The Baiyun （白云） sag in the southern Pearl River Mouth basin is the largest and deepest sag in deepwater northern South China Sea. Researches and exploration in this sag have revealed many distinct features of the ...The Baiyun （白云） sag in the southern Pearl River Mouth basin is the largest and deepest sag in deepwater northern South China Sea. Researches and exploration in this sag have revealed many distinct features of the sag. This article reports its Idling history through backstripping of depth data of interpreted sequence boundaries. Maps of sediment rates of 10 sequences from 49 Ma to the present were constructed, showing the spatio-temporal variation of the sediment rate. Three stages of sediment infilling, 49-17.5 Ma, 17.5-10.5 Ma, and 10.5-0 Ma, were divided by abrupt changes of sedimentary patterns. If the breakup of the South China Sea took place at -30 Ma, significant post-breakup acceleration of sedimentation was observed at 17.5-15.5 Ma and 13.8-12.5 Ma, indicating acceleration of subsidence at these times. We propose that the onset of strong post-breakup subsidence at ～17.5 Ma was an important tectonic event that changed the pattern of sedimentation from discrete and medium-rate deposition centers in both main and south subsags to restricted but high-rate deposition in the main subsag. The cause and implications of this newly recognized event need to be investigated.展开更多
According to the ideas and concepts of systems dynamic of continent structure, using previous information related to the study area, combining analyses on orogenic belt, basin and magmatic rock, the present paper synt...According to the ideas and concepts of systems dynamic of continent structure, using previous information related to the study area, combining analyses on orogenic belt, basin and magmatic rock, the present paper synthesizes the tectono - sedimentary development of southeastern coast region, China, with special emphasis on the mountain making, basining and magmatic activity. The tectonic evolution after Late Caledonian orogeny was dominated by alternating rifting and converging, subsiding and uplifting, mountain making and basining in central and southern parts of southeastern China and the adjacent regions to the east and west. Seventeen geologic events , nine events of plate or terrain convergence , and continental crust accretion , as well as eight events of intracontinental rifting and basin faulting , are closely related to the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the study area . The accompanied intense and frequent sedimentation , folding , faulting , magmatism and ore- forming process allowed huge coal , multimetal and potential petroleum source rocks to form in local depressions throughout the Caledonian to Himalavan time .展开更多
In the past few years,the medical knowledge transfer in a West-East direction has attracted increased scholarly attention from European and American historians,whereas studies on such“knowledge travels”conducted in ...In the past few years,the medical knowledge transfer in a West-East direction has attracted increased scholarly attention from European and American historians,whereas studies on such“knowledge travels”conducted in the East Asian context focus mainly on political and socio-cultural concepts.To provide an alternative perspective on the travel of Western medicine to Chinese soil,a case study on“diabetes”is conducted,under the theoretical framework of“transcultural conceptual history.”This article systematically analyzes the standardization,popularization,politicization,and derivatization of“diabetes,”calling for further attention to transcultural histories of medical concepts in modern China.展开更多
Xiazhuang uranium ore field,located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt,is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China.In this paper,we contribute new apatite fission track...Xiazhuang uranium ore field,located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt,is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China.In this paper,we contribute new apatite fission track data and thermal history modeling to constrain the exhumation history and evaluate preservation potential of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.Nine Triassic outcrop granite samples collected from different locations of Xiazhuang Uranium ore field yield AFT ages ranging from 43 to 24 Ma with similar mean confined fission track lengths ranging from 11.8±2.0 to 12.9±1.9μm and Dpar values between 1.01 and 1.51μm.The robustness time-temperature reconstructions of samples from the hanging wall of Huangpi fault show that the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field experienced a time of monotonous and slow cooling starting from middle Paleocene to middle Miocene(~60-10 Ma),followed by relatively rapid exhumation in the late Miocene(~10-5 Ma)and nearly thermal stability in the Pliocene-Quaternary(~5-0 Ma).The amount of exhumation after U mineralization since the Middle Paleogene was estimated as~4.3±1.8 km according to the integrated thermal history model.Previous studies indicate that the ore-forming ages of U deposits in the Xiazhuang ore field are mainly before Middle Paleocene and the mineralization depths are more than 4.4±1.2 km.Therefore,the exhumation history since middle Paleocene plays important roles in the preservation of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.展开更多
The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evoluti...The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.展开更多
The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Instit...The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.展开更多
History of art casting in china has been over 5000 years. In the past few thousand years, numerous forming and decorating skills of art castings had been created, and left behind precious treasures in the world metal ...History of art casting in china has been over 5000 years. In the past few thousand years, numerous forming and decorating skills of art castings had been created, and left behind precious treasures in the world metal arts and crafts. In individual historical period and at different terrain, a unique artistic style formed, which flashed brilliant light in world artistic treasury.展开更多
The Taiwan Question China discussed in this paper belongs to the theoretical crisis discussion on international relations and does not regard the Cross-Strait relations as relations between different countries.The out...The Taiwan Question China discussed in this paper belongs to the theoretical crisis discussion on international relations and does not regard the Cross-Strait relations as relations between different countries.The outcome of the 2024 Taiwan Election has a great impact on the Taiwan question,the latest poll shows that the possibility of the Democratic Progressive Party(DPP)candidate to come to power is still very high,because its political evolution trend of Taiwan independence still exists.展开更多
1 Introduction Most of the world well know potash mines are deposited in marine environment.Regarding the serious potash shortage,no significant progress has been made in marine potash in China,while the terrestrial p...1 Introduction Most of the world well know potash mines are deposited in marine environment.Regarding the serious potash shortage,no significant progress has been made in marine potash in China,while the terrestrial potash展开更多
The first works of Chinese vernacular fiction available in the West were published 1735,when the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde compiled translations of three pieces of Chinese vernacular fiction from Jingu qigu...The first works of Chinese vernacular fiction available in the West were published 1735,when the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde compiled translations of three pieces of Chinese vernacular fiction from Jingu qiguan(Marvels Ancient and Modern).These were later translated into English in The General History of China(1736)edited by John Watts.The three stories are"Lu Dalang gives money to re-unite his family","Zhuangzi bangs a drum and becomes an immortal",and"The bad servant sues his master because of a private grudge".The stories are framed by a dual purpose:they were a means to understand the nature of Chinese society,and they were also a pivot in the changing views of China.The moral content of the stories is played out in ambiguous ways,varying between simplistic moral lessons of good and bad rewards for good and bad deeds,and a more amoral tone.展开更多
The significance of discourse construction in the civilization discussion of Xi Jinping is explored in this paper: The 500-year history of world socialism and the 5000-year history of Chinese civilization, Xi Jinping&...The significance of discourse construction in the civilization discussion of Xi Jinping is explored in this paper: The 500-year history of world socialism and the 5000-year history of Chinese civilization, Xi Jinping' s studies of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the long history of civilization development, highlighting Socialism with Chinese characteristics as a product in the development of human civilization, the great contribution to world civilization progress and the creative development of Marxism which has been the most distinctive feature in Chinese discourse structure since the 18 th National Congress of the CPC. As the conscious construction of epistemology, it has given unprecedented historical and cultural implications to China' s road and opened the new theory space for the discourse construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics or the academic expression of China' s road.展开更多
This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and expositi...This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and exposition by the ingenious. (2)The design principle of the dependence of workmanship on criteria. (3)A macroscopic view of the object of design. (4)The design method of manufacture emphasizing shape. (5)Technological requirements on excellent material and consummate skill. Second, it discusses machine design ideas in ancient China. (1)The system idea in machine design, (2)The idea of machine design.(3)The idea of standardization in machine design. (4)The idea of automation in machine design. Finally, it discusses the status quo and a look ahead of the theory of machine design in China.展开更多
The relationship between China and the Philippines is a tapestry woven over a millennium,colored by threads of commerce,culture,and kinship.While modern diplomatic relations were formally established on June 9,1975,th...The relationship between China and the Philippines is a tapestry woven over a millennium,colored by threads of commerce,culture,and kinship.While modern diplomatic relations were formally established on June 9,1975,the foundation of this partnership was laid centuries before any official stateto-state ties.This long history provides a crucial context for understanding the current geopolitical landscape and underscores the immense value of preserving this enduring friendship for future generations.展开更多
1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western med...1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western medicine.Such a binary framework,however,oversimplifies the intricate realities of medical encounters in China.展开更多
Phylogenetic diversity of Form I and Form II ribulose1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) largesubunit (rbcL) genes in the inshore and offshore areas of the East China Sea were investigated. Two new prime...Phylogenetic diversity of Form I and Form II ribulose1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) largesubunit (rbcL) genes in the inshore and offshore areas of the East China Sea were investigated. Two new primer setswere designed for amplifying partial sequences of rbcL genes from Proteobacteria. Four rbcL gene clone libraries wereconstructed by amplification and cloning of approximately 640~800 bp sequences of bacterioplankton populations.The method of screening library by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was introduced. The resultsshow that the diversity of Form I is higher in offshore waters with higher salinity and lower productivity, while thatof Form II is higher at the inshore station where salinity is lower and productivity is higher. Several clusters ofsequences obtained are deeply rooted and show low similarity (60%~78%) to the known rbcL in existing databases.The degree of diversity of rbcL genes is directly related to environmental variables, including temperature, salinity,pH, dissolved oxygen, etc. These results indicate that rbcL gene can be used as an effective indicator for geneticdiversity and population variability of bacterioplankton with the ability of carbon dioxide fixation in the sea.展开更多
Microbial diversity of sediments from the northern slope of the South China Sea was studied by constructing bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Fourteen bacterial phylogenetic groups were detected, i...Microbial diversity of sediments from the northern slope of the South China Sea was studied by constructing bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Fourteen bacterial phylogenetic groups were detected, including Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Nitrospirae, candidate divisions OP8 and OP 11, and an unknown group. Gammaproteobacteria was the predominant group in bacterial libraries with the percentage ranging from 31.8% to 63.2%. However, archaeal libraries had relatively lower diversity, with most clones belonging to marine archaeal group I uncultured Crenarehaeota. In addition, two novel euryarchaeal clones were detected not to match any culture-dependent or -independent isolates. Compared with other gas hydrate-rich ecosystems and different areas of the South China Sea, a distinct microbial community was revealed in this study.展开更多
It is necessary for undergraduates majoring in geography to learn the history of geographic thought. Although there are different cultural and educational backgrounds between China and the West, teaching methods such ...It is necessary for undergraduates majoring in geography to learn the history of geographic thought. Although there are different cultural and educational backgrounds between China and the West, teaching methods such as text teaching, students＇ presentations and group learning are suitable for most of teachers and students even from different countries and regions. The blended method is helpful to popularize history of geographic thought and improve the level of teaching and learning. Owing to lack of the class on the history of geographic thought in countries like China, the authors try to explore a blended method for the first-year geography undergraduates and to assess the effects of this teaching based on some questionnaires. The students have different benefits and responses to this class. A special group consisting of one teacher and several undergraduates does the research and coauthors the paper through making questionnaire, interviewing and analyzing materials from 67 freshmen majoring in human geography and geography science（teacher-training） in China. For the undergraduates especially from the countries like China, it is well worth making the history of geographic thought become a necessary and interesting class.展开更多
This work restored the erosion thickness of the top surface of each Cretaceous formations penetrated by the typical well in the Hari sag,and simulated the subsidence burial history of this well with software BasinMod....This work restored the erosion thickness of the top surface of each Cretaceous formations penetrated by the typical well in the Hari sag,and simulated the subsidence burial history of this well with software BasinMod.It is firstly pointed out that the tectonic subsidence evolution of the Hari sag since the Cretaceous can be divided into four phases:initial subsidence phase,rapid subsidence phase,uplift and erosion phase,and stable slow subsidence phase.A detailed reconstruction of the tectonothermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation histories of typical well was undertaken using the EASY R%model,which is constrained by vitrinite reflectance(R)and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions.In the rapid subsidence phase,the peak period of hydrocarbon generation was reached at c.a.105.59 Ma with the increasing thermal evolution degree.A concomitant rapid increase in paleotemperatures occurred and reached a maximum geothermal gradient of about 43-45℃/km.The main hydrocarbon generation period ensued around 105.59-80.00 Ma and the greatest buried depth of the Hari sag was reached at c.a.80.00 Ma,when the maximum paleo-temperature was over 180℃.Subsequently,the sag entered an uplift and erosion phase followed by a stable slow subsidence phase during which the temperature gradient,thermal evolution,and hydrocarbon generation decreased gradually.The hydrocarbon accumulation period was discussed based on homogenization temperatures of inclusions and it is believed that two periods of rapid hydrocarbon accumulation events occurred during the Cretaceous rapid subsidence phase.The first accumulation period observed in the Bayingebi Formation(Kb)occurred primarily around 105.59-103.50 Ma with temperatures of 125-150℃.The second accumulation period observed in the Suhongtu Formation(Ks)occurred primarily around84.00-80.00 Ma with temperatures of 120-130℃.The second is the major accumulation period,and the accumulation mainly occurred in the Late Cretaceous.The hydrocarbon accumulation process was comprehensively controlled by tectono-thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation history.During the rapid subsidence phase,the paleo temperature and geothermal gradient increased rapidly and resulted in increasing thermal evolution extending into the peak period of hydrocarbon generation,which is the key reason for hydrocarbon filling and accumulation.展开更多
In the past,scholars have divided the history of Chinese papermaking into different stages based on the development of ancient papermaking technology,emphasizing the development and progress of papermaking in differen...In the past,scholars have divided the history of Chinese papermaking into different stages based on the development of ancient papermaking technology,emphasizing the development and progress of papermaking in different historical periods but paying less attention to the changes in the form of paper.Here,the stages are defined based on changes in use and function rather than technological developments.When this approach is combined with the history of printing,books,calligraphy,and painting,the history of Chinese papermaking can be divided into the writing paper,writing and printing paper,printing paper,and calligraphy and painting paper periods.Different periods of paper have significant differences in texture,form,and performance owing to their different applications.This significant difference provides a reference for the identification of ancient papers and reveals the internal connection between the history of printing,books,calligraphy,painting,and papermaking.展开更多
In the East China Sea(ECS),chub mackerel Scomber japonicus constitutes an important coastal-pelagic fishery resource that is mainly exploited by Chinese,Japanese,and Korean light-purse seine fisheries.Because the earl...In the East China Sea(ECS),chub mackerel Scomber japonicus constitutes an important coastal-pelagic fishery resource that is mainly exploited by Chinese,Japanese,and Korean light-purse seine fisheries.Because the early life history of chub mackerel plays a significant role in its recruitment,we developed an individual-based model to study the distribution,growth,and survival rate of chub mackerel larvae and juveniles in the ECS to improve our understanding of the chub mackerel population structure and recruitment.Our results show that as body length rapidly increases,the swimming capacity of chub mackerel larvae and juveniles improves quickly,and their spatial distribution depends more on their habitat conditions than the ocean currents.Correspondingly,the juveniles from the central and southern ECS spawning ground are scarcely recruited into the Japan/East Sea(JES)or the western Pacific Ocean,but a significant proportion of juveniles from the northern ECS spawning ground still enter the JES and there are exchanges between the stocks in the ECS and JES.Thus,it seems more reasonable to assess and manage the chub mackerels in the ECS and JES as a stock.The water temperature and ocean primary production in the ECS are two important factors influencing the chub mackerel habitat conditions and their spatial and temporal distribution are significantly different as the spawning time changes.Therefore,the spawning time and location play an important role in the growth and survival rate of the larvae and juveniles.Generally,when chub mackerel spawns at the southern ECS spawning ground in March,the larva and juvenile growth and survival rate is relatively high;as spawning time moves forward,higher growth and survival rates would be expected for the chub mackerel spawned coastward or northward.For specific spawning sites,early or delayed spawning will reduce the survival rate.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40576027, 40238060)the High-Tech R&D Program of China (No. 2008AA09Z306)
文摘The Baiyun （白云） sag in the southern Pearl River Mouth basin is the largest and deepest sag in deepwater northern South China Sea. Researches and exploration in this sag have revealed many distinct features of the sag. This article reports its Idling history through backstripping of depth data of interpreted sequence boundaries. Maps of sediment rates of 10 sequences from 49 Ma to the present were constructed, showing the spatio-temporal variation of the sediment rate. Three stages of sediment infilling, 49-17.5 Ma, 17.5-10.5 Ma, and 10.5-0 Ma, were divided by abrupt changes of sedimentary patterns. If the breakup of the South China Sea took place at -30 Ma, significant post-breakup acceleration of sedimentation was observed at 17.5-15.5 Ma and 13.8-12.5 Ma, indicating acceleration of subsidence at these times. We propose that the onset of strong post-breakup subsidence at ～17.5 Ma was an important tectonic event that changed the pattern of sedimentation from discrete and medium-rate deposition centers in both main and south subsags to restricted but high-rate deposition in the main subsag. The cause and implications of this newly recognized event need to be investigated.
文摘According to the ideas and concepts of systems dynamic of continent structure, using previous information related to the study area, combining analyses on orogenic belt, basin and magmatic rock, the present paper synthesizes the tectono - sedimentary development of southeastern coast region, China, with special emphasis on the mountain making, basining and magmatic activity. The tectonic evolution after Late Caledonian orogeny was dominated by alternating rifting and converging, subsiding and uplifting, mountain making and basining in central and southern parts of southeastern China and the adjacent regions to the east and west. Seventeen geologic events , nine events of plate or terrain convergence , and continental crust accretion , as well as eight events of intracontinental rifting and basin faulting , are closely related to the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the study area . The accompanied intense and frequent sedimentation , folding , faulting , magmatism and ore- forming process allowed huge coal , multimetal and potential petroleum source rocks to form in local depressions throughout the Caledonian to Himalavan time .
基金This study was financed by Shanghai Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project(No.2022EYY008).
文摘In the past few years,the medical knowledge transfer in a West-East direction has attracted increased scholarly attention from European and American historians,whereas studies on such“knowledge travels”conducted in the East Asian context focus mainly on political and socio-cultural concepts.To provide an alternative perspective on the travel of Western medicine to Chinese soil,a case study on“diabetes”is conducted,under the theoretical framework of“transcultural conceptual history.”This article systematically analyzes the standardization,popularization,politicization,and derivatization of“diabetes,”calling for further attention to transcultural histories of medical concepts in modern China.
基金the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment(Grant Nos.NRE2021-01,2022NRE34)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42162013)+1 种基金the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2022xjkk1301)the Fund of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Remote Sensing Information and imagery Analysis,Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology(Grant No.6142A01210405).
文摘Xiazhuang uranium ore field,located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt,is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China.In this paper,we contribute new apatite fission track data and thermal history modeling to constrain the exhumation history and evaluate preservation potential of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.Nine Triassic outcrop granite samples collected from different locations of Xiazhuang Uranium ore field yield AFT ages ranging from 43 to 24 Ma with similar mean confined fission track lengths ranging from 11.8±2.0 to 12.9±1.9μm and Dpar values between 1.01 and 1.51μm.The robustness time-temperature reconstructions of samples from the hanging wall of Huangpi fault show that the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field experienced a time of monotonous and slow cooling starting from middle Paleocene to middle Miocene(~60-10 Ma),followed by relatively rapid exhumation in the late Miocene(~10-5 Ma)and nearly thermal stability in the Pliocene-Quaternary(~5-0 Ma).The amount of exhumation after U mineralization since the Middle Paleogene was estimated as~4.3±1.8 km according to the integrated thermal history model.Previous studies indicate that the ore-forming ages of U deposits in the Xiazhuang ore field are mainly before Middle Paleocene and the mineralization depths are more than 4.4±1.2 km.Therefore,the exhumation history since middle Paleocene plays important roles in the preservation of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.
基金This study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42072181).
文摘The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.
文摘The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.
文摘History of art casting in china has been over 5000 years. In the past few thousand years, numerous forming and decorating skills of art castings had been created, and left behind precious treasures in the world metal arts and crafts. In individual historical period and at different terrain, a unique artistic style formed, which flashed brilliant light in world artistic treasury.
文摘The Taiwan Question China discussed in this paper belongs to the theoretical crisis discussion on international relations and does not regard the Cross-Strait relations as relations between different countries.The outcome of the 2024 Taiwan Election has a great impact on the Taiwan question,the latest poll shows that the possibility of the Democratic Progressive Party(DPP)candidate to come to power is still very high,because its political evolution trend of Taiwan independence still exists.
基金supported by the (973) National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB403006)
文摘1 Introduction Most of the world well know potash mines are deposited in marine environment.Regarding the serious potash shortage,no significant progress has been made in marine potash in China,while the terrestrial potash
基金the staged achievement of the National Social Science Fund of China(国家社科基金青年项目No:15CZW023)
文摘The first works of Chinese vernacular fiction available in the West were published 1735,when the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde compiled translations of three pieces of Chinese vernacular fiction from Jingu qiguan(Marvels Ancient and Modern).These were later translated into English in The General History of China(1736)edited by John Watts.The three stories are"Lu Dalang gives money to re-unite his family","Zhuangzi bangs a drum and becomes an immortal",and"The bad servant sues his master because of a private grudge".The stories are framed by a dual purpose:they were a means to understand the nature of Chinese society,and they were also a pivot in the changing views of China.The moral content of the stories is played out in ambiguous ways,varying between simplistic moral lessons of good and bad rewards for good and bad deeds,and a more amoral tone.
文摘The significance of discourse construction in the civilization discussion of Xi Jinping is explored in this paper: The 500-year history of world socialism and the 5000-year history of Chinese civilization, Xi Jinping' s studies of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the long history of civilization development, highlighting Socialism with Chinese characteristics as a product in the development of human civilization, the great contribution to world civilization progress and the creative development of Marxism which has been the most distinctive feature in Chinese discourse structure since the 18 th National Congress of the CPC. As the conscious construction of epistemology, it has given unprecedented historical and cultural implications to China' s road and opened the new theory space for the discourse construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics or the academic expression of China' s road.
文摘This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and exposition by the ingenious. (2)The design principle of the dependence of workmanship on criteria. (3)A macroscopic view of the object of design. (4)The design method of manufacture emphasizing shape. (5)Technological requirements on excellent material and consummate skill. Second, it discusses machine design ideas in ancient China. (1)The system idea in machine design, (2)The idea of machine design.(3)The idea of standardization in machine design. (4)The idea of automation in machine design. Finally, it discusses the status quo and a look ahead of the theory of machine design in China.
文摘The relationship between China and the Philippines is a tapestry woven over a millennium,colored by threads of commerce,culture,and kinship.While modern diplomatic relations were formally established on June 9,1975,the foundation of this partnership was laid centuries before any official stateto-state ties.This long history provides a crucial context for understanding the current geopolitical landscape and underscores the immense value of preserving this enduring friendship for future generations.
文摘1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western medicine.Such a binary framework,however,oversimplifies the intricate realities of medical encounters in China.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under project contract Nos 40232021,40176037 and 30170189the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST)under project contract Nos 2003AA635160,2003DF000040,G2000078500 and,2001CB409700.
文摘Phylogenetic diversity of Form I and Form II ribulose1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) largesubunit (rbcL) genes in the inshore and offshore areas of the East China Sea were investigated. Two new primer setswere designed for amplifying partial sequences of rbcL genes from Proteobacteria. Four rbcL gene clone libraries wereconstructed by amplification and cloning of approximately 640~800 bp sequences of bacterioplankton populations.The method of screening library by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was introduced. The resultsshow that the diversity of Form I is higher in offshore waters with higher salinity and lower productivity, while thatof Form II is higher at the inshore station where salinity is lower and productivity is higher. Several clusters ofsequences obtained are deeply rooted and show low similarity (60%~78%) to the known rbcL in existing databases.The degree of diversity of rbcL genes is directly related to environmental variables, including temperature, salinity,pH, dissolved oxygen, etc. These results indicate that rbcL gene can be used as an effective indicator for geneticdiversity and population variability of bacterioplankton with the ability of carbon dioxide fixation in the sea.
基金Project supported by the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, China Academy of Sciences (No. MGE2008KG05)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2004CB719604-3)the High-Tech Research and Development (863) of China (No. 2007AA021305)
文摘Microbial diversity of sediments from the northern slope of the South China Sea was studied by constructing bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Fourteen bacterial phylogenetic groups were detected, including Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Nitrospirae, candidate divisions OP8 and OP 11, and an unknown group. Gammaproteobacteria was the predominant group in bacterial libraries with the percentage ranging from 31.8% to 63.2%. However, archaeal libraries had relatively lower diversity, with most clones belonging to marine archaeal group I uncultured Crenarehaeota. In addition, two novel euryarchaeal clones were detected not to match any culture-dependent or -independent isolates. Compared with other gas hydrate-rich ecosystems and different areas of the South China Sea, a distinct microbial community was revealed in this study.
基金Peak Discipline Construction Project of Education at East China Normal UniversityNational Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571138,No.41471135,No.41871143
文摘It is necessary for undergraduates majoring in geography to learn the history of geographic thought. Although there are different cultural and educational backgrounds between China and the West, teaching methods such as text teaching, students＇ presentations and group learning are suitable for most of teachers and students even from different countries and regions. The blended method is helpful to popularize history of geographic thought and improve the level of teaching and learning. Owing to lack of the class on the history of geographic thought in countries like China, the authors try to explore a blended method for the first-year geography undergraduates and to assess the effects of this teaching based on some questionnaires. The students have different benefits and responses to this class. A special group consisting of one teacher and several undergraduates does the research and coauthors the paper through making questionnaire, interviewing and analyzing materials from 67 freshmen majoring in human geography and geography science（teacher-training） in China. For the undergraduates especially from the countries like China, it is well worth making the history of geographic thought become a necessary and interesting class.
基金supported by the project of"Constraints on Lithospheric Dynamic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation from Late Mesozoic Paleo-geothermal Field in Ordos and Qinshui Basins"(grant No.41630312)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(grants No.41372208 and 40534019)+1 种基金the Open Found of the State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry,CAS(grant No.201304)supported by international program for Ph.D.candidates,Sun Yat-Sen University
文摘This work restored the erosion thickness of the top surface of each Cretaceous formations penetrated by the typical well in the Hari sag,and simulated the subsidence burial history of this well with software BasinMod.It is firstly pointed out that the tectonic subsidence evolution of the Hari sag since the Cretaceous can be divided into four phases:initial subsidence phase,rapid subsidence phase,uplift and erosion phase,and stable slow subsidence phase.A detailed reconstruction of the tectonothermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation histories of typical well was undertaken using the EASY R%model,which is constrained by vitrinite reflectance(R)and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions.In the rapid subsidence phase,the peak period of hydrocarbon generation was reached at c.a.105.59 Ma with the increasing thermal evolution degree.A concomitant rapid increase in paleotemperatures occurred and reached a maximum geothermal gradient of about 43-45℃/km.The main hydrocarbon generation period ensued around 105.59-80.00 Ma and the greatest buried depth of the Hari sag was reached at c.a.80.00 Ma,when the maximum paleo-temperature was over 180℃.Subsequently,the sag entered an uplift and erosion phase followed by a stable slow subsidence phase during which the temperature gradient,thermal evolution,and hydrocarbon generation decreased gradually.The hydrocarbon accumulation period was discussed based on homogenization temperatures of inclusions and it is believed that two periods of rapid hydrocarbon accumulation events occurred during the Cretaceous rapid subsidence phase.The first accumulation period observed in the Bayingebi Formation(Kb)occurred primarily around 105.59-103.50 Ma with temperatures of 125-150℃.The second accumulation period observed in the Suhongtu Formation(Ks)occurred primarily around84.00-80.00 Ma with temperatures of 120-130℃.The second is the major accumulation period,and the accumulation mainly occurred in the Late Cretaceous.The hydrocarbon accumulation process was comprehensively controlled by tectono-thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation history.During the rapid subsidence phase,the paleo temperature and geothermal gradient increased rapidly and resulted in increasing thermal evolution extending into the peak period of hydrocarbon generation,which is the key reason for hydrocarbon filling and accumulation.
文摘In the past,scholars have divided the history of Chinese papermaking into different stages based on the development of ancient papermaking technology,emphasizing the development and progress of papermaking in different historical periods but paying less attention to the changes in the form of paper.Here,the stages are defined based on changes in use and function rather than technological developments.When this approach is combined with the history of printing,books,calligraphy,and painting,the history of Chinese papermaking can be divided into the writing paper,writing and printing paper,printing paper,and calligraphy and painting paper periods.Different periods of paper have significant differences in texture,form,and performance owing to their different applications.This significant difference provides a reference for the identification of ancient papers and reveals the internal connection between the history of printing,books,calligraphy,painting,and papermaking.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32072981)。
文摘In the East China Sea(ECS),chub mackerel Scomber japonicus constitutes an important coastal-pelagic fishery resource that is mainly exploited by Chinese,Japanese,and Korean light-purse seine fisheries.Because the early life history of chub mackerel plays a significant role in its recruitment,we developed an individual-based model to study the distribution,growth,and survival rate of chub mackerel larvae and juveniles in the ECS to improve our understanding of the chub mackerel population structure and recruitment.Our results show that as body length rapidly increases,the swimming capacity of chub mackerel larvae and juveniles improves quickly,and their spatial distribution depends more on their habitat conditions than the ocean currents.Correspondingly,the juveniles from the central and southern ECS spawning ground are scarcely recruited into the Japan/East Sea(JES)or the western Pacific Ocean,but a significant proportion of juveniles from the northern ECS spawning ground still enter the JES and there are exchanges between the stocks in the ECS and JES.Thus,it seems more reasonable to assess and manage the chub mackerels in the ECS and JES as a stock.The water temperature and ocean primary production in the ECS are two important factors influencing the chub mackerel habitat conditions and their spatial and temporal distribution are significantly different as the spawning time changes.Therefore,the spawning time and location play an important role in the growth and survival rate of the larvae and juveniles.Generally,when chub mackerel spawns at the southern ECS spawning ground in March,the larva and juvenile growth and survival rate is relatively high;as spawning time moves forward,higher growth and survival rates would be expected for the chub mackerel spawned coastward or northward.For specific spawning sites,early or delayed spawning will reduce the survival rate.
