Science and Technology Projects of China under Grant No.0101040201+1 种基金the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China under Grant JCKY2017110B001the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant No.2020JJ5713 and No.2020JJ5737。
文摘To develop an ultra-high-temperature resistant coating for a reusable thermal protection system,the preparation of a tantalum-based MoSi_(2)-Mo coating by a new two-step process of multi-arc ion plating and halide activated pack cementation is presented.The coating has a dense structure and is well compatible with the tantalum substrate,which can be thermally shocked from room temperature to 1750℃ for 360 cycles without failure.The mechanism of the coating’s excellent resistance to high-temperature thermal shocks is that a strong-binding gradient interface and a dense SiO_(2) oxide scale with good oxygen resistance are formed by the high-temperature self-diffusion of Si.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2021YFB2500600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11725210)。
文摘Coatings are widely used to protect substrates in extreme thermal environments(e.g., arc heaters), and thermal shock resistance is a crucial parameter for the coatings, which requires tight interlayer bonding between coatings and substrates. In this work, Ni Cr Al Y coatings were highly required for the pure copper substrate to restrict the electric arc in arc heaters. To overcome the bonding difculty of coating on the copper surface, the Ni Cr Al Y coatings were prepared by two laser cladding methods: conventional laser cladding(CLC) and high-speed laser cladding(HSLC). The microstructure, composition, and thermal shock resistance of Ni Cr Al Y cladding layers prepared by both methods were investigated. Benefitting from the high cooling rate and high energy density, the HSLC-layer has better composition uniformity and tighter interlayer bonding than the CLC-layer, achieving a 30%–45% improvement in thermal cycling lifetime. Besides, the Ni Cr Al Y layers prepared on copper substrate by both laser cladding methods exhibit3–10 times better thermal shock resistance than those Ni Cr Al Y layers prepared by conventional spraying methods. It further confirms the great effects of metallurgical bonding and composition uniformity on the thermal shock resistance of coatings. The Ni Cr Al Y layers fail in the form of internal cracking and interface peeling, and the corresponding failure mechanism is discussed.
基金financial support of the project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51272206 and 51472198)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No. IRT1280)+2 种基金the National Key Laboratory Functional Composite (No. 9140C560109130C56201)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (No. xkjc2014009)the State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials (No. 20121207)
文摘A water-quenching technique has been adopted to evaluate thermal shock fracture and fatigue behaviors of porous Si3N4 ceramics in an air atmosphere. The high-porosity Si3N4 ceramics exhibit a higher strength retention and a better resistance to thermal shock fatigue because of its role of the pores as crack arresters.A dense and coherent surface oxide layer leads to a significant benefit in residual strength during thermal fatigue, however, an increased fatigue number to 30 th cycle cannot cause a further influence although a thicker oxide layer presents, which is attributed to holes defect and disappearance of part intergranular phase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91963113, 51701139, and U1601216)。
文摘Nanomaterials based on nickel foam(NF) have been widely applied in energy conversion and storage field.Traditional synthesis methods such as hydrothermal method which is dangerous and high cost limited the scalable developments.Herein,we report a fast,simple,and low-cost synthesis method of nanomaterials based on NF by Joule-heating and water soaking treatment.Thin carbon-coated CoS on NF(NF-C/CoS) was synthesized by Joule-heating for a few seconds with rapid cooling.And then,NF-C/CoS/NiOOH with core-shell heterostructure was fabricated by soaking treatment of NF-C/CoS in water on which NiOOH nanosheets grew spontaneously.The formation mechanism is proposed that the coordination complex precursor converts into C/CoS on NF driven by Joule-heating,and the nickel on the surface of NF is activated to form metastable nickel simultaneously.The metastable nickel reacting with water leads to the formation of NiOOH,and the induction of CoS makes NiOOH grow continuously.This synthesis technology provides a new route to manufacture NF-based nanostructures,and the as-fabricated NF-C/CoS/NiOOH exhibits great potential as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction.
基金supported by the State Key Research Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0804203)National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51621006)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDB-SSW-DQC029).
文摘Understanding rock mechanical behaviors after thermal shock is critically important for practical engineering application.In this context,physico-mechanical properties of Beishan granite,Gansu Province,China after cyclic thermal shock were studied using digital image correlation(DIC),acoustic emission(AE)monitoring,and microscopic observation.The results show that the peak strength and elastic modulus decreased gradually with increase in thermal shock cycle.However,the above two parameters showed no further changes after 10 thermal shock cycles.The loading stress ratio(i.e.the ratio of the current loading stress level to the peak stress in this state)corresponding to the occurrence of the uneven principal strain field and the local strain concentration zone on the surface of the granite specimen decreased with increase in thermal shock cycle.Three transformation forms of the standard deviation curves of the surface principal strain were found.For granite with fewer thermal shock cycles(e.g.no more than 2 cycles),the standard deviation curves exhibited approximately exponential growth in exponential form.With increase in thermal shock cycle,the S-shaped curve was dominant.After 10 thermal shock cycles,an approximate ladder-shaped curve was observed.It is displayed that AE activity was mainly concentrated around the peak strength zone of the granite specimen when the rock samples underwent fewer thermal shock cycles.With increase in thermal shock cycle,AE activity could occur at low loading stress levels.Microscopic observation further confirmed these scenarios,which showed that more microcracks were induced with increase in thermal shock cycle.The number of induced microcracks at the edge location of the granite specimen was significantly larger than that at the interior location.Finally,a continuum damage model was proposed to describe the damage evolution of the granite specimen after cyclic thermal shock during loading.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11172026 and 91216301)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20131102110014)
文摘The thermal protection performance of superalloy honeycomb structure in high-temperature environments are important for thermal protection design of high-speed aircrafts. By using a self-developed transient aerodynamic thermal simulation system, the thermal protection performance of superalloy honeycomb panel was tested in this paper at different transient heating rates ranging from 5℃/s to 30℃/s, with the maximum instantaneous temperature reaching 950℃. Furthermore, the thermal protection performance of superalloy honeycomb struc- ture under simulated thermal environments was computed for different high heat- ing rates by using 3D finite element method, and a comparison between calcu- lational and experimental results was carded out. The results of this research provide an important reference for the design of thermal protection systems com- prising superalloy honeycomb panel.
基金supported by the Chinese Natural Science Fund(No.10572020)
文摘In order to investigate the thermal shock and the heat conduction property of a target under multi-pulsed laser radiation,analytic expressions of both temperature and thermal stress fields in the target are deduced on the basis of the non-Fourier conduction law and the thermo-elastic theory.Taking a stainless steel target as an example,we can solve the analytic expressions under appropriate boundary conditions by using the finite difference method and MATLAB software,and then reveal the evolution law of both surplus temperaturt,and thermal stress in the target.The results indicate that the temperature curves in the target irradiated by a multi-pulsed laser take on a delayed character in different sections away from the boundary,which is only affected by its relaxation time.The front of the stress wave is very steep in the non-Fourier numerical solutions,which presents an obvious thermal shock,so it is necessary to consider the non-Fourier effect of semi-infinite body under the high energy laser radiation.
